(1) The secret of saving materials in raising chickens. Egg yolk and protein are formed in the daytime, while eggshells are formed in the afternoon and evening. Feeding layers twice a day, with high protein, high energy and low calcium in the morning and low protein, low energy and high calcium in the evening, can not only adjust the laying period, increase the egg production, but also save feed.
(2) the best feeding secret. Chickens have two feeding peaks a day, one is 2-3 hours after sunrise, and the feed intake in the morning is 1/3. At this time, the egg laying rate can be greatly improved by feeding. It can be seen that feeding laying hens twice at 9: 00 am and 3: 00 pm is the best.
(3) The secret of keeping chicken high yield. For example, the weight of chickens has not increased normally. Even though the current egg production and feed reward are high, the egg production has a potential downward trend. Before the egg production decreases, the weight problem can be corrected by increasing the consumption. If the feed consumption is obviously at a high level, it can only show that the feed consumption is high or at least the feed reward is low. If the feed is obviously at a low level, the chickens will grow normally and maintain a high egg production, they can maintain it and make a lot of money.
(4) The secret of increasing eggs in summer. In summer, the feed intake of chickens decreases, and the laying of eggs decreases or even stops. In order to restore normal egg laying, in addition to heatstroke prevention and cooling, chicken feathers are also an effective method, that is, feathers on the breast, legs, left and right wings of chicken are cut off, and feathers on the neck, back and tail are reserved. The length of shearing is based on the principle of no damage to chicken skin and no liquid flow in coarse wool pipe section. Cut less in early summer and cut more in midsummer.
(5) The secret of egg coloring. Adding 0.3% red pepper powder, 6% sun-dried chopped alfalfa leaves or 5% pine needle powder to the diet can deepen the color of egg yolk.
(6) the secret of storing eggs. When storing the eggs, the tips of the eggs should face upwards, so that the yolk can be located in the center of the eggs, preventing embryo adhesion and improving the hatching rate of the eggs.
(7) The secret of hatching hens. The egg is short oval, with a large head, a small head, an inverted triangle and a delicate surface. Most hatched chicks are hens. Eggs are rectangular, head and tail are difficult to separate, and the surface is rough. Most hatched chicks are roosters.
(8) Distinguish the secrets of male and female chickens. When the chicken's wings are pulled apart, if the feathers of the wings are long or short (that is, the feathers are alternating in length), it is a hen, and if all the feathers are basically the same in length, it is a rooster, with an accuracy rate of over 90%.
(9) The secret of preventing chicken plague. When chicks reach the age of 10- 14 days, IN strain vaccine is used for nasal drip and 0.3 ml inactivated vaccine (available in all veterinary stations) is used for intramuscular injection. The protection rate can reach 100% by intramuscular injection of 70-day-old strain I vaccine, then 120-day-old strain I vaccine and 1 ml inactivated vaccine.
Variety introduction
1, an excellent local variety. Huang Xiang chicken is mainly distributed in Xiangjiang River valley and southern Hunan, and it is a local chicken breed in Hunan, with dual functions of meat and eggs. It has the characteristics of three yellows (yellow fur, yellow skin and yellow feet), small size, early maturity and particularly delicious meat. Taoyuan chicken, mainly produced in the middle of Taoyuan County, is tall, with golden or red body feathers and black main wing feathers and tail feathers. The hen's feathers are yellow or hemp.
2. Cultivate varieties. It is mainly formed by crossing local chicken breeds with foreign improved chicken breeds. It is characterized in that the quality and taste of this kind of chicken are better than that of fine-bred chicken, but the growth rate is slightly slower. Such as Changsha yellow chicken, fast black chicken and so on.
3. Introduced varieties
Broiler: AA chicken, Avian (white feather); Gaudi, Hongbao (Huang Yu), etc. , characterized by extremely fast growth, large size, often used to divide chickens.
Laying hens: Laihang chicken (white shell), Sha Yi, Roman, Hesse, Dika (brown shell) and green shell laying hens. It is characterized by high egg laying rate (more than 280 eggs per year) and low feed-egg ratio (2.4: 1). Especially the green shell laying hens, which have great market potential, are very popular in our city at present, and the egg price reaches 0.5 yuan/egg.
4. Other varieties. Such as guinea fowl (Africa) and turkey (America).
Third, the preparation work before entering the chicken
1. Choose a house that is warm in winter and cool in summer, with 0/5 chickens per square meter in winter and 0/2 chickens per square meter in summer. Determine the number of chickens in the henhouse area and plan production.
2. Prepare grazing mountains (or orchards, rice fields, etc.). ) and make a fence.
3. Choose a good brooding and heating method. The method of brooding can be flat or online, but flat is the most economical and convenient; Electric umbrella, stove, infrared ray, flue and other equipment are used for heating, but electric umbrella and infrared ray are the safest and most reliable, with high survival rate. Pay attention to the ventilation of stoves and flues to avoid gas poisoning.
4. Preparation of equipment, utensils and feed drugs. Open tray, large and small barrels, large and small drinking fountains, chicken flower materials, drug vaccine padding.
5. Cleaning and disinfection: Houses and utensils that have been raised with chickens should be treated in strict accordance with the four steps of cleaning, washing, disinfection and fumigation, or after cleaning, a layer of fresh lime should be brushed inside and outside the henhouse and on the walls, and then all the cleaned utensils should be put into a closed room for fumigation for 24 hours. Houses and appliances that have never had chickens can be disinfected by cleaning, washing and spraying. The disinfectant can be 2% caustic soda or 0.3% pesticide. The fumigation dose is 3x (i.e. 42ml formaldehyde +2 1 g potassium permanganate+10.5ml water per cubic meter).
Fourthly, feeding management during brooding.
1 Choose high-quality chicken first. Generally, the method of "seeing, touching and listening" is adopted. At first glance, it depends on the mental state of the chicken, whether the feathers are clean or not, whether the beak, legs and toes are straight, and whether there is white feces sticking to the anus. The second touch is mainly to touch the softness of the abdomen, whether the yolk is absorbed well, and the healing status of the navel. Third, listen to whether the chicken's cry is loud. Generally speaking, chicks with large or small abdomen, poor umbilical healing and poor toe luster are difficult to raise, with low survival rate, poor benefits and even losses. The main problem is the breeding or hatching of breeder chickens.
2. Chickens should be transported to their destination as soon as possible. It is best to drink water within 24 hours after hatching and start eating within 26 hours. The transportation time should not exceed 36 hours, especially in summer, to prevent heatstroke, lack of oxygen and dehydration.
3. Ensure proper temperature, humidity, density and illumination, and pay attention to ventilation.
① Temperature requirements. 32 ~ 35℃ for 1 ~ 7 days, and then gradually reduce the weekly average temperature by about 3℃ until it is close to room temperature, with 2 1 ~ 18℃ as the best.
② Humidity. The age of 1 ~ 10 should be controlled at 60 ~ 65%, and after 10, it should be controlled at 50 ~ 60%.
③ Density. 1 ~ 10 age is about 100 /m2,1~ 20 age is about 40 ~ 50 /m2, and then gradually decreases to12-/kloc-0 /m2.
4 lighting. 23 hours of light and 1 hour of darkness every day. The light intensity should be from strong to weak, 0 ~ 1, 3.5 W/m2, 2.3 weeks 2 W/m2 and 0.7 ~ 1.3 W/m2 after 4 weeks.
⑤ Ventilation. Fresh air and proper circulation in the henhouse are the prerequisites for raising broilers, and sufficient oxygen can keep chickens in normal metabolism and keep them healthy. There should be as little ventilation as possible, as long as people in the henhouse don't feel pungent.
4. drink water. (1) Chickens should drink water first after entering the field, and start eating after 2 ~ 3 hours; A few days ago, it is best to use clean warm water and add 1‰ potassium permanganate to drinking water to clean the intestines. The amount of drinking water is generally 2 ~ 3 times that of feed. The higher the temperature, the greater the amount of drinking water. Adding 5% glucose (brown sugar, granulated sugar, boiled salt) and vitamins to drinking water two days before long-distance transportation (or chicks hatch for more than 24 hours) can improve the survival rate of chicks. ③ The number of drinking fountains should be sufficient. Generally, every 100 chicken needs two drinking fountains or a 2.5cm water tank is reserved for each chicken. (4) Clean and disinfect the water dispenser every day, and replace fresh water.
Step 5 feed. (1) A few days ago, you can start eating with plastic sheets, feed plates and cardboard materials, and after 5 to 7 days, you can use small barrels and then change them into large barrels. (2) Feed it 6 times every day and night, and the pellet feed should be no less than 4 times, which can stimulate appetite and reduce feed waste. (3) Feed should not exceed one-third of the capacity in the tank, and each chicken should have a material level of more than 5cm to ensure sufficient feed intake; 4 free to eat, unrestricted. (5) To use high-quality full-price materials, the conversion should be gradually excessive. ⑥ After 3 weeks, gravel, grass, etc. Start supplementing, grazing during the day, eating vegetables and insects, supplemented by artificial feeding.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) disease prevention and control
Broiler feeding focuses on epidemic prevention rather than treatment. Therefore, during the feeding period, utensils and chicken houses should be disinfected frequently, and chickens should also be disinfected to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria.
(1) Drug treatment and immunization program
1 ~ 7 days old: to prevent pullorum, you can drink norfloxacin or norfloxacin; Or furazolidone, oxytetracycline, tetracycline and other ingredients, the dosage is used strictly according to the instructions to prevent poisoning. 7-day-old: Xincheng Ⅱ seedling drinking water (dosage increased 1 fold, no chloride ion in water, eye drops or nose drops. ) 10 days old: drinking bursal water (dosage increased 1 fold, and there was no chloride ion in the water). 14 ~ 2 1 day-old, and control coccidiosis with chlorpheniramine and anticoccidial drugs. From 25 to 30 days old, Newcastle disease and bursa of fabricius were strengthened. Vaccination is also required at the age of 25 in varicella-infected areas.
(2) Common respiratory diseases of poultry
1. Chronic respiratory diseases: the symptoms are runny nose, cough, clucking of throat or trachea, loss of appetite, gradual weight loss, and decreased egg production of hens. The course of the disease is very long, exceeding 1 month. In addition to mycoplasma gallisepticum as the pathogen, the disease may also be caused by a variety of bacteria, molds and even viruses. The most prominent is that some Escherichia coli strains or certain molds cause ophthalmia. Eyelid swelling, bean curd residue under eyelid, conjunctivitis, keratitis and inflammation of the whole eyeball. If the henhouse is poorly ventilated, the feces are not removed in time, and ammonia gas stimulates it, it will aggravate eye diseases and even blindness, affect feeding activities and aggravate respiratory diseases. Autopsy showed that the mucosa of infraorbital sinus was swollen, congested and bleeding, and the sinus cavity was full of mucus. Mucous tracheitis; The airbag membrane is turbid and thickened, with yellow bean curd residue. These lesions are usually very serious.
2, infectious rhinitis: symptoms include runny nose, sneezing, coughing, mouth breathing, facial (eye) swelling, eye tears, conjunctivitis. Inflammation, congestion and edema appeared in nasal cavity and throat mucosa at autopsy, and a large amount of mucus oozed out. Cellulose or serous viscous exudate is often found in infraorbital sinus. The course of the disease varies greatly, about 2 ~ 30 days. The pathogen is Haemophilus parasuis, and a positive diagnosis can only be made by pathogen identification.
3, aspergillosis: the sick chicken has difficulty breathing, the number of breaths increases, and the mouth is breathing. When inhaling, the neck airbag expands obviously, falling together, and squeaking when breathing, especially at night. Autopsy often shows that there are miliary or even large nodules in the lungs, which are gray or yellow and have homogeneous tofu-like centers; The wall of the airbag is often thickened and covered with velvety mold hyphae, and sometimes there are bean curd residues with different weights; Trachea and bronchus sometimes have hyphae visible to the naked eye, and other organs such as liver, chest cavity and abdominal cavity may also have nodules. The pathogen is Aspergillus, and sometimes Penicillium and white mold can be seen. As long as mycelium or spores are found in the microscopic examination of pathological tissues, a positive diagnosis can be made.
4, infectious laryngotracheitis: the most easily diagnosed symptoms and lesions are hemorrhagic tracheitis, when coughing, bleeding mucus is discharged and attached around the beak; There is cheese-like exudate accumulation in eyes, nose, mouth and throat in chronic cases, and cough, wheezing and purring can also be seen clinically. The mortality rate is 5% ~ 60%, and the average course of disease is two weeks. The whole group takes about three weeks from onset to death or rehabilitation. The incubation period of artificial infection by intratracheal injection is 2 ~ 4 days.
(3) Enteritis and dysentery common in poultry.
1. Coccidiosis: It is more common in chicks aged 20-45 days. The sick chicks are depressed, their feathers are loose and messy, and they gather in a pile, discharging watery feces, often white and indigestible bloody powder. If it is caused by cecal coccidia, the feces are reddish brown, and later become pure blood feces, and the feathers around the cloaca are stained with liquid blood feces. Autopsy changes are mainly seen in the intestine, and the severity and location of intestinal lesions are related to the species of coccidia. The cecum coccidia mainly invaded the cecum, and the cecum on both sides was obviously swollen, filled with solidified or fresh dark red blood, or yellow-white mottled necrosis with bean curd residue, and the cecum epithelium was thickened and inflamed. Microscopic examination of feces can find coccidiosis cysts.
2. Chicken pullorum disease: It often occurs in chicks within 2 weeks old. Sick chickens often have diarrhea, and more white and thin feces are discharged, and the villi near cloaca are polluted by excrement. Autopsy showed that the absorption of yolk was delayed, and there were necrotic foci or nodules in liver, myocardium, lung, cecum, large intestine and myostomach. Diagnosis depends on the identification of pathogens.
3. Avian paratyphoid fever: Young birds are the most common type of this disease, which is acute (septic). Its symptoms are sudden death, dysentery and fecal adhesion around cloaca; Serous purulent conjunctivitis occurs, eyes are half closed or completely closed, and nervous system symptoms such as dyspnea or paralysis and convulsions are occasionally seen. Autopsy showed hepatomegaly with blunt edge, cellulose membrane on the capsule and small gray-yellow necrosis focus in the liver parenchyma. Small intestinal mucosal edema, local congestion, often accompanied by punctate bleeding; There are similar lesions in the large intestine, but the mucosa is sometimes covered with a dirty gray bran-like film. Diagnosis depends on the identification of pathogens.
4, avian typhoid fever: sick chicken feces are thin, yellow-green. The most common changes in autopsy are redness and swelling of liver, spleen and kidney, catarrhal inflammation of intestine; The liver is greenish brown or bronzed, which is a characteristic lesion of this disease. Diagnosis depends on the identification of pathogens.
5. Colibacillosis: The symptom is diarrhea in chicks, and there is sticky paste around cloaca. Autopsy found hepatomegaly and necrotic focus, and the yolk of chicks was not absorbed. The symptoms and pathological changes of adult chickens are similar to those of avian cholera. Escherichia coli should be isolated from the blood and parenchymal organs of sick chickens for diagnosis.
(4) Common diseases of chicks
1, chicken bacillary dysentery: sick chickens are characterized by listlessness, anorexia, drooping wings and occasional dyspnea; Frequent diarrhea, multiple rows of white thin feces, and villi near cloaca are adhered by excrement. Autopsy showed that the absorption of yolk was delayed, and there were necrotic foci or nodules in myocardium, lung, intestine and myostomach. Some have pericarditis, a little bleeding and focal necrosis in the liver, and occasional urate filling in the kidneys and ureters. The disease often occurs in a large number of chicks aged 2 ~ 3 weeks.
2. Paratyphoid fever: Chickens are often acute, mostly occurring in chicks within 2 weeks old. Its symptoms are sudden onset, dysentery and feces around cloaca; Serous-suppurative conjunctivitis occurs, and the eyes are half closed or completely closed; Sometimes it is difficult to breathe, and sometimes there are neurological symptoms such as paralysis and convulsions. The main lesions are in the liver and intestine: hepatomegaly, blunt edge, cellulose membrane on the capsule, and small gray-yellow necrosis focus in the liver parenchyma; Small intestinal mucosal edema, local congestion, often accompanied by punctate bleeding.
3, aspergillosis: this disease is also known as nanny pneumonia, more common in the rainy season. The feed, padding and trough are moldy, and under the insulation umbrella, a large number of mold spores are easy to float in the air, which makes chicks susceptible to infection. Sick chickens have difficulty breathing, and the number of breaths increases. When breathing with the mouth open, the neck airbag expands obviously when inhaling, and it creaks when breathing, especially at night. Autopsy found that there were small yellow-white nodules as big as millet and mung bean in the lungs and airbags, and sometimes gray-yellow or yellow-green or even black mold hyphae were visible to the naked eye, especially trachea, airbags and lung tissue. In addition to lungs and air sacs, this nodule can also be found in pleura, abdominal cavity and mesentery. Microscopic examination of pathological tissue can generally find mold spores and hyphae, but sometimes it is necessary to check multiple pieces to find them.
4. Infectious bronchitis: The symptoms are runny nose, cough, dyspnea, rales in trachea, swelling of eyelids and sinuses. Autopsy found that there were viscous secretions in the trachea, sometimes mixed with bean curd residue-like exudates, nasal cavity and sinus mucosa were congested and filled with viscous secretions, and there were also viscous or cellulose-like exudates on the airbag wall. The disease is often infected in groups, and the mortality rate of chicks can be as high as 25%, while the mortality rate of chickens over 6 weeks old is very low. The trachea appeared within 18 ~ 36 hours after healthy chicks were inoculated with respiratory secretions from sick chickens.
(V) Prevention and control measures of chicken pecking addiction In order to prevent chicken pecking addiction, the relevant reports at home and abroad in recent years are summarized as follows: 1) Catch the culprit chicken with pecking addiction tendency in time; 2) Breaking pecking (first time at 5-9 days old, renovation at 10- 12 weeks old) can reduce mutual pecking; 3) Avoid strong light areas. In addition to 1-2 weeks old, strong light irradiation can be used. General10-15m2 henhouse can be illuminated with15w bulb. Russia proposes to use blue glass windows. 4) reduce the feeding density and have good ventilation; 5) Laying high-quality bedding, properly spreading grains on the bedding to attract grains to peck and prevent them from pecking at the ground or each other; 6) strong and weak groups, warm in winter and cool in summer, setting up sand bath; 7) The diet should be fully balanced; 8) Sufficient feeding troughs and drinking fountains shall be provided with appropriate height; 9) Waste engine oil or asphalt can be used to smear the wounds of pecked chickens, which helps to avoid being pecked again; 10) Treatment: If you are addicted to pecking feathers, add 0.50-3g of calcined gypsum every day for 3 days.
(5) Prevention and treatment of mycoplasma gallisepticum (chronic respiratory tract)
Mycoplasmasis used to be called mycoplasma disease, which is a contact chronic respiratory infection in chickens. The pathogen is mycoplasma gallisepticum (formerly known as mycoplasma). It can occur all year round, but it is more serious in winter and spring. 1 ~ 2 months old chickens are more sensitive. The course of disease is generally long and the mortality rate varies greatly. There is no death in light cases, and the death rate in heavy cases can reach more than 80%.
1, the main symptoms: mucus nose, sneezing, coughing, dyspnea, and tracheal rales at the initial stage of onset. Then I saw that the secretion dried up and scabbed around my nostrils. In the later stage, the eyes and face are swollen, and there is a bean curd residue-like exudate, which is as prominent as a tumor, often causing blindness in one or both eyes.
2. Anatomy: Typical lesions are viscous exudates in nasal cavity, trachea, bronchus and air sac, and beaded exudates are attached to the walls of chest, abdomen and air sac. There is usually a yellow sticky pseudomembrane on the liver, and the pericardium is thick and pale. Sometimes there are tofu-like substances in the trachea and bronchi.
3. Prevention and treatment: A variety of antibiotics can be used for the treatment of this disease, such as streptomycin, erythromycin, Belamycin, Tylenol, Xindemeixian, zhibaiyan, Qinchuanling and Taimujing. , all have good curative effect. To prevent this disease, we should do the following work well: ① Disinfect breeding eggs, eliminate sick breeding birds, and establish a fungal-free farm (because germs can be spread through breeding eggs). (2) Do a good job in cleaning and disinfecting the henhouse and the environment to eliminate the source of infection. ③ Use the above therapeutic drugs.
(6) Diagnosis and treatment of nervous symptom diseases in chickens.
It is a common clinical phenomenon that chickens have nervous system symptoms after onset. In production practice, it is necessary to distinguish the causes and take targeted treatment measures in order to receive better treatment results.
(vii) Virus invasion
1, Marek's disease: Typical neurological symptoms are head and neck askew caused by vagus nerve tumors on both sides of the neck, unilateral or bilateral lateral drooping caused by brachial plexus tumors, and unilateral or bilateral leg paralysis caused by sciatic nerve tumors. Lie on your side or separate back and forth. If there are diseases, we must resolutely eliminate sick chickens. Immunize imported new chickens with Marek's disease vaccine, and pay attention to the selection of vaccine, immunization times and methods.
2. Chicken encephalomyelitis: an infectious disease that damages the central nervous system caused by encephalomyelitis virus. Main damage 1 chicks under the age of month. The sick chickens have typical symptoms such as head and neck tremors, and the mortality rate is 10%-30%, which causes the hens to be paralyzed.
(2) Bacterial infection
It mainly includes Escherichia coli infection and Salmonella infection. This bacterium invades the brain and causes encephalitis symptoms. Except for a few adult hens, more than 95% of the cases occurred in chicks before the age of 22, and laying hens accounted for more than 90% of the total cases. In autopsy, the prominent changes were severe small brain edema, punctate or diffuse cerebral hemorrhage.
1. Encephalitis caused by E.coli invading brain tissue. The clinical symptoms are head and neck tremor and unstable standing. Autopsy showed large gray necrosis and lenticular depression in the back of the cerebral hemisphere. During the diagnosis, the necrotic brain tissue was taken out aseptically, and the medium-sized red colonies were cultured in MacKay medium. Gram staining is G- Bacillus, which can usually be confirmed as Escherichia coli by microscopic examination. In terms of treatment, anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory measures were taken, and effective antibacterial drugs were screened through drug sensitivity test.
2. Salmonella encephalitis: also known as cerebral dysentery, is caused by salmonella invading brain tissue. Autopsy changes and clinical symptoms are similar to those of Escherichia coli encephalitis. G bacilli can be detected by microscopic examination. The treatment is similar to E.coli encephalitis.