The person with the highest IQ
The smallest bird-hummingbird
The most dangerous poisonous spider: Sydney funnel web spider
The largest gecko-gecko
The most biting animals-wombats and Tasmanian devils
King cobra-the most dangerous snake in the world
Short-lived vertebrate-goby
The smallest animal-protozoa code H39.
The world's smallest bear-Malay bear
The world's largest carnivore-brown bear
The animal with the longest nose-Asian elephant
Coral is the longest-lived animal.
The laziest animal in the world-sloth
The Biggest Scorpion-Tropical Scorpion King (Guinea)
The biggest millipede-Red Red Deer
The biggest spider-Mizhi (Guyana)
The largest tortoise is like a tortoise.
The largest animal in the world-the blue whale
The longest-lived animal
Among mammals, the longest-lived animal is the elephant. It is said that it can live for 60 to 70 years. Of course, wild land is different from artificial farming, and the former has a shorter life span. According to records, the long-lived elephant in Golpagos Islands can live 180 to 200 years.
The fastest animal.
The fastest animal is the cheetah. When chasing prey, it can run at the speed of 1 10 km per hour. Cheetah is a carnivorous cat, which preys on deer and antelope. Animals such as deer and antelope will be caught soon if they run hard, so they will be caught soon. However, if the distance is not too short, the cheetah can't keep the fastest speed, so it will try its best to catch nearby prey.
The most powerful animal
Lions are called "the king of beasts", but they don't attack elephants. However, a few lions who attack elephants have never been trampled to death by their mothers. However, some tigers that attacked elephants in India were trampled by elephants. It seems that the most powerful animal is the elephant.
The cleverest animal
Chimpanzees are the smartest mammals. There are apes close to humans, gorillas belonging to the family Apeidae in zoology, and orangutans, gibbons and dark orangutans from Baltic countries. Among them, chimpanzees are the cleverest. Although their brains are only 400 ml, they are not as good as 500 ml of gorillas. However, their brain functions are particularly remarkable.
The shortest-lived animal
Apart from insects, the shortest-lived mouse was born in the Xiayi swamp in Hokkaido. It was born in spring and died the next day. Its life span is only eight to ten months. However, if fed indoors, it can live for two or three years.
The heaviest animal
Of course, the heaviest animal is the whale, which is equivalent to five or six elephants. Elephants are divided into Indian elephants and African elephants. The former is smaller, weighing about 4000 to 5000 kilograms, and the heaviest male elephant is 8000 kilograms. African elephants weigh 6,000 to 7,000 kilograms, and the highest record is12,000 kilograms.
The smallest sea crab
The bean crabs living in Sagami Bay, Japan are 3.8-4.2 mm, only as big as rice grains.
The heaviest sea crab
Made in bass strait, weighing 14 kg.
The biggest lobster
Captured by deep-sea trawler "Hesper" at 1934. From the tail end to the tong tip1.2m, the weight exceeds19kg. This big lobster is on display at the Boston Science Museum.
The longest jellyfish
1965 was washed to the beach in Massachusetts by the sea. The diameter of the umbrella is 2.3 meters and the tentacles are 36.58 meters. If the tentacles are flattened, they will be 74 meters long.
The smallest lobster
It is a horned lobster from South Africa, with a total length of only about 10 cm.
The biggest snail
The average weight of sea rabbit snails found on the coast of California in the United States is 3.2-3.6 kg, and the heaviest is 6.8 kg.
The largest French snail
Generally, the shell is more than 20 cm high, up to 40 cm.
The most precious shell
Shellfish experts believe that white-toothed agate shells living overseas in the Philippines are very rare and precious. So far, three agate shells have been found. 1975 1 1 was captured on macri Island overseas and sold to the Japanese for $7,000.
The animal that breathes the longest in water.
Among marine animals that breathe with their lungs, turtles hold their breath underwater for the longest time. It can stay downstream for days and nights in one breath.
The most destructive insect
The most destructive insects are locusts distributed in the wasteland of Africa and West Asia. Some weather conditions will cause swarms of grasshoppers to devour almost all the plants they meet during their flight. The crops eaten by 50 million grasshoppers a day can feed 500 people a year.
The fiercest bird
The vulture of the Andes, which lives between the cliffs of the Andes in South America, has a body length of 1.2 meters and its wings can spread up to 3 meters. It has a strong, hooked "iron mouth" and sharp claws, and specializes in eating live animals, not only small and medium-sized animals such as deer, sheep and rabbits, but also large mammals such as cougars, so there are also "lion-eating birds" and "hundred birds"
Most other animals
The largest animal: the blue whale
The Longest Living Animal: Tortoise _
The tallest animal: giraffe
Animals with the most feet: millipedes _ _
Most other animals
Swimming champion: dolphin _
Boat in the desert: camel
The largest land animal: elephant _ _
The largest amphibian: giant salamander
Many media have published articles introducing the origin of the word "sloppy". The first half of this article tells a legendary story about the origin of the word "sloppy", which is very interesting. However, the second half of the article said: "There are indeed animals called' slovenly' in the animal kingdom. It grows on Baima Mountain at the junction of eastern Sichuan and Guizhou, and villagers call it' careless tiger'. This rare animal is as big as a horse and looks like a horse. Its surface has a striped pattern similar to that of a tiger, which is more fierce than a tiger. It's secretive and swift, with sharp front paws. It specializes in hunting wild animals and cattle and sheep raised by mountain people. Legend has it that the tiger on Baima Mountain was accidentally eaten. " This passage sounds mysterious, but in fact, this animal named "Sloppy" is just an animal in folklore or science fiction stories. Just like "Savage", it will never exist in the real world.
At present, all animal species in the world are the products of millions of years of long evolution, and all have historical traces of their origin and development. Let's look at the evolutionary history of horses first. Horses belong to strange-hoofed animals. The same species that still live on the earth today are horses, donkeys, tapirs and rhinos. They are all large herbivorous ungulates. There are about 6 genera 17 species in the world. Although their shapes are different, they all have a big middle toe to support their bodies, and even if there is a small side toe, it does not support their weight. The upper part of the talus of the hind foot forms a pulley, which can only bend in one direction, and its running ability is not as good as that of cloven-hoofed animals who also eat grass. Except for the forefoot of tapir, the number of toes is odd. There are hooves on your toes to help you walk. They live in grasslands or forests, but they all eat plants instead of meat. Correspondingly, they all have a simple stomach, and their cecum is particularly developed, but they can't ruminate, which is not conducive to digesting fiber-rich straw. The most prominent feature of odd-numbered ungulates is the molarization of premolars, which is not obvious in primitive types, but in highly evolved types, premolars have completely become molars except the first one. This evolution has greatly increased the area of grinding teeth and improved the efficiency of grinding hard plants.
Odontosaurus first appeared in the early Eocene 50 million years ago, and probably evolved from ancient ungulates such as Anpoda. It reached the peak of its evolutionary history in the middle of Tertiary, flourished in most parts of the world, and then began to decline gradually, becoming a declining mammal group.
The odontosaurus started from the primitive ancestor type similar to the ancestor horse and mainly evolved in three different directions. One is the evolutionary route of horse-shaped animals, including extinct ancient mammals, Lei Shou and horses that have survived to modern times; The other is the development towards the angle, including tapirs and rhinoceroses; In addition, there is another species that is developing towards claws, including extinct ungulates.
Claw-hoofed mammals were all extinct in the Pleistocene. They are the only odd-hoofed animals with claws instead of hooves, so they don't rush to graze on the grassland in droves, but dig up the roots of plants to find food. Up to now, eight species of ungulates have been unearthed in Guangxi, Yunnan, Shanxi and other places in China, such as the ungulates, ungulates and ungulates in Hetao.
The evolutionary backbone of horses is from Eocene ancestors to modern horses. In the long evolution process, the development trend of them is that their bodies change from small to large, their legs and feet become longer and longer, their lateral toes gradually degenerate, their middle toes continue to strengthen, their crowns become higher and higher, and their premolars change from simple to complex and gradually grind their teeth. This development trend also reflects the process from adapting to forest life to gradually adapting to grassland life, that is, from jumping to running, from eating young leaves of trees to eating coarse grass.
Therefore, judging from the evolution of horses, the so-called "carnivorous horses" cannot exist.
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The color of animal blood
Zhang shibiao
The blood of various animals has different colors because of their different compositions and physiological states. For example, the blood of most vertebrates is red, while that of invertebrates is blue, and some are purple and green.
So, what determines the color of animal blood? Some people think that the color of blood depends on the color of some ions. For example, the blood of vertebrates and earthworms is red because of the existence of iron ions. Blue blood is due to the existence of copper ions [in fact, Fe2+ is light green in aqueous solution, and Fe3+ is generally yellow; Cu2+ is blue only in the state of Cu(H2O)2+4, and the rest are colorless. The author thinks that these statements are incorrect, because on the one hand, these ions do not show the color of this animal's blood, otherwise the color change of vertebrate arterial blood is bright red and venous blood is dark red, which cannot be explained, because the valence state of iron ions in arterial blood and venous blood has not changed. On the other hand, these ions are not isolated in the blood. For example, Fe2+ exists in heme, an auxiliary group of hemoglobin, and protoporphyrin and Fe2+ form a four-ligand chelate, which is surrounded by amino acid residues of globin chain of heme molecule, providing airplane-type low-dielectric environmental protection for Fe2+ from being oxidized to Fe3+. Similarly, Cu2+ in some animals' blood is also combined with protein, so the color of animal blood does not necessarily show the color of certain ions.
The color of animal blood depends on the absorption of visible light by chromogenic substances in blood. If some visible light is absorbed, the displayed color is the complementary color of these colors, or it will be displayed if it is not absorbed or absorbed less, just as chlorophyll hardly absorbs green light, making it appear green. The hemoglobin molecule of hemoglobin has 1 1 double bond, and the visible light absorbed by the yoke double bond makes hemoglobin red. However, due to the change of conformation, the absorption spectra of hemoglobin in oxygenated state and deoxygenated state are different. So the final color of oxygenated hemoglobin is red, and the colors of deoxyhemoglobin are purple and blue. Therefore, the ratio of oxygenated hemoglobin to deoxyhemoglobin in vertebrate blood determines the color of arterial blood and venous blood. In some invertebrates, most animals do not contain hemoglobin in their blood, such as mollusks (cephalopods and turtles). ) and arthropods (shrimp, crab and horseshoe crab) contain hemocyanin. Hemocyanin molecules are composed of Cu2+ and 1 peptide chains of about 200 amino acids. Like hemoglobin, the color of this respiratory pigment is also related to its state, which is blue in aerobic state and colorless or white in anaerobic state. Some polychaetes (such as LEPIDOPTERA, Whitehead) contain hemocyanin in their blood, and calcium protein also contains iron ions, which are similar to hemoglobin in chemical properties, and are red when oxygenated and green when not oxygenated; In addition, there is a blood silkworm and brachiopod, such as starworm and hydra.
Protein of iron is called hemoglobin, which contains no porphyrin structure. It is purplish red in aerobic state and brown in anaerobic state.
It is worth mentioning that the blood of insects is actually the internal medium for transporting nutrients and metabolic wastes, so it is also called hemolymph, which is composed of plasma and blood cells. Because breathing is carried out in the trachea, there is no respiratory pigment in the blood of insects. Insect blood usually has various colors, such as yellow, orange red, blue-green and green. The pigments contained in their blood make their blood show a specific color, such as α-carotene, riboflavin and lutein-nucleotide in silkworm moths. Flavonoids, fluorescein and folic acid in silkworm; The green blood of Pieris rapae larvae is the result of the coexistence of a yellow protein (whose auxiliary groups are β -carotene and lutein) and a blue protein (whose auxiliary group is biliverdin). There are similar components in the green blood of migratory locust, but the green blood of green midge is the result of the existence of β-carotene-protein complex and anthocyanin. These pigments in insect blood are generally considered to be obtained from food. In addition, the color of insect blood is also related to sex, such as the blood of Pieris rapae larvae, pupae and adults. The female is green, while the male is yellow or colorless.
(This article was published in the second exploration series of biology teaching art published by Shaanxi Normal University Press 1998)
"Sea" of Life —— Random Talk on Blood
Liu
Blood is the "ocean" of human cell life activities. Human blood includes plasma and blood cells. Blood is a yellowish liquid. Blood cells can be divided into red cells, white cells and platelets. The main function of platelets is to promote hemostasis and teratogenic coagulation; White blood cells can resist the invasion of bacteria to the human body, thus protecting the human body, and are praised as "loyal guardians in the human body" by human beings; Hemoglobin is called hemoglobin in red blood cells. Because of the different components of hemoglobin, blood can show different colors.
Human hemoglobin is a kind of protein containing iron, and blood is red. The blood of vertebrates is also red. The blood of prawn is colorless, and its plasma burp also contains serum protein. The blood of locusts and other insects contains Cu2+ instead of Fe2+, so their blood is blue-green. The blood of earthworm is red, but its hemoglobin is in plasma.
The blood mentioned above is all living things. Now let's talk about inanimate blood-artificial blood. Artificial blood is a solution of fluorocarbon, which is milky white and has the main functions of ordinary blood-bringing O2 into human body and expelling CO2 from human body. Artificial blood plays the role of first aid in clinic, and has been officially used in clinic abroad at present.
References:
Paper exchange Zhaoqing college newspaper
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