The twelve monarchs of the Qing Dynasty were: Nurhachu (Manifest Destiny), Huang taiji (Tiancong, Chongde), Fulin (Shunzhi), Xuan Ye (Kangxi), Yin Zhen (Yongzheng), Hongli (Qianlong), Stern Diem (Jiaqing), 旻寧 (Daoguang), Yizui (Xianfeng), Jaichun (Tongzhi), Jaizuo (Guangxu), Puyi (Xuantong).

I. Nurhachu (Great Ancestor), the year of the Mandate of Heaven, ascended the throne in 1616, reigned for 11 years.

Two, Huang taiji (Taizong), the year of Tiancong, ascended the throne in 1627, reigned for 10 years.

Third, Fulin (Shizu), year Shunzhi, ascended the throne in 1644 and reigned for 18 years.

Fourth, Xuan Ye (Sacred Ancestor), year name Kang Xi, ascended the throne in 1662 and reigned for 61 years.

Fifth, Yinzhen (Shizong), year Yongzheng, ascended the throne in 1723 and reigned for 13 years.

Sixth, Hongli (Gaozong), the year of the Qianlong, ascended the throne in 1736, reigned for 60 years.

Seven, Yong Diem (Renzong), known as Jiaqing, ascended the throne in 1796 and reigned for 25 years.

VIII. Mien Ninh (Xuanzong), known as Daoguang, ascended the throne in 1821 and reigned for 30 years.

IX. Yining (Emperor Wenzong), reign name Xianfeng, ascended the throne in 1851 and reigned for 11 years.

X. Jaichun (Mu Zong), year Tongzhi, ascended the throne in 1862 and reigned for 13 years.

XI. Jaetian (Dezong), reign name Guangxu, ascended the throne in 1875 and reigned for 34 years.

XII, Puyi, year Xuantong, ascended the throne in 1909 and reigned for 3 years.

Expanded:

The Chinese and the foreigners p>The Chinese and Barbarians

The hardships and efforts made by the Qing dynasty to realize the unity of political and cultural identities can be seen through the Da Yi Jue Mi Lu and the Edict on the Surrender of the Qing Emperor. This process not only allowed the Manchus to complete the identity change from "barbarians" to "summer", at the same time to "Chinese and barbarians as a family" as the core of the "Chinese righteousness "It has also further evolved into the ****same basis for Mongolia, Xinjiang, Tibet, and the southwestern peoples and other "non-Han worlds" to identify with the value of "Greater China";

For the realization of the cultural and territorial significance of the "China" maximization China has contributed to the maximization of "China" in the cultural and territorial sense of the word. China was not dismembered under the impact of the modern Western concept of the "nation-state", but instead triggered the response of the "Chinese nation" as a whole and other facts, both highlighting the internal cohesion of the Qing Dynasty. These two historical documents, which echo each other, formed the main legal basis for the Chinese government to express its national sovereignty and territorial claims.

Baidu Encyclopedia - Qing Dynasty

Baidu Encyclopedia - Monarchs of the Qing Dynasty