Zhuang Zhou? Pre-Qin dynasty

Chuang Tzu and Keiko together play on the bridge of Hao. Zhuangzi said, "It is a pleasure for minnows to travel leisurely." Keiko said, " you are not a fish, where do you know that the fish is happy?" ？ ” Chuang Tzu said, " you are not me, how do you know I do not know that fish is happy?" ？ ” Keiko said, "I'm not a son, and I really don't know a son;" The child is not a fish, and the child does not know the joy of fish, all of it! " Zhuangzi said, "Please follow its origin. Confucius said, "You know fish well", and he asked me since he knew what I knew. I know it well. "

translation

Zhuangzi and Hui Shi are playing on the bridge of Haoshui. Zhuangzi said: "How leisurely the minnows swim in the river, which is the happiness of the fish." Hui Shi said, "If you are not a fish, how do you know the happiness of the fish?" Zhuangzi said, "If you are not me, how do you know that I don't know the happiness of fish?" Hui Shi said: "I am not you, although I don't know you;" You are not a fish in the first place, and you don't know the happiness of fish, which is completely certain! " Zhuangzi said: "Please trace the origin of the topic. If you say' where do you know that fish are happy', it means that you already know that I know that fish are happy and are asking me. I knew it on the bridge in Haoshui. "

annotate

Haoliang: a bridge over Haoshui. Hao, the name of water, is now Fengyang, Anhui.

Calm: leisurely.

Tiáo: a silvery-white fish in freshwater fish, which likes to swim under the water layer, and is about 16 cm long, also known as dace.

Yes: this.

Solid: of course (I don't know the child); Originally (the child is not a fish).

All: complete, complete.

Follow its origin: trace the origin of the topic. Follow: trace back. Its, topic. Ben: At first.

You know fish music: How (where) do you know that fish are happy?

Clouder: If ... Ann, how; Where?

An: interrogative pronouns, how, where.

discriminate and appreciate

This article is excerpted from Autumn Water.

"Autumn Water" is another long story in Zhuangzi. With the first two words as the title, the center is to discuss how people should know foreign things. The whole article consists of two parts. The first part describes the conversation between the North Sea Poseidon and the River God, which is the main body of this article. The latter part has written six fables, each of which is self-contained and unrelated, and has no structural connection with the previous part of the dialogue between Poseidon and River God, which is not very helpful to the expression of the whole theme, and seems to be detached.

Zhuangzi and Keiko Swimming in Haoliang is relaxed and poetic. Argue with one's strength, argue with one's skill; One is seeking truth, the other is beauty; One is rigid and one is detached; It makes people smile and meditate for a long time after reading it.

Keiko is argumentative and reanalysis. There is a cognitive attitude towards things, focusing on the discussion of knowledge; Zhuang Zi argued with wisdom and valued appreciation. The understanding of the outside world has an appreciation attitude, and the subjective affection is exerted on the external things, resulting in empathy. If Keiko has the personality of a logician, then Zhuangzi has the style of an artist.

Problem criticism

In recent years, some philosophers have expressed doubts about this. Because what Zhuangzi said is only his own experience, treating experience as knowledge shows his detached attitude, but it is harmful to understanding, because understanding and experience are two different things. Strictly speaking, Zhuangzi didn't refute Hui Shi logically, but led the logic to the place where it couldn't reach, that is, every one's inner experience at the moment, which is "like a fish drinking water, knowing itself in cold and warm" and is not humane. However, since Zhuangzi used logical reasoning, he should apply it to the end. If I were Hui Shi, I would continue to ask: You said that you knew the happiness of fish when you were in Haoshang, but that was you just now, and now you are no longer you just now. How do you know that you knew the happiness of fish just now? For example, I don't know how I knew you knew the happiness of fish just now. In the face of such heckling, I don't think Zhuangzi will say anything more. He lost in language, that is, he was deprived of the qualification to speak, but he may not think that he lost in his heart. As long as he tells his inner experience, he will always be the winner (spiritual victory method). But I'm afraid no one will really be such a winner, because a person who doesn't agree with himself at another moment will no longer be a person, or even nothing. Perhaps Zhuangzi's real intention is to say that man is nothing, but he can never say this, because once he says it, he is "yes" (language is the home of existence). In fact, even the pure inner experience, even silence, takes time (so-called "keeping silent"), and once you enter the time, you are "something" (so Heidegger regards "existence" and "time" as inseparable), so you can "speak" with language and logic. So just mentioning the difference between you just now and you now will completely cancel Zhuangzi's right to speak.

Brief introduction of the author

Zhuangzi (about 369 BC-about 286 BC), surnamed Zhuang and Zhou, was a Mongolian in the Song Dynasty during the Warring States Period. In the mid-Warring States period, he was a representative of Taoist school, a thinker, philosopher and writer, and the founder of Zhuangzi, who was also called "Laozi and Zhuangzi". The earliest thought of "sage inside and king outside" has a far-reaching influence on Confucianism. Having a thorough understanding of the Book of Changes, he pointed out that "The Book of Changes takes the Tao of Yin and Yang", and his thought of "three sounds" is consistent with the Tao of three talents in the Book of Changes. His imagination is extremely rich, his language is freely used and flexible, and he can make subtle and unspeakable philosophy fascinating. The representative work is Zhuangzi, among which the famous articles are Xiaoyao Tour, Qi Wu Lun, Health Master and so on. His works are called "the philosophy of literature, the literature of philosophy". It is said that Zhuangzi tried to live in seclusion in Nanhua Mountain and was buried in Nanhua Mountain. Therefore, at the beginning of Tianbao, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was named as a South China real person, and his book Zhuangzi was regarded as the South China True Classic.