Pinyin:? Lequi ou
Description: (1) Millet with oval leaves and white flowers. Most fruits are like pen tips, but they also have lanterns, hearts and other shapes. They are blue, turn red when they are ripe, and generally have a spicy taste, which can be used as food or as a stomach tonic. (2) the fruit of the plant. ?
1. Plant morphology: annual or limited perennial plants; 40-80 cm tall. Stems subglabrous or puberulent, branches slightly zigzag. Leaves alternate, the top nodes of branches do not elongate to form twins or clumps, oblong-ovoid, ovoid or ovoid-lanceolate, 4- 13cm long, 0-0/.5-4 cm wide, entire, with short conical or acute tip and narrow wedge-shaped base; Petiole is 4-7 cm long. Flowers solitary, drooping; Calyx cup-shaped, inconspicuously 5-toothed; Corolla white, lobes ovate; The anthers are grayish purple. The fruit stalk is thick and drooping; The fruit has long fingers, the tips of which gradually become sharp and often bend. It is green when it is immature, and turns red, orange or purple when it is mature, which is spicy. There are two kinds of pepper flowers, one is white, the other is purple, and the two kinds of flowers have four to six petals. Moreover, the peppers produced by the two flowers are different: the peppers produced by purple flowers are purple, and the peppers produced by white flowers are ordinary red peppers. Seeds flat kidney-shaped, 3-5 mm long, pale yellow. The flowering and fruiting period is May-165438+1October.
Second, growing habits
The early growth stage of pepper is the germination stage, which is usually unearthed about 5-8 days after germination and sowing. The first true leaf appears about 15 days until the bud is the seedling stage. The flowering period is from the first ear to the door pepper. The fruiting period is from fruit setting to seedling drawing. The suitable temperature of pepper is between 15-34 degrees. The suitable temperature for seed germination is 25-30℃, and it takes 5-7 days to germinate. When the temperature is lower than 65438 05℃ or higher than 35℃, the seeds will not germinate.
The seedling stage requires high temperature, 25-30 degrees during the day, and 15- 18 degrees at night is the best. Seedlings are not tolerant of low temperature, so pay attention to cold protection. If the pepper is 35 degrees, it will drop flowers and fruits.
Pepper has strict requirements on conditional moisture, and it is neither drought-tolerant nor waterlogging-tolerant. I like dry air conditioning.
Third, geographical distribution.
Pepper is native to tropical areas of Central America and Latin America, and its origin is Mexico. In China, they are mainly distributed in Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Henan (Xichuan County), Jize County of Hebei Province and Tuoketuo County of Inner Mongolia. [2]?
The original distribution area of this species is from Mexico to Colombia; Now it is widely planted all over the world.
Fourth, the main value.
As an important vegetable and condiment, seed oil can be eaten, and the fruit also has the effect of expelling insects and sweating.
Medicinal value
Functional indication
"Outline": Hot eggplant can disperse heat, and it can also promote diuresis and eliminate dampness. Some children eat cold water in summer and lie in the shade until malaria attacks in autumn, but all kinds of drugs don't work. It is quite palatable to eat hot sauce occasionally in early winter. They need it every time and use it to fry porridge. Soon, malaria will heal itself. Good from the chest diaphragm water, into cold phlegm, pungent to disperse, so it is like lying in the Tang Dynasty.
2. Yao Kecheng's "Materia Medica of Food": digestion overnight, relieving depression, appetizing, eliminating evil spirits and detoxification.
3. "Hundred Herbs Mirror": Wash frostbite, wash cold scabies, and diarrhea the large intestine.
4. "Medicinal Property Test": Warming the middle and dispelling cold, expelling wind and sweating, dispelling cold addiction, resolving phlegm and eliminating dampness.
5. "Food should be taboo": warm the middle and lower the qi, dispel cold and remove dampness, relieve depression and phlegm, promote digestion and eliminate accumulation, and kill insects and detoxify. Treat vomiting, diaphragmatic asphyxia, diarrhea and beriberi.
6. Drug test: it can dispel wind and promote blood circulation, dispel cold and relieve depression, guide stagnation and stop diarrhea, and wipe tinea.
pharmacological action
① Influence on digestive system
Capsicum tincture or capsaicin can be taken orally as a stomach tonic, which can promote appetite and improve digestion. Animal experiments (Basov gastroachalasia dogs) have proved that pepper water stimulates oral mucosa and reflexively strengthens gastric movement. Condiments made of various peppers can increase saliva secretion and amylase activity after oral administration. Large doses of oral can produce gastritis, enteritis, diarrhea, vomiting and so on. It is reported that pepper has inhibitory and spasmodic effects on isolated animal intestines.
② Antibacterial and insecticidal effects
Capsaicin has a significant inhibitory effect on Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis, but has no effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Its branches and leaves have no antibacterial effect and only slightly inhibit mycobacterium tuberculosis. 10-20% Zanthoxylum bungeanum decoction has the efficacy of killing bedbugs.
3 redness.
External use as liniment has soothing effect on the skin, makes the local blood vessels of the skin dilate reflexively, and promotes the vigorous local blood circulation. Tincture can be used for chilblain; However, some people think that pepper only strongly stimulates sensory nerve endings, causing warmth, and has little effect on blood vessels. It does not foam at high concentrations and cannot be regarded as a red agent.
④ Influence on circulatory system
Spicy substances (ginger, pepper, especially Zanthoxylum bungeanum) can stimulate the taste receptors of human tongue, and reflexively raise blood pressure (especially diastolic pressure), but have no obvious effect on pulse. Intravenous injection of capsaicin or capsaicin into anesthetized cats and dogs can cause transient blood pressure drop, slow heartbeat and dyspnea, which is caused by stimulating chemoreceptors or extensors in the lungs and coronary arteries. It can directly excite the isolated guinea pig atrium and contract the blood vessels in the hind limbs of rats.
⑤ Other functions
It has been reported abroad that after eating food (unknown variety) with red pepper as seasoning for 3 weeks, the free hydrocortisone in plasma can be significantly increased, and the excretion in urine can also be increased. But also reduce that fibrinolytic activity. The above-ground water decoction has exciting effect on isolated rat uterus. [ 1]?
clinical application
Treatment of lumbago and leg pain: Take pepper and vaseline (according to the ratio of 1: 1) or pepper, vaseline and white flour (according to the ratio of 2: 3: 1) and add appropriate amount of yellow wine to make paste. When in use, it is coated on oil paper and attached to the affected part, and fixed with adhesive tape. 65 cases were treated, 25 cases were markedly effective, 23 cases were effective, the symptoms disappeared 1 case, and 6 cases were ineffective1case. Most of them have local fever within 15-30 minutes after taking the medicine, and local burning sensation after 1 hour; Some patients get an electric shock. Fever and burning sensation often last for 2-24 hours, up to 48 hours, and there is general heat sensation and sweating. Generally, after applying the medicine, the joint activity is flexible and soft, and there is a faint pleasure. The examination showed local congestion and fever, and a few patients developed rashes and blisters.
Treatment of general surgical inflammation: bake old red pepper into powder and sprinkle it on the affected area, once a day/kloc-0; Or mix it with oil and apply it locally, 1-2 times a day. 557 cases of mumps, cellulitis and multiple furuncles. Clinical treatment lasted for 2- 10 days, and all of them were effective.
3. Treatment of chilblain and chilblain: Chop pepper 1, add 2000-3000ml of water to 2 wheat seedlings, boil for 3-5min, and remove residues. Soak the affected area while it is hot, once a day 1 time. The broken ones are wrapped in several materials to keep warm. After 200 cases were treated, 88 cases were cured/kloc-0, 8 cases were effective and 4 cases were ineffective. The cured patients used drugs at least 1 time and at most 1 1 time, and most of them were within 5 times. Those with ulcer formation have poor curative effect and pain when washing; Because it is inconvenient to soak in the face, the curative effect is not as good as that of hands and feet. Chop 30 grams of pepper with seeds, add it to 250 grams of molten vaseline, boil it for 10- 15 minutes after tumbling, filter out the pepper, then add 15 grams of camphor and mix well. In the early stage of frostbite (the victim can't use it), rub the affected area until there is a local heat sensation, 2-3 times a day.
4. Treatment of traumatic congestion: dry red pepper and grind it into very fine powder, add it into melted vaseline according to the ratio of 1: 5, stir it evenly, and when it is spicy, cool and solidify it into ointment. It is suitable for subcutaneous ecchymosis and joint swelling and pain caused by sprain, injury and collision. Apply topically and change the dressing every day or every other day 1 time. Treatment 12 cases, 7 cases were cured, 3 cases were relieved and 2 cases had no obvious effect. Effective cases are generally applied 4-9 times.