Observation of a Star Entering the Beidou-Comet
There is food in the new moon and xinmao day-solar eclipse record
Sun, Moon and Stars-Yin and Yang calendar
The oldest catalog in the world-Shi's catalog
Taichu calendar, the earliest and most complete calendar work in existence.
Tugui measures the sun shadow.
Stars Falling Like Rain —— Observation of Meteor Swarm
An Instrument for Demonstrating the Apparent Motion of Celestial Bodies —— Armature
The oldest timekeeping instrument in China-kettle leak
Geodesy-Determination of Meridian
Calendar Revolution —— Shen Kuo's Twelve Qi Calendars
A Wonderful Flower of Science and Technology —— An Astronomical Instrument Invented and Developed by Guo Shoujing
The Best Calendar in Ancient China —— Guo Shoujing's "Timing Calendar"
Duke Zhou's Sightseeing-Setting of the Observatory
The earliest mathematical monograph in China —— Zhou Bi suan Jing
Fine Deduction and Fine Calculation —— Nine Chapters of Arithmetic
Strategy-Zero and Calculation
decimal notation
China's Remainder Theorem —— Seeking a Skill by Great Diffraction
Zu Chongzhi and pi.
Yang Hui's triangle—binomial array
One-dimensional high-power multiplication-celestial art
Zhu Shijie and His Four-Yuan Jade Mirror
Double hypothesis method-surplus and deficiency technique
Application of series and stacking technique
China-the hometown of abacus
The Magic of Magnets —— The Invention of Compass
Mojing and the First Law of Motion
Incense burner and constant shelf in quilt
Magnetic declination and magnetic inclination
Measuring tool-vernier caliper
Projection slide-lantern
Mysterious reflection
Strange Mirror-Transparent Mirror
The world's earliest periscope
The World's Earliest Artificial Magnetization Method —— Compass Fish
Outstanding machinery-south guide car
The invention of gunpowder
The invention of matches
Lacquer and lacquerware
China-a world-famous porcelain
Oil and gas
Development and Utilization of Burning Stone-Coal
Zhang Heng's seismograph
The earliest anemometer
Clouds rain to the west without plowing —— Cloud observation and cloud atlas
Temperature observation instrument and precipitation observation instrument
weather forecast
An ancient phenological calendar
Dujiangyan, the earliest water conservancy project in China
Lead Jing to Luo-Zheng Guoqu
Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, a water conservancy project linking the north and the south
The earliest water level station in China-Fuling Shiyu
The earliest tidal chart in China-Dou Shumeng's Tao Shi Tu
A Classic of Ancient Geography —— Notes on Water Classics
Bronze Age-Copper Mining
Boiling the sea for salt-bittern exploitation
The Earliest Flora —— Vegetation in the South
Plants, fish, insects, birds and beasts-classification of plants and animals
Till, raising my cup, I asked the bright moon asked the sky about wine-koji making and wine making.
If there is jade in the mountains, the branches will hang down beside the trees-plant prospecting
Jia Sixie and Qi Min Yao Shu
The distinctive "Wang Zhen Nong Shu"
Intensive cultivation and abundant crops
Tea Planting and Tea Culture
Lushangbaifeng Continuous-Silkworm Technology
Valley of Saving the World —— Cultivation of Bean Plants and Bean Food
Xu Guangqi's Encyclopedia of Agricultural Administration
Making Good Use of Its Things —— The Invention of the Iron Plow
Power-saving seeder-triangular cymbal
A field lifting tool-a fan car
Water conservancy irrigation machinery-keel waterwheel
Mulberry Fish Pond —— A Crops with Ten Times Benefits
The temperature-sharing soup in the inner garden has entered the melon in mid-February-cultivation techniques
Underground channel-karez
The color of looking at Qi and Hou-the diagnosis and treatment of traditional Chinese medicine
Zhang Zhongjing's Treatise on Typhoid and Miscellaneous Diseases
Shennong tasted a hundred herbs-Chinese herbal medicine to treat diseases.
Fuxi's nine needles-acupuncture therapy
Huatuo Anesthesia-Mafeisan
Immunization-Vaccination
Preserving health and prolonging life-hormone extraction
Smelting technology of iron
Tempering into Steel-Various Steelmaking Technologies
Smelting of brass and zinc
China Silver-Nickel-bearing Copper Smelting and Spreading to the West
Hydrometallurgy-Bile Copper Process
Three casting technologies
Grain processing tools-water hammer and water mill
The earliest vehicle to record mileage-the drum car in mind
Galloping —— The invention of horseshoe art and stirrups
Lu Ban and the Invention of Sawing Umbrella
The Great Wall of Wan Li —— The Dragon Lying Across the Bed
The Eighth Wonder of the World-Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses
Wonderful workmanship-a bridge with unique style
Hundreds of homes are like Twelve Streets of Weiqi Bureau, like vegetable beds-Sui Daxing City
The Treasure of Palace Architecture-Forbidden City
The tallest and oldest heavy wooden pagoda-Yingxian Wooden Pagoda in Shanxi Province
The mystery of unsinkable boat-watertight compartment
Canal lock
When the wind blows, cars fly-sails and sail cars
Parachute-the most precious thing of aviators
Ling Bo's Treasure-Rudder
An Efficient Propulsion Tool-OARS
A feat in the history of navigation-Zheng He's voyage to the West
The Beginning of Aviation Model-Kite
Astronomy and Geo-navigation Technology
Horizontal rotor and propeller
Gunpowder and Gunpowder Weapons —— The Enemy of "Knight Class"
Sunzi's Art of War —— The Holy Book of Military Science
Chariots and warships
Colorful cold weapons
A milestone in the development of human civilization-the invention of papermaking
Engraving printing
The Highest Achievement of Block Printing —— Color Overprinting
Clay type printing technology
Wood movable type printing and word retrieval disk
The world's earliest paper money-Jiaozi
The earliest architectural monograph in China —— Building French Style
Lei Zu and primitive textile technology
Hand-operated pedal spinning wheel
Looms and jacquard machines
Dyes and dyeing
The earliest collection of poems in China-The Book of Songs
The earliest chronological history book in China-Chunqiu
The First Biographical General History in China-Historical Records
The earliest monograph on literary theory in China-Wen Xin Diao Long
The First Chronicle History Book in China —— The Chronicle of Tong Jian
The largest encyclopedia in ancient China-Yongle Dadian
The binding form of ancient books in China
The oldest writing in China-Oracle Bone Inscriptions
Bronzes and inscriptions on bronze
The standard font of Qin Dynasty-Xiao Zhuan
The Beginning of Modern Chinese Characters-Lishu
Cursive script —— the pen moves and expresses the spirit directly.
Dot painting is full of beauty-running script
A Perfectly Structured Font-Regular Script
The Foundation Work of Chinese Literature Linguistics —— Shuowen Jiezi
A Treasure in National Culture —— Four Treasures of the Study
Grottoes Art and Dunhuang Murals
The Outstanding Works of Art in Tang Dynasty —— Tang Sancai
Regular Form and Harmonious Tone —— Rhyme
Graceful and unconstrained theory of song ci
China ancient musical instruments with a long history.
Zhu Zaiyu and "Twelve Average Laws"
Zeng Houyi, who is famous at home and abroad, chimes
The first monograph introducing the works of traditional Chinese opera writers in China —— Ghost Record Book
Born and Ugly —— China's Traditional Opera
Yuanqu and Guan Hanqing
China Ancient Health Gymnastics —— Wuqinxi
China Kung Fu-Wushu
Cuqiu, an ancient football in China
The Ancient Chess —— China Chess
The Infinite Black and White World-Weiqi
Papermaking is one of the four great inventions in ancient China.
Built at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Song, the official minister, presided over the construction. It is a large astronomical instrument and a great scientific and technological achievement in ancient China with worldwide influence.
The invention of mosquito-repellent incense may be related to the hygiene customs of the ancient Dragon Boat Festival and the custom of burning incense and offering sacrifices.
Black powder, compass, printing.
The Dawn of Human Civilization-Fire
The earliest long-range weapon of mankind-bow and arrow
The earliest tool of mankind-stone tools
The greatest contribution of traditional Chinese medicine to the world is its practical technology of preventing and treating diseases.
China is an ancient country of mathematics, and Nine Chapters of Arithmetic and Nine Chapters of Numerology are ancient mathematical masterpieces.
China is also an ancient country in astronomy, and China is the first country in the world with written records of sunspots, Halley's comet, supernovae and other astronomical phenomena.
In addition to the four major inventions of papermaking, compass, gunpowder and movable type printing, and the four new inventions of traditional Chinese medicine, 10 decimal system, equatorial coordinate system and block printing, there are many ancient inventions in China that have influenced the development of world science and technology, such as porcelain, silk, metal smelting and casting, and intensive cultivation.
24 solar terms is the fifth greatest invention in ancient China.
There have also been many new advances in physics, chemistry and biology. Our ancestors created two golden ages for the prosperity and development of ancient science and technology in China.
China is a traditional agricultural country, and water conservancy is the lifeblood of agriculture. In ancient times, there were Dujiangyan, Zheng Guoqu, Lingqu, Longshou Canal and Jinghang Grand Canal before the Tang Dynasty. The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal built in Sui Dynasty is the earliest and longest navigation canal in the world. These projects are incomparable in medieval Europe in terms of building scale, technical level and benefits of agricultural irrigation, navigation and transportation.
Mozi, a representative figure in mohists during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, put forward geometric concepts such as point, line, square and circle in the book Mo Jing. The operation method of Pythagorean Theorem in Zhou Bi suan Jing. Nine Chapters of Arithmetic, written in the Han Dynasty, contains 246 solutions to applied problems, which is very rich in content and has made great achievements in arithmetic and algebra, especially in solving practical problems, far exceeding the mathematical system of ancient Greece. Zu Chongzhi's pi calculated by "secant technique" is very accurate, and it is far ahead in the world.
What needs to be mentioned in particular is the outstanding contribution of ancient China to the development of world civilization-"Four Great Inventions", which embodies the wisdom and creation of working people in ancient China.
The compass was invented in the Warring States period more than two thousand years ago. At that time, people ground the natural magnet into a spoon shape and put it on a smooth plane to point out the north-south direction. This guide instrument was called "Sina". In the northern song dynasty, the guide instrument was manufactured by artificial magnetization. Ceng Gongliang 1044' s book "General Introduction to the Martial Classics" recorded the manufacturing method of "Guide Fish". Shen Kuo, a great scientist, further explained the method of making a compass by magnetizing an iron needle in Dream Stream. Not long after its invention, the compass was used in navigation, guiding China's ocean-going fleet to sail on the South Pacific and Indian Ocean routes, and was introduced to Arabia in the 12th century, and then to Europe.
The invention of papermaking was summed up by the working people in China from the experience of bleaching and retting hemp, which began in the Western Han Dynasty. Ancient paper of the Western Han Dynasty unearthed from the beacon ruins in Luobu Zhuoerhan, Xinjiang, is all plant fiber paper, the texture of which is rougher than that of others. Cai Lun, who was in charge of the royal manual workshop in the Eastern Han Dynasty, relied on sufficient manpower and material resources, and based on summing up the experience of craftsmen, improved the papermaking technology with rags, bark and old hemp as raw materials to produce a batch of practical paper with higher quality. Paper-making technology first spread to Korea and Vietnam, Japan in the seventh century, Arabia in the eighth century and Europe in the thirteenth century.
The invention of printing has generally gone through two stages, from block printing to movable type printing. About the Sui Dynasty, people invented block printing technology under the inspiration of the rubbing method of seal stone carving. During the Northern Song Dynasty (about A.D.1041-kloc-0/049), Bi Sheng, a civilian inventor, invented the movable type printing technology, which made movable type from clay and then typesetting and printing. It was economical and convenient, greatly improved the efficiency, and was a great revolution in the history of printing. In the Yuan Dynasty, Wang Zhen successfully developed wooden movable type and invented the wheel typesetting frame.
The invention of gunpowder began with alchemy. In the process of alchemy, the alchemist accidentally found that igniting the mixture with nitrate, sulfur and charcoal as the main raw materials would cause combustion and explosion. After the invention of gunpowder, it was used in the military, which changed the face of war and the course of history. As Marx said, "gunpowder blew the knight class to pieces." In the War of Resistance Against Gold in the Northern Song Dynasty, Song Jun used powerful gunpowder weapons such as "thunderbolt" and deafening sound. In the late Song Dynasty, gunpowder sand guns and gunpowder guns were invented. Gunpowder was introduced to India and Arabia by merchants from about 1225 to 1248, and then spread to the west.
China's science and technology has been in the leading position in the world for a long historical period. The purpose of revealing and exploring the scientific creations and inventions of our ancestors is to better enlighten the young people's studious and pioneering hearts.
Today, history has entered the era of sound, light and electricity, the dissemination of knowledge and information, image and direct view. This book uses the form of "pictures and words" to show historical features and various images, and to narrate historical facts with "words". The pictures and words complement each other and show readers the fruitful achievements of the development of civilization in the motherland for thousands of years.
Although this book is called "Illustration of Ancient Inventions in China", some items in it are not in strict sense.
Our inventions, such as some astronomical phenomena, were first observed by our ancestors and belong to the content of discovery, but because they have played an important role in social production practice and people's daily life, they are of great significance and groundbreaking, and we also tell them in this book.
For another example, some academic works have made a true and complete record and description of inventions in a certain field. The achievements of scientific research in history have been summarized and handed down mainly by works, such as Zhou Xie Shu Jing and Wang Zhen Nong Shu. We also received this book. For academic works with similar contents in the same subject, we only choose those written earlier to introduce and tell them.
This book does not adopt the framework of chronicle, and is basically arranged in the order of astronomy, calendar, physics, chemistry and chemical engineering, geology, biology, agriculture, medicine, light industry, metallurgical machinery, architecture, navigation and aviation, military affairs, culture and art, but it is not strictly classified. Some items are different in content, such as gunpowder, one of the four great inventions, which is introduced in the invention of gunpowder and in the gunpowder weapon. Another example is planting mulberry and raising silkworms, which is described in Sangji fish pond and further elaborated in the relevant items of textile. The purpose of doing this is not only to take care of the convenience of narration, but also to make readers more comprehensive.
Accurately grasp the relevant knowledge. And there are differences in the contents of the items, but at the same time there is emphasis.
China's traditional culture is profound and gorgeous, and many documents and classics have been handed down. In the past, similar publications only introduced inventions and discoveries in the field of science and technology. In fact, our ancestors also had unique inventions and creations in the field of social sciences, such as Chinese characters, poems and songs, melodies and ancient musical instruments. They are all important parts of the development of human civilization, and they also play an important historical role in promoting social development.
To this end, we have added some relevant items in social science, which is the uniqueness of this book.
In the selection of pictures, in addition to displaying artifacts, we also pay attention to expressing the modality of ancient scientists when they wrote and invented and the social life scenes at that time, and show readers strange and interesting touching stories of indomitable scientific masters in the process of invention and creation, so as to enhance the sense of history and artistic appeal and make readers further understand the hardships of inventors.
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