Ginger root system can be divided into fiber root and fleshy root. Fiber root is born from the base of young shoots of ginger, which is called primary root. With the growth of young shoots, fiber root constantly produces lateral roots, forming the main absorption root system of ginger. The fleshy roots occur on the stem nodes of ginger and ginger. They are short and thick, and have the functions of absorption and support. Ginger is a shallow root crop, and its root system is mainly distributed in the soil layer with a depth of 30 cm.
2. Stem
The stems of ginger include aboveground stems and underground stems. After the seed ginger germinated and emerged, the base of the seedling expanded to form a primary rhizome, commonly known as ginger mother, from which a new rhizome, namely ginger, was born. The more branches there are, the bigger the ginger pieces are and the higher the yield is.
3. Leaves
The leaves are lanceolate and spring-shaped in the leaf sheath. When the soil water supply is uneven, the leaves are distorted and deformed, which will affect the photosynthetic area and photosynthesis.
4. flowers
Flowers are spikes, which rarely bloom in cultivation and are not fruitful.
? 1. Growth and development process The growth process of ginger can be divided into four stages: germination stage, seedling stage, vigorous growth stage and rhizome dormancy stage.
1. Germination period
It took 40-50 days from the germination of planting ginger to the first Jiang Ye.
2. Seedling stage
It took 65-70 days from the first piece of Jiang Ye to two larger branches, commonly known as the "Sanma bifurcation" period.
3. vigorous growth period
It takes 70~75 days from "Sanma Branch" to harvest. This period is a period of vigorous growth, which is also the main period of yield formation, and the growth accounts for more than 9 1% of the whole growth period. 4. During the dormant period of rhizome, ginger can't tolerate low temperature, and when it encounters frost, it dies, and the root and stem are forced into dormancy. After ginger is harvested, it should be kept at113℃ and relative humidity of 85%~95% during storage, so as to make its physiological activity weak, reduce nutrient consumption, and prevent ginger from freezing and dehydration.
? Second, the requirements for environmental conditions 1. temperature
Jiang Xiwen is not cold-tolerant, and the suitable temperature for bud growth is 22~25℃. During the vigorous growth period of rhizome, a certain temperature difference is required, which is 25℃ during the day and 17~ 18 at night.
C is better. Plants stopped growing below 15℃.
Step 2 light
The germination, rhizome formation and growth of ginger need dark conditions. The seedlings are not resistant to strong light and grow well in the shade of flowers.
Step 3: Moisture
The root system of ginger is underdeveloped, so it is not tolerant to drought. Strengthening fertilizer and water management after entering the vigorous growth period is the key to achieve high yield.
4. Soil nutrition
Jiang likes loose and fertile loam or sandy loam. I like slightly acidic soil, and the suitable pH value is 5~7. However, it has a wide range of adaptability to soil acidity and alkalinity. The absorption of the three elements of fertilizer is the most, followed by nitrogen and less phosphorus.
? II. Types and Varieties There are many local varieties of China ginger, and the main varieties currently cultivated are as follows.
1. Laiwu sliced ginger
Strong growth potential, tender rhizome meat, strong spicy flavor, good quality and storage and transportation resistance.
2. Laiwu ginger
Strong growth potential, ginger ball hypertrophy, beautiful appearance.
3. Guangdong Shulun meat ginger
Guangdong local varieties. Strong growth potential, large ginger pieces, light spicy taste, less fiber, good quality and high yield.
? 3. In the cultivation season, ginger is not frost-tolerant, and can only be sown when the ground temperature is stable above 16℃, and it will be harvested when the leaves of first frost are yellow. In the suitable cultivation season, it is better to sow early at the appropriate time. The suitable sowing time in North China is early May. Adding a small arch shed can advance 15~20 days. Covering with plastic film can advance 7~ 10 days. Ginger is susceptible to ginger blast, and it is best to rotate for more than 3 years if conditions permit. Ginger is suitable for intercropping and interplanting with other crops because of its small growth in the early growth stage and the need for shade.
? Fourth, cultivation techniques? (1) The treatment of planting ginger is to release the dormancy of ginger pieces and grow early, so it is necessary to treat the planting ginger before sowing. Ginger planting treatment is divided into three steps: drying ginger and trapping ginger, selecting seeds and accelerating germination.
1. drying ginger and trapping ginger
Before sowing 1 month and the average temperature of ten days 10℃, the stored ginger seeds can be taken out, dried on grass mats or dry ground for 1~2 days, and stored indoors for antifreeze at night. After drying, the ginger seeds are stacked indoors for 3~4 days and covered with grass mats.
Step 2 select seeds
Combining sun-dried ginger and trapped ginger, the robust ginger with fat, plump and no plant diseases and insect pests was selected as the seed. Eliminate the weak, soft and brown ginger pieces.
Step 3 accelerate germination
Put ginger in a basket and wheat straw to keep warm, and put it in a warm place with air relative humidity of 80%~85% and temperature of 20~24℃ to accelerate germination. When the air is dry, water should be sprayed around to improve the humidity. Generally, it takes about 25 days to grow into standard buds. The proper standard of bud is 0.5 cm× 0.5 cm ~2.0 cm×1.0 cm. The young bud is bright yellow, the top is blunt and round, and only the protrusion of root is seen at the base of bud, commonly known as "short and strong bud". The yield of short and strong buds is more than 20% higher than that of large buds. Soaking seeds with 200 mg/kg ethephon for 15 minutes before sowing can obviously promote the branching of ginger and increase the number of ginger balls, and generally increase the yield by more than 10%.
? (2) Soil preparation and fertilization Because the root system of ginger is underdeveloped and the soil layer is shallow, it is neither drought-tolerant nor waterlogging-tolerant. Therefore, the plot should have good water and fertilizer conservation. After the previous crop was harvested, the autumn ploughing depth was 30 cm, and after thawing in the following spring, 5000 kg of high-quality decomposed farmyard manure and 50 kg of calcium superphosphate were applied as base fertilizers in combination with land preparation, and the ground was leveled after fine harrowing 1~2 times. Before sowing, seed furrows with a depth of 30 cm and a width of 30 cm should be opened at a row spacing of 60~65 cm. 75 kg of decomposed bean cake (or soybean), 50 kg of bio-organic compound fertilizer, 50 kg of potassium sulfate 15 kg or 50~ 100 kg of plant ash, 2 kg of zinc fertilizer, and 2 kg of boron fertilizer 1 kg (2 kg) were used as seed fertilizer, and the soil and fertilizer were fully mixed and sown.
? (3) The amount of seed used for sowing is 300-500 kg per mu, and the appropriate seed block is 50-75 g.. Choose sunny and warm weather for sowing. Before sowing seeds, water is poured along the ditch, and after the water seeps down, the ginger seeds are horizontally discharged in the ditch according to a certain spacing, and the ginger buds in the east-west direction are all south; The ginger buds in the north-south direction are all westward. Gently press the ginger pieces into the soil so that the ginger buds are level with the soil surface. After sowing, cover the soil with a thickness of 4~5 cm. Sowing density: sow about 5,500 plants per mu in high-yield plots, with row spacing of 60-65cm and plant spacing of not less than 20cm. The row spacing of the medium fertilizer water plot is 60 cm, the plant spacing 18 cm, and 6000 plants/mu.
? (4) Strong light, high temperature and drought in shading seedling stage will make the water metabolism of seedlings out of balance, thus inhibiting the growth and development of seedlings. Moderate shading at seedling stage can not only avoid direct sunlight on seedlings, but also adjust temperature, reduce water evaporation and improve field microclimate. Shading, commonly known as planting Jiang Cao, is to plant straw into a sparse flower fence or a row of oak branches on one side of the ginger ditch after sowing to shade Jiang Miao. About 400 kilograms of cereal grass is used per mu. Because cereal grass carries germs and pests, we should try our best not to shade it. If it is necessary to use it, it is necessary to carry out drug treatment before 10~20 days to kill diseased bacteria and pests. At present, sunshade nets are widely used in production to shade, and there are two ways to shade:
(1) high shed shade. Using cement-soil columns and bamboo poles to form a 2-meter-high arch shed frame, a shading net with a shading rate of 30% is buckled.
② Vertical shading with banners. Pull a sunshade net with a width of 60 ~ 65cm and a shading rate of 40% vertically between ginger rows in a frame and fix it with bamboo or wooden sticks. Remove the shade around the low of July.