Very comprehensive knowledge of red wine, red wine, is the abbreviation of red wine. In the process of brewing grapes and grape skins together, we need to pay attention to temperature, humidity and other issues. To have good red wine, brewing technology is very important. The following is a complete knowledge of red wine.

Complete knowledge of red wine 1 1. What is wine?

To fully understand what wine is, we must first start with the raw materials. We call it wine grape, and we can know from the name that this is not a kind of edible grape that we usually come into contact with. Wine grape is different from edible grape in that it has thick skin, less flesh, smaller grains and higher sugar content and acidity.

At present, the top ten wine grapes are Pi Nuo, Trebbi Yano/Uniblanc, Sauvignon Blanc, Gehenna, Shiraz/Shiraz and Chardonnay.

Tempranillo, Airen, Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon. If someone asks you what brand of wine you usually drink, you can't answer Cabernet Sauvignon. Just like when someone asks you what brand of shoes you usually wear, you say canvas shoes.

Wine is a kind of fruit wine made by grape fermentation, and it is the largest and most popular single sugar wine in the world.

Its alcohol content is higher than beer and lower than liquor. Rich nutrition and obvious health care function. Some people think that wine is one of the healthiest and most hygienic drinks.

It can regulate the performance of metabolism, promote blood circulation and prevent the increase of cholesterol. It also has diuretic, liver function stimulating and anti-aging effects. It is also an auxiliary drug for treating heart disease, and can prevent diseases such as scurvy, anemia, beriberi, dyspepsia and keratitis. Drinking wine often can reduce the incidence of heart disease, blood lipid and arteriosclerosis.

Second, the classification of wine

First, by color classification

Red wine: a kind of wine made from red grape varieties by squeezing/soaking skin and fermenting with skin. In the fermentation process, wine can fully extract the color and flavor substances in the peel, showing purple, ruby red, pomegranate red, tea red and even reddish brown, which has rich taste characteristics.

red wine

White wine: White wine will be made from white grape varieties without skin after pressing and fermentation, so the color of wine liquid is mostly light, mostly lemon green, lemon color, golden yellow, amber or even brown. Sometimes, white wine can also be fermented by peeling and squeezing red grape varieties.

white wine

Pink wine: Pink wine is mostly made from red grapes. Due to the short soaking time of grapes, the pigment extracted is limited, and the color is mostly between red and white wine, often pink, salmon or even orange. It is worth mentioning that some white grape varieties with pink skins can also be used to brew pink wine, and Pi Nuo, Pi Nuo is an example.

Light red wine

B, according to the carbon dioxide pressure classification

Still wine: Still wine usually refers to wine whose carbon dioxide pressure is less than 0.05MPa at 20℃. This wine contains almost no carbon dioxide and is the most common wine on the market.

Sparkling wine: Compared with still wine, sparkling wine usually refers to wine with carbon dioxide pressure greater than or equal to 0.05MPa at 20℃, of which champagne is the most typical one. However, according to the degree of foaming, sparkling wine can be subdivided into two categories.

1. Sparkling wine: Sparkling wine with carbon dioxide partial pressure greater than or equal to 0.35MPa produced by natural fermentation at 20℃. Among them, when the bottle capacity is less than 250mL, the wine with carbon dioxide pressure greater than or equal to 0.3MPa can also be called high-sparkling wine. Second, semi-sparkling wine: at 20℃, the pressure of carbon dioxide in the bottle is between 0.05 MPa and 0.34 MPa.

C, classified by sugar content | Still wine

Dry type: After natural fermentation, almost all the sugar in grapes is converted into alcohol. When the natural sugar content in wine is less than or equal to 4g/L, it is called dry wine, which can also be understood as wine without sugar.

In addition, when the difference between total sugar and total acid (calculated by tartaric acid) is less than or equal to 2g/L, the wine with the highest sugar content of 9g/L is also called dry wine. Simply put, it is not sweet. Red wine may be too sour for beginners. I suggest starting with liqueur.

Semi-dry type: the sugar content is higher than that of the previous wine, and the highest is12g/L; Or when the difference between total sugar and total acid (calculated by tartaric acid) is less than or equal to 2g/L, the highest sugar content is18g/L. ..

Semi-sweet: The sugar content of wine is greater than that of semi-dry wine, and the highest sugar content is no more than 45g/L. ..

Sweet: Wine with a sugar content of more than 45g/L. ..

C, according to the sugar content classification | sparkling wine

Bulut sparkling wine: According to Chinese national standards, the sugar content of this kind of wine is less than or equal to 12g/L, and the allowable difference is 3g/L. ..

Dry sparkling wine: The sugar content of the wine is 17. 1-32g/L, and the allowable difference is 3g/L. ..

Sweet sparkling wine: High sparkling wine with sugar content greater than 50g/L. ..

Especially dry sparkling wine: the sugar content of wine is12.1-17g/l, and the allowable difference is 3g/l. ..

Semi-dry sparkling wine: high sparkling wine with sugar content of 32.1-50g/L. ..

D, classified by wine body

Look at the pictures first, and then explain them one by one.

Light-bodied red wine: Light-bodied red wine is generally lighter in color and less in tannin. Typical examples are Pi Nuo and Gamma. Light-bodied white wines usually have refreshing acidity, which makes them fresher and easier to drink after being chilled. Gray Pi Nuo, Albarino and Mascade all belong to this category.

Medium-bodied: Compared with the former, medium-bodied wines tend to be darker in color and heavier in taste. Typical red wines include Merlot, Tan Planus Lo and Sangiovese, while white wines include Sauvignon Blanc, Chen Ning Blanc and Trey.

Full-bodied red wine: Full-bodied red wine has the deepest color and rich tannins, such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah/Shiraz and malbec. Full-bodied white wine is mostly aged in oak barrels, so it tastes heavier. Chardonnay, viognier and Semillon are all representatives.

F, according to the raw material collection method classification

Wine: this kind of wine is the most common, which refers to the fermented wine with a certain alcohol content, which is picked from naturally matured grapes and made from fresh grapes or grape juice by complete or partial fermentation.

Late-ripening wine: When grapes naturally mature and wait for a few days (if weather permits), the sugar concentration naturally accumulated in grapes tends to be higher. If you pick it at this time, the brewed wine will often be more fresh, sweet and delicious. It is worth mentioning that this late-maturing grape is generally not infected by expensive rot fungi, nor is it frozen, but simply dried in the trees.

Noble wine: First, delay the harvest time of grapes. If the weather permits, grapes are often infected with some expensive rot fungi, which are common in Sotner, German and Tocai. Grapes infected by expensive rot fungi often have extremely high sugar concentration, and the brewed wine tastes sweet with obvious honey and dried fruit aroma.

EIS wein/ Ice Wine: This wine also delays the harvest of grapes first, and then harvests the grapes after the temperature drops to -7℃ to -8℃. This wine is more common in Germany, Austria and Canada. Usually, in order to keep the wine delicious, this grape will be squeezed with ice.

Third, briefly introduce the wine glass.

The wine glass is called a goblet by the public because of its slender base, but in fact, the goblet is just one of the wine glasses. In wine culture, wine glasses are an indispensable part. In the western traditional view, choosing the right glass for wine is helpful to taste wine better.

1, bordeaux red wine glass

Bordeaux wine glasses are widely used in red wine except Burgundy. If you are an entry-level wine lover, you can slowly add other types of glasses, but you must start with Bordeaux glasses.

Bordeaux red wine glasses are long and narrow. Its structure is to better gather the aroma of wine at the mouth of the cup and keep the aroma of wine for as long as possible when drinking again. The radian of the glass wall of Bordeaux red wine glass can also adjust the direction of wine diffusion in the mouth, so as to achieve the effect of wine overflowing after entrance.

2. Burgundy red wine glasses

Burgundy red wine glasses and Bordeaux red wine glasses are two commonly used wine glasses. Burgundy red wine glasses are wider in body and mouth than Bordeaux red wine glasses, because Burgundy red wine has a strong aroma. This structure can increase the contact area between the wine and the air, so that the wine emits a stronger aroma, and the wide cup mouth is convenient for the nose to smell the aroma. At the same time, the pot-bellied cup can satisfy the effect of wine spreading around after reaching the tip of the tongue, so that the fruity and sour taste of red wine can be fully blended and the taste is better.

Step 3: white wine glasses

White wine glasses are usually used to hold white wine and related cocktails. Compared with red wine glasses, white wine glasses have a slightly smaller mouth and a thinner body. Friends who love to drink liquor know that the most important thing to drink liquor is temperature, and the temperature of liquor is too high.

The smell of alcohol in wine will evaporate, masking the original bouquet. The white wine glass is thin, so that the amount poured in each time can be less and the wine can be drunk faster, which fully ensures that the wine is at the most suitable temperature during drinking. The design of the small cup mouth can also effectively reduce the contact between the wine liquid and the air, and make the wine fragrance last longer.

4. Champagne glass

Champagne glasses are suitable for all sparkling wines. The greatest pleasure of using champagne glasses is that you can play with bubbles in the wine. There is a sharp dent in the bottom of the champagne glass. When sparkling wine is poured into a glass, there will be a feeling that all the small bubbles come out of the concave point at the bottom of the glass.

The glass body of champagne cup is slender, and this structure gives enough room for bubbles to rise, making them more rich and beautiful.

5. Brandy cup (small mouth short leg cup, Napoleon cup)

A brandy glass has a short stem and a big body. This structure is mainly for the convenience of holding the body. Like white wine, brandy is sensitive to temperature. The difference between the two is that the temperature of liquor should be avoided during drinking, while brandy needs to be properly raised during drinking. Therefore, when drinking brandy, you can hold cups and saucers in your hand and raise the temperature of the wine through the temperature of your hand to increase the alcohol content and aroma of the wine.

6.sweet wine glasses

A sweet wine glass is a small wine glass. The mouth of the sweet wine glass is slightly turned out, catering to the distribution of taste buds in our mouth. The tip of the tongue is most sensitive to sweetness, the side of the tongue is most sensitive to sourness, and the root of the tongue is most sensitive to bitterness.

The mouth of the liqueur glass is turned out, which can make the wine spread in the mouth immediately after entering, so as to achieve the effect of sweet but not greasy when drinking liqueur.

Fourth, wine tasting steps

The steps of wine tasting can basically be summarized in four words: seeing, smelling, tasting and speaking.

1, look

Pour about 30 ml of wine into the cup. Put the glass on a white background (white paper, white tablecloth, etc.). ), and then observe the clarity and color of the wine in the cup from the top. Tilt the glass about 45, and observe the gradual change of the color of the wine in the glass from the center to the periphery on a white background.

By observing the permeability of the central dark area, the wine body can be judged. The better the permeability, the lighter the wine. For example, the following three wines are getting heavier and heavier from left to right, and the text recognition behind the glass is getting lower in turn.

The color of wine will also give us some clues about the vintage of wine. The older the wine, the darker it will be. Usually white wine will turn brown, and red wine will turn brick red. The picture below shows the comparison between the old and new times of the same wine. It can be clearly seen that the old wine (right) is brick red.

Step 2 smell

Smell the air above the liquid in the wine cup, don't shake it, and feel the first fragrance of the wine. Shake the glass gently, which helps to release the volatile substances in the wine. After shaking, put your nose into the glass and smell the smell (main fragrance).

People's sense of smell is very easy to get tired, and then the ability to distinguish the smell is greatly reduced, so it is not necessary to smell it many times when collecting the smell of wine. Before a wine is imported, we have established a preliminary understanding and expectation of it by observing its color and smell. The grape variety and brewing technology of this wine can be inferred from the aroma of the wine.

Step 3 taste

Drink about 10mL of wine and stir it in your mouth to make the wine fully contact with each taste bud. Open your mouth slightly to inhale air, which helps to bring volatile aromatic substances from your mouth into your nasal cavity. Experience the taste, taste and aftertaste of this wine after swallowing.

When we taste a wine, we are not only tasting its taste, but also considering the comprehensive feelings brought by its taste, aroma and taste.

Step 4 say

The biggest difference between "wine tasting" and "drinking" is that wine tasting also needs to describe the observed color, aroma, taste and taste in appropriate language or words, and even evaluate the quality of wine, and then share it with others.

According to white wine and red wine, there are generally: white wine: yellow-green, straw color, light yellow, dark yellow, golden yellow, amber, orange yellow, brown yellow; Red wine: light red, orange red, peach red, deep red, brick red, purple red and brown red; Describe taste and taste: astringency in the mouth caused by tannins in astringent wine. Balance the feeling that the taste, acidity and sweetness in wine are appropriate and perfectly integrated.

Five, wine etiquette

Wine ceremony is the etiquette when drinking. The etiquette of wine is very complicated, but the fun of wine is reflected in this series of complexity. If you really want to appreciate the inherent quality and profound cultural connotation of wine and don't pay attention to the etiquette of wine, you will be disappointed.

1, pour the wine

This is a very simple action, but don't fill up the wine. Pour the wine into a third of the cup at most, which is about the maximum diameter of the cup.

Because, leave enough space, when shaking the glass, it will not make the wine overflow to the outside; At the same time, the aroma escaping from the wine can be retained. At the same time, when pouring wine, pay attention to the fact that the bottle mouth and the glass can't be together, and the bottle mouth and the glass collide to make a sound. Pour 1/3 glasses of red wine; Pour 1/2 cups of white wine; When you pour 3/4 cups of sparkling wine, you can twist the bottle slightly clockwise to prevent dripping!

Step 2 shake the cup

Don't drink the wine immediately after it's in the glass. There is a glass shaking action in front of the entrance. The purpose of shaking the glass is to release the aroma of the wine, but also to leave more time for the oxidation of the wine and let the wine have a soft process. This is one of the reasons why you can't pour too much wine. Generally, you will put the glass on the table, hold the handle with your thumb and forefinger, draw a circle on the table, or slowly shake the glass in your hand.

Step 3 clink glasses

Hold the cup handle or cup holder, tilt the goblet slightly towards the other side, and gently touch the other side's cup belly with the cup belly. Remember not to touch the cup with the cup mouth, because this position is very thin and easy to break. After clinking glasses, take a sip of wine, enjoy the good time of wine, and talk and laugh with friends at the banquet.

Very complete basic knowledge of red wine II. According to the different classification of grape growth sources:

L, mountain wine (wild wine) wine made from wild grapes. The product is named after mountain wine or wild wine.

2. Home-cooked wine is the wine brewed by artificially cultivated grape varieties, and the products are directly named after the wine. Most domestic wine producers are mainly producers.

Second, according to the wine juice content classification:

1. Grape juice content of whole juice wine 100%, without adding sugar, alcohol and other ingredients. Like dry wine.

2. The grape juice content of semi-rice wine is at most 5 words, and other auxiliary materials such as sugar, alcohol and water can be added, such as semi-juice liqueur.

Three, according to the color classification of wine:

1. White grape or wine grape with thin skin is selected as white wine. This wine is made by separating the peel from the juice and fermenting the juice. The color of this wine should be approximately colorless, light yellow with green, light yellow, straw yellow and golden yellow. The color is too dark to meet the color requirements of mortar wine.

2. For red wine, choose wine grapes with red skin and white meat or red meat. The skin and juice are mixed and fermented, and then the aged wine is separated. The color should be natural ruby red. Purple, pomegranate and unnatural red do not meet the color requirements of red wine.

This wine is between red wine and white wine. Wine grapes with red skin and white meat were selected, mixed with skin juice and fermented for a short time to meet the color requirements, and then the skin residue was separated and fermented into pink wine. The color of this wine should be pink, or rose or light red.

Four, according to the sugar content of wine classification:

1, the sugar content of dry wine has almost been fermented, which means that the total sugar content per liter of wine is less than 4 grams. I can't feel the sweetness when I drink it, but the acidity is obvious. For example, dry white wine, dry red grape sprinkling and dry pink wine.

2. Semi-dry wine means that the total sugar content in each liter of grape shower is between 4-4-12g. It tastes slightly sweet, such as semi-dry white wine, semi-dry red wine and semi-dry pink wine.

3. Semi-sweet wine means that the total sugar in each liter of wine is between-50g. It tastes sweet and refreshing.

wine

Wine is usually divided into four categories: still wine, sparkling wine, fortified wine and aperitif. Distilled wine is our common red and white wine, referred to as red and white wine for short. Generally speaking, red meat (such as beef and pork) is matched with red wine, and white meat (such as fish and chicken) is matched with white wine.

Red wine is a living work of art, and its magic lies in its vivid life juice, profound historical connotation and noble cultural accumulation. Tasting red wine, feeling joy and indulging in mystery are naturally a rare and wonderful artistic conception of life.

When you pick up a tulip cup with exquisite curves and crystal clear, shake it gently, listen to the sweet sound made by the collision between ice cubes and the cup body, and stare at the rose wine juice slowly flowing down the cup wall, revealing the charming luster like jelly, how peaceful, peaceful and elegant your heart is.

Very complete knowledge of red wine 3 knowledge of red wine:

There are 24 kinds of amino acids in wine, which are indispensable nutrients for human body.

2. There are many organic acids in wine, such as grape acid, citric acid and malic acid, mostly from grape juice. They can effectively mediate the nerve center, relax muscles and promote blood circulation, and are indispensable nutrients for mental workers and manual workers.

3. Dry red wine also contains vitamins such as Ve, Vb and VB2, and minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium and sodium. Among them, minerals and trace elements are far superior to the best quality mineral water.

4. Red wine contains quite a lot of polybasic acids, so it has an excellent effect on preventing cardiovascular diseases, helping to prevent diseases such as arteriosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease, and also has important effects such as reducing the risk of osteoporosis and "caring skin".

In the eyes of ordinary people, enjoying life always seems to run counter to health. Wine has proved to us that enjoyment and health can be enjoyed at the same time, as long as it is not excessive.

Seven effects of wine knowledge:

Red wine can stimulate appetite.

The bright colors and clear and transparent posture of wine are pleasing to the eye; Pour it into the cup, and the aroma of fruit and wine is fragrant; When tasting, the tannins in the wine are slightly astringent, which promotes appetite.

The unique flavor and composition of wine determine that it is most suitable to accompany meals. It can not only stimulate appetite, help digestion and improve the quality of food, but also make people excited and relaxed.

2. Red wine has nourishing effect.

The natural raw materials and brewing process in wine make it contain a variety of amino acids, minerals and vitamins, which are nutrients that the human body must supplement and absorb. Without pre-digestion, it can be directly absorbed by human body.

3. Red wine helps digestion.

In the stomach, 60- 100g wine can increase the output of normal gastric juice by 120ml (containing free hydrochloric acid 1g). Wine is conducive to the assimilation of protein; Tannin in red wine can increase the contractility of smooth muscle fibers in intestinal muscle system. Therefore, wine can regulate the function of colon and has certain curative effect on colitis.

4. Red wine has the function of beauty and anti-aging.

Grape wine contains polyphenols and other organic compounds, which can reduce blood fat, inhibit bad cholesterol, soften blood vessels, and enhance cardiovascular function and heart activity. It also has the effects of caring skin and resisting aging.

5. Red wine can lose weight.

Wine can lose weight. Every liter of dry wine contains 525 calories, which is only 65,438+0/65,438+05 of the average daily calorie required by human body.

After drinking wine, it can be directly absorbed and digested by the human body, and it will be completely consumed within 4 hours without gaining weight.

Therefore, people who often drink dry wine can not only supplement the water and various nutrients needed by the human body, but also help to lose weight.

6. Red wine has diuretic effect.

Some liquors contain high contents of potassium tartrate, potassium sulfate and potassium oxide, which has diuretic effect, can prevent edema and maintain acid-base balance in the body.

7. The bactericidal effect of red wine

The bactericidal effect of wine has long been recognized.

Cold is a common and frequently-occurring disease, and antibacterial substances in wine can inhibit influenza virus. The traditional method is to drink a glass of hot wine or a glass of red wine after heating, add an egg and stir, that is, stop heating and drink after cooling.

The bactericidal effect of wine is because it contains antibacterial and bactericidal substances.