1. Planting techniques of Sanhua plum.
The planting of Sanhua plum includes garden selection, planting density, planting season and planting method. These are the key tasks of developing Sanhua plum production, and we must do a good job.
1, garden selection and planting specifications, Sanhua plum garden should choose loose soil, good soil permeability and good drainage. Where the groundwater level is low, it is necessary to dig deep ditches, raise beds and plant in low-lying areas. The general planting specifications are plant row spacing 12× 12 ft, 4 1 plant per mu, 10× 10 ft, 60 plants per mu, and the density can be appropriately increased in mountainous areas, with 70-80 plants per mu. Before planting, dig a pit and apply sufficient base fertilizer to improve the soil and create a system for root growth. When digging a pit, the topsoil in the pit should be piled up separately. Generally, it is required that the planting pit should be dug up one month ago, preferably earlier, so as to facilitate soil weathering. The base fertilizer should be returned to the soil in into the pit a few days before planting. When returning the base fertilizer to the soil, put the topsoil at the bottom of the pit, and then 1-2 carry peat mud, green manure, compost, garbage, etc. And put 2-3 kilograms of lime in layers. Finally, each plant should put 2 loads of decomposed farm manure and 2 kilograms of calcium superphosphate, and the fertilizer and soil should be fully mixed, and the soil returned to the field should be about 5-6 inches higher than the ground.
2. Planting season and planting method: Sanhua plum is a deciduous fruit tree. Generally, it is advisable to plant it after defoliation and before germination in Dazhai, so that the survival rate is high and the growth is fast. The suitable planting depth is the joint where the soil is not covered (that is, the joint between underground root groups and aboveground trunk). When planting, the trunk of seedlings should be straight and the root groups should be naturally spread. Then, the pit should be filled with fine soil, arranged into a tree tray, and then watered on a thin layer of loose soil to fix the root system. After planting for 2-3 days, the soil will sink slightly. At this time, posts should be erected to support the seedlings to prevent them from blowing down. At the same time, the tree tray should be covered with grass and watered frequently to keep it moist. A month later, topdressing was started to promote the germination of new roots and the emergence of new buds.
Second, the management technology of Sanhua plum.
According to the growth and development law and flowering and fruiting habits of Sanhua plum, combined with local actual production conditions, management techniques such as fertilization, pruning and harvesting were put forward.
1 and fertilization and pruning techniques for young trees of Sanhua plum. Although Sanhua plum is rough and easy to grow, water and fertilizer management should be done well in order to produce early and high yield. Generally speaking, when Sanhua plum is planted for 320-25 days, young trees will grow new roots and sprout new buds. 0-2 years after 65438+ planting, young trees grow fast, shoot many times a year, and need more fertilizer, but the roots are few and tender, and the ability of absorbing fertilizer is weak. Therefore, fertilization should be applied frequently, thinly and by stages. Fertilize 6-7 times a year; That is, a half-moon trench is formed on the ground below the vertical line in front of the spring, summer and autumn shoots. The ditch is 2-3 feet long, 6-8 inches wide and 2-3 inches deep. Apply fertilizer in the ditch and cover the soil after application. Fertilize again in winter (11-65438+February), and the method is the same as above. Trenching width is 1.2 feet, depth is 1.5 feet, and length is 3 feet. Soil and miscellaneous fertilizer 1 load, pig manure 10 kg, bone meal 1 kg and lime 1 kg were applied to each plant. Soil mixed fertilizer, lime and topsoil are mixed and applied to the ditch bottom, then pig manure and bone meal mixed with the subsoil are applied, and finally the subsoil is covered. Sanhua plum mainly takes summer shoots as fruiting mother branches. Therefore, in the growth and development period of spring shoots and summer shoots, we can apply more fertilizer and less fertilizer in autumn to control the growth of autumn and winter shoots, reduce nutrient consumption and lay a good foundation for the results.
Trunk pruning of young trees: After planting Sanhua plum, it is required to cut off the terminal buds at a height of 1.2- 1.5 feet above the ground to promote branching. After the spring shoots grow tall, leave 3-4 evenly distributed main branches as inner main branches, and pick the top when the spring shoots grow to 1- 1.2 feet. Then, leave 2-3 summer shoots on each spring shoot as secondary main branches. When the summer shoots grow to 8 inches-1 ft, remove the top to promote the growth of autumn shoots, and then leave autumn shoots on each summer shoot as tertiary main branches, so that a firm and open crown skeleton can be formed within one year after planting.
In the second spring season, the buds should be picked and left 6-8 inches long before the spring and summer branches mature, so that the summer branches are strong and firm. If winter bamboo shoots germinate, they should all be pulled out to reduce water consumption.
2. Fertilization and pruning techniques for Sanhua plum fruit trees.
(1) Flower-promoting fertilizer. It should be applied before germination 10 day (i.e. 1 late month). The method is to apply quick-acting fertilizer (such as urea) in the shallow ditch near the ground below the vertical line of the crown edge. The ditch is 3-4 inches deep, 6-7 inches wide and about 3 feet long. Each plant uses half a catty of peanut bran (blanched first) to flush a bucket of manure or half a catty of urea or 4-5 two manure, 1 two borax and 100 catty of toilet flushing water) as topdressing outside the roots, and sprays 1-0.
(2) Apply strong fruit fertilizer. Strong fruit fertilizer should be applied once in March-April, and each plant can be applied with 50 kg of manure water or peanut bran 1 kg (soaked first) or half a kg of urea. The casting method is the same as promoting flower fertilization. After flower withering, young fruit growth and fastest fruit growth in May and June, use 0. 1-0.3% urea, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or human urine or 4% plant ash leachate as topdressing, and spray it continuously for 2-3 times to promote the growth of summer shoots.
(3) Fertilization after fruit harvesting: it is beneficial to restore the tree vigor as soon as possible, promote the growth of branches and buds, and lay the foundation for high yield in the next year. Quick-acting fertilizer can be applied once after the fruit is harvested. Generally, 50 kg of manure water, half a kg of ammonium bicarbonate and 4 Liang of calcium superphosphate are applied to each plant, and the method is the same as that of strong fruit.
(4) Deep tillage and heavy fertilization: It should be carried out in June 5438+01-65438+February. This kind of fertilization is mainly composed of soil mixed fertilizer, pig manure and peanut bran, and the fertilizer can be dug in the ground near the vertical line of the crown edge. The pit is 2.5 feet long and 8 inches wide, which is 65,438+0 feet. Apply 30-50kg pig manure, garbage fertilizer 1 00kg, peanut bran 0.5- 1 kg, phosphate fertilizer 2kg, bone meal1kg to each plant, and mix well.
Pruning technology of Sanhua plum fruit tree: generally, it is required to be carried out in summer (mid-June) and winter after fruit harvesting. In summer, the excessively long branches should be cut short (referring to branches over 8 inches) to reduce nutrient consumption, promote the robustness of branches, and make the planted branches grow more moderately growing branches (6-8 inches long). In winter, we mainly cut off dead branches, pests and diseases, excessively drooping branches, slender branches and long branches, and cut off winter shoots. Trim from top to bottom, from inside to outside, from big branches to small branches, and the cut should be smooth.
Third, pest control of Sanhua plum
The common pests and diseases of Sanhua plum mainly include gummosis, anthracnose, aphid, inchworm, longicorn beetle, Gideon and so on.
⑴. Gummosis: It is prone to high temperature and drought from July to September. When gummosis is found, scrape off the gummosis of the affected area with a knife, smear the affected area with the same amount of Bordeaux solution, try not to damage the branches, and the incision should be smooth when pruning.
⑵. Anthracnose: It mainly harms the leaves and fruits of new shoots, and it is prone to high temperature and high humidity from April to July every year. Use 500 times solution of 50% carbendazim or 70% thiophanate 1000 times solution.
⑶. Aphids: from late February to late March, spraying 1000 times of aphid-naked beetle net combined root topdressing.
⑷. Plum geometrid: When larvae just occur, 90% trichlorfon can be sprayed 800 ~ 1000 times.
5. Apriona germari and Bat Juglans: The adults are captured artificially from April to June, and the egg pieces are scraped off.
Four, other management conditions of Sanhua plum
Sanhua plum has many fibrous roots and shallow roots, so it is necessary to strengthen loosening soil and weeding. Generally, loosen the soil and weed 1-2 times in April-May and June-July respectively. In case of drought, those who can be irrigated should be irrigated in time to prevent drought, and drainage should be paid attention to in rainy season. At the same time, in the 1-2-year-old plum orchard, some short-stemmed leguminous crops, such as mung beans, soybeans and peanuts, can be interplanted. Finally, harvest the branches in time to ensure that the branches are not damaged, so as not to affect the tree potential and secondary yield.