First, pinyin.
(1) Chinese phonetic alphabet.
aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss TT Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
⑵ 16 syllables are recognized in general.
Zi Ci Si Ri Chi Shi Yi Wu Yu Ye Yue Ying Yuanyun (3) 23 biological mother.
BP
(4) There are 24 vowels.
① Monosyllabic vowel: A O E I U Fu
② Vowel: ai ei ui ao ou iu ie ǖe e e.
③ Pronasal vowel: an en in un ǖn n.
④ After nasal vowel: ang eng ing ong
⑤ Special vowel: er
5. Flat tongue sound: z c s Tongue sound: zh ch sh r
(6) Several usages of capital letters.
Capitalize the first letter of each sentence or poem.
Such as: Zuò shēng huǒ de qiáng zh.
② The first letter of the surname and the first letter of the first name should be capitalized. For example: liǔ· incarnation Hulan
Capitalize the first letter of proper nouns. Such as; A proper noun consisting of several words, the first letter of each word should be capitalized. Such as: h ā n d ā n r and b ao.
(4) Proper names and generic names in place names should be written separately, and the initials of each part should be capitalized.
For example, b? j ? ng shtà i shā n
⑤ Book titles, article titles, trademarks and store names are generally capitalized.
Ruxinghuashu branch Haier Lenovo Changhong
Just once.
The words after reduplicated words usually read softly. Such as: mom (horse)
② Modal auxiliary words: "Ma, Ah, Ya, You, Wow, Ma, Li", tense auxiliary words: "Zhe, Le, Guo" and structural auxiliary words: "De, Di, De" are all softly spoken. Let's go (Ba) and eat (Guo)
(3) Noun endings (syllables with no practical meaning) "Zi, Er, Tou, Ba" and pronouns "Men, Yao" are all softly spoken. Wood (head) us (men)
Read the second letter of a simple word softly. Such as: radish (Bo) grains, grapes, glass.
⑤ The "b" in the verb reduplication in the form of "ABAB" is pronounced softly. Such as: research (99)
Pay attention to the sound insulation symbol.
Zero-starting syllables, when syllables starting with A, O and E are connected after other syllables, if the boundaries of syllables
It is easy to be confused, so it is separated by sound insulation symbols (,). (,) should be written in the upper left of the syllable boundary.
Such as: Ji, Ang, passionate dedication, and peace.
(9) Syllable formation.
Syllables are generally recognized by the whole syllable, such as: Zhi Er Pinyin Festival, such as Fu San Pinyin Festival, such as Xiang.
The zero-starting syllable consists of the following parts: one.
(10) When ǖ e ǖ n and j, q, x, y are spelled into syllables, the last two points are omitted. Such as: jū (residence)
(1 1) Tone should be marked on vowels. The method of marking is to mark the vowels A, O, E, I, U, and then touch them.
The Ui and iu marked on the last letter are unstressed.
⑿ Tone change includes tone sandhi and tone sandhi. Tone sandhi has the following situations:
When one or two sounds are connected, the first one becomes an ascending tone. Such as: management. (Original tune "∨∨" /∨)
Two or three slurs, the first 20% rising tone. Such as: (original tune "∨ ∨", tone sandhi "//∨")
All three sentences are voiced, divide words first, and then read them in the above way. Please give me your umbrella. (Tone sandhi is/∨ ∨/∨)
Tone sandhi of "one, seven, eight, no"
"One" is the second before the fourth tone. Such as: 1
② "one" becomes four tones before the first, second and third tones. a party
③ Use "one" alone or read it at the end of the sentence. Such as: first,
④ Read "Seven, Eight" twice before four. For example, seven and eight.
⑤ Read "No" twice before four tones, and read four tones in other cases. This is not impossible.
Second, Chinese characters.
⑴ Chinese character frame structure includes single character structure and combined character structure. There are seven types of combined characters:
Left and right structures: Peng, Wei and Gang, left, middle and right structures: Street, Qu and Ban.
Upper and lower structure: thought, frame, cushion upper and lower structure: nose, victory, hope
Semi-closed structure: sentence, essence, pressure, violence, wind, structure, genus, politics and house.
Fully enclosed structure: round, national style, retro modeling structure: crystal, silly, sincere.
⑵ The main word-making methods of Chinese characters.
Hieroglyphics: Use lines to describe the shape or characteristics of things. Such as the sun, the moon and Shan Ye.
Of things: pictographic symbols plus indicative abstract symbols. Such as: up, down, blade, Ben
Understanding: Use two or more symbols to express meaning. Ming, look
Form and sound: It consists of two ready-made components, one representing the meaning or meaning range of words and the other representing pronunciation.
(3) The main types of pictophonetic characters
Left shape and right sound: such as: live, river, clear left sound and right shape: such as: work, period, drift
Metaphysical sound: such as: symbol, empty, grass sound: such as: frame, stupid, crack
Internal sound and external sound: for example, smell, boredom and debate. Internal sound shapes: for example, surround, move and surround.
Sound occupies a corner: for example, flags occupy a corner: for example, plants and jing.
(4) strokes are various points and lines that constitute Chinese characters. Chinese characters have eight basic strokes: dot (,), horizontal (1), vertical (︱), left (/), press (﹙), lift (/), hook (﹙) and fold.
5. Stroke means who to write first and who to write later when writing Chinese characters. The rules of stroke order of Chinese characters are: first horizontal, then vertical, first left, then down, from left to right, from top to bottom, from inside to outside, from inside to middle, and from middle to both sides.
Third, words.
1. Use related words correctly.
Related words can combine two or more sentences (clauses) with similar meanings into one sentence (complex sentence), so you should learn to use them.
(1) Words indicating the coordinate relationship
Both (and) ... and ... temporarily ... during ... ...
No ... but ...
(2) Words expressing progressive relations
Not only, not only ... but, still, still. ...
............ even ...
(3) Words expressing turning relations
Although, although, although, still ...
....... but (however, however) ............................. is not. ...
(4) Words expressing the relationship of choice.
Also ... or ... or ... yes ... or ... also ... or. ...
5] Words expressing causality
Because ... therefore ... because ... reason ... because ... therefore. ...
(6) Words expressing hypothetical relations
If ... just ... although ... also ... if ... just ... although ... also. ...
(7) Words expressing conditional relations
Only (unless) ... just ... just ...
It's okay, it's okay, it's okay, forever, forever.
(8) Words expressing trade-offs
I'd rather ... than ... ...
2. The emotional color of the text.
⑴ Compliments: Any words with such emotional colors as affirmation, approval, affection and respect are called compliments. Such as: beautiful, hardworking, smelling chickens dancing.
(2) derogatory words: any words with derogatory meaning, negation, hatred, disgust and other emotional colors are called derogatory words. Such as: hate, bad, refer to a deer as a horse.
⑶ Neutral words: refer to words that neither praise nor hate. Such as: naughty, lonely, white waves.
3. Usage of structural auxiliary words "de, de, de" and tense auxiliary words "zhe, le, guo".
"De" is used between adjectives and verbs. For example: red flag.
"Land" is used between adjectives and verbs. Example: Run as fast as possible.
"De" is used between verbs and adjectives. Exodus: Singing is good.
"Holding" means running. I watch TV.
"Le" refers to the action that has just been completed. I watched TV.
"Guo" refers to an action that has been done at some time in the past. I've watched TV.
Fourth, sentences.
(1) sentence is a language unit composed of words and phrases that can express complete meaning. A complete sentence,
Generally, it consists of two parts: front and back. The first part explains "who" or "what" (subject part), followed by
One part explains "what to do", "how to do it" or "what is it" (predicate part). For example:
Who is what. 2 what is what.
Who is wrong? What's wrong?
Who is doing what. 6. What are you doing?
(2) Types of sentences, according to the purpose and tone of sentences, sentences can be divided into four categories:
(1) declarative sentence
My ideal is to be a people's teacher. (affirmative sentence)
He did not attend the meeting yesterday. (negative sentence)
This matter cannot be ignored. (double negative)
② Interrogative question
Why are you late today? (general questions)
Isn't Lei Feng an example for us to learn from? (rhetorical question)
Will you travel tomorrow? Let's go (rhetorical question)
③ imperative sentences
Please sit down. (on demand)
You brought your exercise book. (imperative)
④ exclamatory sentences
I come from China, and I love China!
⑶ Several common sentence transformations
(1) the declarative sentence and rhetorical question interchange. For example:
Statement: Without labor, a flower can't live. This is a fact.
Rhetorical question: Is it not true that you can't raise a flower without working?
② Interchange the "Ba" sentence with the "Bei" sentence. For example:
Word: Sang Na brought Simon's baby back.
Words: Simon's child was brought back by Sang Na.
③ Double negation and affirmative sentence interchange. For example:
Double negative: the relationship between man and mountain is getting closer and closer, which makes us feel kind and comfortable.
Affirmative sentence: the relationship between man and mountain is getting closer and closer, which really makes us feel kind and comfortable.
④ Quoted sentences are interchanged with transitive sentences. For example:
Quote: Dong Cunrui said firmly, "I'll blow it up."
Dong Cunrui insisted on bombing.
(4) Expansion and contraction of sentences
(1) sentence expansion is to add appropriate additional words before and after the main components of the sentence to modify, limit or supplement it, so as to make the meaning of the sentence more accurate and vivid.
The sun shines on the Woods. The midday sun shines on the whole forest.
② Abbreviation is to remove the additional components of the original sentence, and only keep the trunk of the sentence, which makes the expression of sentence meaning more concise. When expanding and contracting sentences, we should pay attention not to change the basic components and main meanings of sentences.
Such as: goose feather-like reed wadding fluttering, fluttering. Reed flutters.
5. Common rhetorical devices
Metaphor is metaphor, using a concrete, simple and familiar thing or situation to compare another abstract, abstruse and unfamiliar thing or situation.
Dewdrops are like pearls, and the moon is like a bow. (simile)
Lily in full bloom in the sun is your smile. (figuratively)
Both worms drowned in the yellow tears of the old pine tree. (figuratively)
(2) Personification is to talk about things as adults and make things have language, action, expression, psychological activities or feelings.
For example, how to dress up in Xing 'an Mountains: pine trees make shirts, birch trees make skirts and embroidered shoes.
(3) Parallelism is a rhetorical device in which three or more phrases or sentences with the same content, the same structure or similar tone are arranged together to express the relevant content, so as to enhance the tone, fully express the feelings and explain the truth.
For example, the water in Lijiang River is so quiet that you can't feel it flowing. The water in Lijiang River is very clear, and you can see the sand and stones at the bottom of the river. The water in Lijiang River is really green, like a flawless jade.
(4) exaggeration is deliberately expanding or narrowing a certain feature of things, giving people a prominent and profound impression.
Can you still play football in this palm-sized place? (reduce exaggeration)
This tree is really high, soaring into the sky! (Enlarge and exaggerate)
⑤ rhetorical question
How can such a teacher not like it?
⑥ Ask questions
Who won the Long March? Is the leader of the * * * party.
⑦ duality
For example, there is no candle in the ancient temple, and the mountain gate is open.
[6] Modify the basic types of common ill sentences:
(1) Improper use of words
The lion is a fierce animal. ("fierce" should be changed to "fierce")
② Improper collocation
The soldiers braved the rain and mud to move on.
The soldiers braved the rain and stepped on the mud to move on.
③ Incomplete composition
We should learn from Bethune, who is selfish and dedicated to others.
Change: We should learn from Bethune's selfless dedication.
④ Repetition and verbosity
He has always maintained a hard and simple style. ("Frequently" and "consistently" have similar meanings, so you can delete one of them. )
⑤ contradiction.
A serious expression appeared on the captain's smiling face.
Change: The captain has a serious look on his face.
⑥ Word order disorder
Director Wu introduced many advanced deeds of Master Chen.
Director Wu introduced many advanced deeds of Master Chen.
⑦ Improper classification
For example, there are many fresh vegetables such as white gourd, cucumber, watermelon and bitter gourd in the vegetable market.
Change: There are many fresh vegetables such as white gourd, cucumber and bitter gourd in the vegetable market.
⑧ Unknown reference.
Xiao Qiang and Xiaoming are talking while walking. He told him that his homework had been finished.
Xiao Qiang and Xiaoming are talking while walking. Xiao Qiang told Xiaoming that his homework had been finished.
Pet-name ruby how to modify sick sentences
A. read the original sentence carefully and find out its meaning.
B. Find out the problem and make corrections according to the reasons.
C. modifying a sick sentence cannot change the meaning of the original sentence.
D. Check the revised sentence to see if it is complete, fluent and reasonable.
Five, punctuation.
(1) omitted
(1) said the omitted part of the quotation.
For example, she sang "Silent Night Thinking": "There is such bright light at the foot of my bed, is there frost already?" . ……"
② Represents the omitted part in the list.
There are elephants, tigers and lions in the zoo.
(3) Indicating intermittent and continuous tones.
He said in a weak voice, "You should … study hard … in the future …"
(2) quotation marks
(1) said the part of the reference.
Dad said, "Do you like peanuts?"
(2) indicates a specific title or text that needs to be emphasized.
For example, the herringbone line designed by Zhan Tianyou.
(3) means irony or negation.
Only those who are afraid of death beg for "freedom"
(4) If quotation marks are still used inside quotation marks, double quotation marks should be used outside and single quotation marks should be used inside.
He asked, "Teacher, what do you mean by' hanging'?"
(3) dash
(1) said there is an explanatory part below.
I will never forget that day-August 8, 2008.
(2) said the topic suddenly changed.
That bag is beautiful, and it contains a lot of things-it's gone now!
③ indicates the prolongation of sound.
Boo-hoo, the train is leaving.
(4) The list of items is divided, with dashes at present.
For example, traditional linguistics includes many branches: philology-phonology-exegetics.