Color jasmine grape
Jasmine incense (alias colored incense, Sudan red, Zhang Wang 1, gourmet incense, seedless No.4, jinxiang, etc. ), European and American hybrids need seedless, otherwise stable and high yield cannot be guaranteed, and the seedless rate of seedless treatment can reach over 98%.
Ears are cylindrical, with an average weight of 175~250g.
The fruit has an average grain weight of 3g, oblong shape, close planting, purple peel, more fruit powder, slightly thick peel, moderate pulp hardness, soluble solid content of 17%~ 19%, soluble acid content of 0.47%~0.55%, juice yield of 78.00%, and extremely sweet and rich taste.
Colored fragrant grapes are female flowers, so hormone treatment must be used to induce fruit setting in production. After hormone treatment, the average ear weight is about 500 grams, and the average fruit weight is 6 ~ 7 grams.
Colored fragrant vines have moderate potential and are characterized by strong disease resistance, cold resistance, salt and alkali tolerance and stable and high yield.
Greenhouse cultivation, listed in early June, is an early and middle-maturing variety. The development period of berries is 120d, and the flower buds are easy to differentiate.
Today, I will introduce you to the top ten management points of cultivating colorful grapes in greenhouse.
1, garden site selection
The air, soil and irrigation water quality shall meet the requirements of NY/T857-2004. The construction of solar greenhouse should be carried out according to GB/T 19 165. The solar greenhouse is about 100 meters long from east to west, and the north-south span is about 8 meters. ..
Step 2 plant
The planting time is from mid-April to early May, when the minimum soil temperature of 20cm below the surface reaches 10℃.
Planting density: North-South row, single-row hedge planting, vertical shaping of main vines, row spacing 1.5m, plant spacing of 0.5m, each row 12 plants, about 800 plants /h_.
Fixed-point digging: First dig a fixed-point planting ditch with a depth of 80cm and a width of 80 cm, apply fully decomposed organic fertilizer into the ditch to mix with the soil, and then fill it with water to make the soil sink. After the water seeps down, pull an iron wire on the designated planting ditch according to the planned planting direction, and then dig a planting pit with a depth of 25-30 cm.
3. Branch and vine management
After germination, when the new shoots grow to about 20cm, 1 strong and well-oriented new shoots are selected as main vines, and the rest are all removed or cored. When the young trees grow to about 30cm, they are tied, and when the plants grow to 120~ 130cm, the cores are removed.
4. Reasonable load
In the early stage of cultivation, in order to improve the quality of fruit, the yield must be controlled.
Under normal circumstances, the yield per mu is controlled at 1500~2000 kg.
In the specific operation, the yield per plant can be fixed. For example, 800 plants are planted per mu, and the yield of each plant is 2-2.5 kg. If each ear weighs 400 grams, leave 5-6 ears per plant.
5. Hibernation management
Generally speaking, most grape varieties need about 1000h to survive dormancy at 0-7.2℃.
The dormant period of colored incense is short.
In order to make the grape plants spend the dormancy period as soon as possible, after pruning in autumn, at the end of 10, cover them with drip-free greenhouse film and cover them with cold-proof quilt or grass cover.
At this time, the temperature is still high during the day, so it is necessary to put down the grass to avoid sunlight.
Uncover vines at night, open vents, reduce the temperature in the shed, and promote the early dormancy of grapes.
When the temperature in the greenhouse drops to 0-7.2℃ during the day, the grapes will go into a dormant state without uncovering.
6, heating to accelerate germination
After the above management for 30 days, the dormancy of grapes was released in the middle and late June of 165438+ 10, and various measures can be taken to accelerate germination.
The ground and vines are covered with plastic film, and the grass curtain in the greenhouse begins to be removed in the morning and covered at night, and the vents are closed day and night to create warm and humid conditions suitable for grape germination.
At the same time, 52% cyanamide (early bud, etc. ) Spraying supernatant to stimulate the germination of winter buds.
At this stage, the focus of warming is the ground temperature rather than the air temperature. It is easier to raise the air temperature in the solar greenhouse than the ground temperature. The temperature rises too fast, the ground temperature is low, the root activity is poor, it is difficult to absorb fertilizer and water, which easily leads to poor panicle quality and low fruit setting rate.
Therefore, the temperature should be raised slowly. In the first week, the daytime temperature is lower than 15℃, in the second week it is lower than 18 ~ 20℃, and then the daytime temperature is controlled at 25 ~ 26℃.
7. Control of temperature, humidity, light and gas during the growth period
(1) temperature control: from germination to flowering, the lowest temperature is above 10℃, and the temperature is higher than 28℃ for ventilation.
The lowest temperature of flowering period is above 15℃, and the optimum temperature is 18 ~ 28℃.
After coloring berries, the temperature was kept at about 65438 05℃ at night and 28 ~ 32℃ during the day, so as to promote coloring and increase the content of soluble solids.
(2) Humidity control: the relative humidity of indoor air should be controlled at about 80% from germination to inflorescence elongation, at about 70% after inflorescence elongation, at 65-70% from flowering to fruit setting, and at 75-80% after fruit setting.
Excessive humidity is easy to induce diseases.
Measures to reduce indoor air humidity: underground irrigation and drip irrigation under film; Smoke and dust agent for disease prevention, try not to spray; Always ventilate.
(3) Light regulation: Grape is a light-loving fruit tree and is very sensitive to light. When the light is insufficient, the photosynthetic products are less, which easily leads to serious flower and fruit dropping, low yield and poor berry quality.
The methods to increase indoor illumination are: choose a non-dripping film, always keep the inside and outside of the film clean, and hang a silver-gray reflective curtain on the indoor north wall; Short sunshine time in winter, combined with rain and snow weather, is easy to cause insufficient light. Experiments show that setting a 40w incandescent lamp every 3m indoors and supplementing light 14h every day can obviously promote the growth of branches, leaves and fruits.
Supplementing light during fruit ripening can increase the sugar content of grapes, improve the quality of grapes and promote ripening.
(3) Control of carbon dioxide: When the greenhouse is closed for a long time in winter and spring, the concentration of carbon dioxide is obviously reduced. In order to supplement the shortage of carbon dioxide, a carbon dioxide generator or a bag of carbon dioxide gas fertilizer is used, and the effect is good, which can increase the yield by 12 ~ 20% and increase the temperature by 12℃.
8. Fertilizer and water management
At the end of September, base fertilizer was applied to the grapes cultivated in the greenhouse, ditches with a width of 30cm and a depth of 40cm were dug between rows, and 3000~5000kg of decomposed sheep manure, cow dung or soil miscellaneous fertilizer was applied every 667m2, which was combined with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, and then watered.
Before germination, topdressing urea 20 ~ 30 kg per mu;
After fruit setting, diammonium phosphate, urea 15 ~ 20k g/667 m2, and 25kg potassium sulfate were topdressing and watering. Fertilization and watering are strictly prohibited during flowering.
9, plants and flowers management
(1) Fixed branches and twisted branches: When the new shoots of grapes grow to 6-7 leaves, leave 5-6 new shoots with strong, uniform growth and large ears for each plant, and smooth the rest.
In order to make the fruiting branches grow evenly before flowering, when the top strong new shoots grow to 20cm, twist the base to slow down the growth rate, so that the weaker fruiting branches can catch up before flowering.
(2) Ear fixing and ear type finishing: Ear fixing before flowering, generally 2 ears are reserved for new shoots, and 1 ear is reserved for each branch after seedless treatment; Remove the second ear to keep the weight of the ear at about 500g.
(3) treatment with bulking agent and seedless agent: when separating spikelets before flowering, gibberellin 75_/L+ streptomycin 200 _/L; When mung beans are large after flowering, they are treated with gibberellin 100_/L+ pyraclostrobin 2 _/L.
Soaking your ears with a wide-mouthed cup must be meticulous and thoughtful.
Batches can be marked with tags.
(4) Picking and secondary branch treatment: 5-6 leaves are left above the heading of fruit branches at the initial flowering stage, only 65,438+0-2 branches appear after coring, the rest are all removed, and 2-4 leaves are left for the secondary branches for repeated coring to concentrate nutrition and ensure fruit setting.
(5) Removing tendrils and binding: In order to reduce nutrient consumption and avoid entanglement, tendrils should be removed in time.
When the new shoots grow to 30cm, tie the new shoots into a fan shape with cloth strips or plastic ropes and tie them evenly on the fence wire, which can not only make the branches and leaves evenly distributed, but also make the fruiting branches not easy to break.
10, pest control
The colored incense cultivated in solar greenhouse is less affected by the rain in the facility, and the diseases of fruits and leaves are less.
However, it is necessary to pay attention to ventilation and humidity reduction, and spray 1500 times of iprodione or boscalid before flowering to prevent the occurrence of gray mold at flowering stage.
During the growing period, leaves are vulnerable to leafhoppers and red spiders, which can be controlled by 1500 times emamectin benzoate and 1500 times bifenthrin.
It is suggested to lay a bird-proof and insect-proof net in the vent to avoid the harm of birds and insects entering.
The difference between drunken golden grapes and jasmine grapes
(1) Drunken golden incense is yellow when it matures, and jasmine is purple.
Zuijinxiang
(2) Zuijinxiang, also known as seedless No.4, is a new super sweet grape variety selected from the hybrid seedlings of Rose and Kyoho, which belongs to European and American hybrids.
The fruit is slightly larger than the giant rose, with neat and beautiful ears, golden yellow at maturity and high sugar content, which can reach 18-20%.
It is the sweetest fresh food in China at present.
(3) Zuijinxiang is a new table grape variety of European and American hybrid tetraploid, which has the characteristics of high quality, high yield, disease resistance and stable yield.
Buds, green leaves and lots of fluff.
The leaves are big and heart-shaped.
The leaf surface is rough, with bubble-like protrusions, and there are countless hairs on the back of the leaf.
The branches are stout and light brown when mature.
Ears are large, medium density and conical, with an average ear weight of 800 grams.
The fruit is spherical, ripe and golden yellow, with average grain weight 12g and maximum grain weight 19.438+0g.
The peel is very thin and easy to separate from the pulp.
The fruit has rich jasmine fragrance, moderate hardness, good palatability and high quality, and the soluble solids can reach more than 18%.
(4) Molixiang grape, Molixiang (alias Caixiang, Sudan Red, Zhang Wang 1 No.,Jipinxiang), is a hybrid of Europe and America, and needs seedless, otherwise it can't guarantee stable and high yield, and the seedless rate of seedless treatment can reach over 98%.
Agricultural production development
Photo: Farmer Lecture Hall
Typesetting: farmers' lecture hall