Introduction of cultivation techniques of Corylus heterophylla: 1. The establishment of Pingzhen Orchard (1) The site selection should consider not only natural conditions such as climate and soil, but also social and economic conditions and traffic factors, so as to achieve the best yield and economic benefits. It is an ideal garden to choose the flat land and gentle slope land with abundant sunshine, sunny leeward and good drainage (the slope is required to be below 15), and the sandy soil with soil thickness greater than 40 cm, rich humus, sufficient water and good drainage conditions. Hazel orchard is not suitable for dry sand, swamp, saline soil or cohesive soil. Ensuring water supply is an indispensable condition for building hazelnut orchard. (2) Garden Planning The planning of hazelnut garden mainly includes the division of communities, which is divided according to the terrain and the size of the cultivation area, which is convenient for management. Based on the principle that1~ 3cm2 is a residential area, the residential areas are separated by roads, and the roads are provided with main roads and branches in the park to facilitate the transportation of vehicles. Drainage and irrigation system should be combined with roads to reduce land occupation. Shelterbelt should be arranged in 5-8 rows in the main wind direction and 3-5 rows in other directions. Shelterbelt should be set around the planting area. (3) Planting density and mode 1. The planting density of Corylus heterophylla is related to cultivated varieties, tree shapes, planting methods, soil fertility and topography. No matter hybrid hazel or European hazel, its cultivation methods can be rectangular, square or triangular. 2. Variety selection and pollination tree configuration Hazelnut tree is a cross-pollinated plant, and pollination trees should be configured when the garden is built. At present, in the absence of a fixed pollination tree variety, each garden or plot can choose 3-4 varieties and plant them alternately. Generally, varieties with the same or similar flowering period are selected, and each variety is planted in 3-5 rows, and each variety can pollinate each other by alternating planting. The validity period of hazelnut pollen is less than 1 8m. If pollination trees are arranged separately, they should be planted in the proportion of 4-5 rows of main varieties and pollination trees1row, which can meet the pollination requirements. (4) Planting technology of hybrid hazel (1) In order to improve the survival rate, both hybrid hazel and hybrid hazel are encouraged to be planted in spring. North China can be appropriately advanced to the end of March. The Yellow River-Yangtze River basin is from late February to early March, and it cannot exceed mid-March at the latest. In short, hazelnut planting must be completed before germination. If the seedlings have germinated, replanting will reduce the survival rate. (2) Planting method Before planting, the soil moisture of the planting hole should be checked, and it can be planted when the humidity is suitable. If there are immediate irrigation conditions, the soil can be planted if it is slightly dry. Planting depth: the root system should not be buried too deep or too shallow, and the rhizosphere should be flat or slightly lower than the ground 5 cm after planting. The buried depth of soil above rhizosphere is 6 ~ 10 cm. Planting: according to the variety planting plan, put the seedlings into the planting holes to stretch their roots, and pay attention to the correct position, and then fill in the wet soil. When the root system is half full, gently lift the seedlings upward and fill the soil while using it, so that the root system can be closely combined with the soil. Then build a tree tray around the seedlings, with a diameter of 1 m, which is convenient for irrigation and water storage. Water immediately after planting and require thorough irrigation. After water permeates, the soil is sealed to preserve moisture, and the tree tray is covered with plastic film to keep moisture and increase temperature, which promotes the root activity of seedlings and improves the survival rate. Second, the cultivation management of the big hazelnut orchard (1) plastic pruning 1. The cultivated trees used for the production of Corylus heterophylla mainly include less stem cluster type and single stem type. (1) The trunk of the young cluster is mainly composed of 3-4 basic branches, which extend obliquely in different directions. The main branch gives birth to lateral branches, which give birth to secondary lateral branches, vegetative branches and fruiting mother branches. The whole tree forms a natural happiness tree 3-5 meters high. (2) A single trunk tree maintains a trunk with a trunk height of 40-60 cm, selects 3-4 main branches evenly distributed on the trunk, selects side branches on the main branches, and plants secondary side branches and fruiting mother branches on the side branches. Form a short trunk with a natural happy crown at the top. 2. There are different pruning measures to prune hazelnut trees with different ages. Generally, young trees that do not bear fruit and those that bear fruit early are mainly crown expansion. Cut the extended branches of each side branch short, and cut off about 1/3 of its length. And pay attention to adjust the opening angle, and shorten the longer extension branch appropriately to prevent the phenomenon of "polished rod" at its lower part. Branchlets in the lumen are not cut. In the full fruit stage, the extension branches of the main branches of the tree should be lightly cut, with the length of 1/3 or 1/2, so as to promote the occurrence of new branches. For the branchlets in the crown, except weak branches, pests and diseases branches and drooping branches, the other short branches are not cut, and they are reserved as fruiting mother branches. In order to increase the number and yield of flower buds, moderate and short branches are not pruned, and only the extended branches of main side branches are slightly shortened. On the contrary, in order to promote the growth of strong branches and restore the tree vigor, the developing branches should be pruned again and some medium branches should be shortened to reduce the flowering amount. (2) The soil management of Corylus heterophylla is directly related to the growth, development and results of Corylus heterophylla, and its methods include: digging and expanding holes, farming, intercropping, loosening soil and weeding, clearing tillage and planting grass. (3) Fertilization 1, and base fertilizer is applied in autumn during fertilization period (1). Organic fertilizer is applied from autumn fruit harvesting to soil thawing (September ~ 10). Manure, compost and green manure are the basic fertilizers for long-term supply of various nutrients to trees. At the same time, add an appropriate amount of NPK compound fertilizer. (2) Top dressing 1 ~ 2 times a year: the first time is from late May to early June, when the ovary expands and new shoots grow; The second time is from early July to mid-July, because early June to early July is the period when nuts develop rapidly and flower buds begin to differentiate. At this time, topdressing is very important for fruit growth and development, flower bud differentiation and branch enrichment. In addition, fertilizer can be sprayed on the leaves according to the needs of tree growth and development. 2. Fertilization amount depends on tree age, shrub size, soil fertility and fertilizer type. Generally, 7- 10 kg manure is applied to 2-3 year-old trees, 30-40 kg manure is applied to 4-5 year-old trees, and 50-60 kg organic fertilizer is applied to 6-7 year-old trees. In the future, with the increase of tree age and yield, more manure can be applied. Proportion of fertilization; The young hazelnut orchard (2-5 years old) needs 8kg of pure nitrogen, 8kg of pure phosphorus and 8kg of pure potassium per mu, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is1:1. Hazelnut orchard (6-9 years old) is applied with pure nitrogen 8- 1 1 kg, pure phosphorus 16-22 kg, potassium fertilizer 16-22 kg, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1: 2: 2. At the full fruit stage (10 years old or older), apply pure nitrogen 10 ~ 14 kg, pure phosphorus 20 ~ 28 kg and pure potassium 20 ~ 28 kg per mu, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1: 2: 2. (4) Drainage and Irrigation Management of Corylus heterophylla 1. Irrigated hazel is a shallow-rooted tree species. Generally, water is poured twice in the early growth stage, the first time before and after germination, and the second time in late May, that is, the young fruit expansion period and the new shoot growth period. After the end of June, natural precipitation increases, so irrigation is generally not needed. After defoliation, the soil can be irrigated once before freezing. 2. The drained Corylus heterophylla has a shallow root system and a high respiratory intensity. Only by keeping the soil loose can we promote growth and fruit, so we are not tolerant to rain and waterlogging. If water accumulates in the tree tray for 8 hours, it will damage the roots, and if it accumulates for more than 24 hours, some roots will die. Therefore, when the rainfall is concentrated in summer, the water is drained in time, so that there is no water in the tree tray. Hazelnut is one of the four largest nuts in the world. It is a kind of health food with high nutritional value and economic value, and has the reputation of "king of nuts". It is loved by people all over the world. Hazelnut is sweet, flat and non-toxic. Benefiting spleen and stomach, nourishing blood and qi, moistening intestines and improving eyesight. Can be used for treating anorexia, emaciation, fatigue, fatigue and dizziness. It also has the functions of killing insects and treating infantile malnutrition. Commodity value of hazelnut: hazelnut powder, hazelnut milk and hazelnut sauce made of hazelnut are advanced nutrients, especially suitable for children, the elderly and the recovered, and are good products for health and longevity. Italy's hazelnut food processing industry is the most advanced in the world, with hundreds of varieties such as "rock chocolate" ball series, hazelnut dessert series, hazelnut chocolate sauce series and hazelnut ice cream series, which are very famous in Europe and have considerable economic benefits. For example, in the United States, from June 27th to February 2nd, 2007, the price of hazelnuts has climbed to $580 per 65,438+000 kg. And the price is still rising. In China, because of its different varieties, the price is also different: common hazelnut: 15-20 yuan/kg, with more empty inside and smaller kernel. These hazelnuts are thick-skinned and small, so they are not suitable for eating with tools. The kernel rate is 40-50%, and the hazelnut is small and hairy (that is, it has woody fluff, which is not suitable for digestion and has a bad taste). However, due to its large size, hazelnut kernels are full, smooth and crispy, without wood wool and each hazelnut has cracks, which can be broken by hand along the cracks. The kernel yield is above 65%, and it has a unique rich fragrance and a particularly good flavor. Therefore, the market price is above 40 yuan/kg, which greatly exceeds the price of similar products.