Also known as okra, wasabi, yangjia, yangjia, lamb's quarters, lamb's quarters beans, lamb's quarters peppers, yangjia peppers. It is an annual herb of the mallow family, harvested in young pods for food, and the flowers and young leaves are also edible. Native to Africa, it later entered the Americas and other regions, and is also grown in China. In Pingxiang, western Jiangxi Province, China, locals call it "foreign pepper". Americans call it "plant gold okra", is a good medicine for lowering blood sugar. Okra can be further processed into tea, drinks, capsules, dried vegetables, oil and so on.
Cultivation season
Okra prefer warmth, fear of frost, the entire reproductive period should be arranged in the frost-free period, flowering and fruiting period should be in the warm and humid season. Open field cultivation, north and south of more than 4 ~ June sowing, 7 ~ October harvest. North China is generally sown in mid to late April to May. Northern cold areas commonly used solarium, plastic greenhouse concentrated seedlings, to be early spring after the late frost, and then planted in the field.
The whole land for the border
Huangqiuqiu taboo crop, also can not be with fruit and vegetable crop, in order to avoid the occurrence of root-knot nematode. It is best to choose root vegetables and leafy vegetables as the previous crop. The soil is deep, fertile and loose, water retention and fertilizer loamy soil is preferable. After the harvest of the pre-winter stubble, deep plowing in a timely manner, each hectare withdrawal of 75,000 kg of rotting stable fertilizer, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer 300 kg, mixed and raked for the border. Open field cultivation mode: row spacing 40 cm, plant spacing 12 cm, border ditch width 50 cm. If in the field, roadside, riverside single row planting, plant spacing 12 cm, 3 plants per hole, ventilation and light, easy to manage.
Sowing seedlings
Broadcasting-based, before sowing with 20-25 ℃ warm water soak seeds for 12 hours, and then dry, in 25 ~ 30 ℃ under the condition of germination for 48 hours, to be half of the seeds can be sown, according to the row spacing of 40 centimeters, plant spacing of 12 centimeters digging holes, first watering the bottom water, each hole sowing 2 ~ 3 seeds, mulch 2-3 centimeters, planting 6,000 holes per acre or so.
(1) live method Okra multi-row live. Before sowing 12 hours of seed soaking, then placed in 25 ~ 30 ℃ germination, about 24 hours after the seeds began to sprout, to be 60% ~ 70% of the seeds "broken mouth" when sowing. Sowing to hole sowing is appropriate, each hole 3 plants, hole depth 2 ~ 3 cm. All over the world should be in the final frost period, timely sowing, first watering, after sowing, and then cover the soil about 2 centimeters.
(2) seedling transplantation method Northern areas more in the early to mid-March in the sun bed, solarium sowing seedlings. Bed soil to 6 parts of garden soil, 3 parts of decomposed organic fertilizer, 1 part of fine sand mixed and formulated. Before sowing seed germination, leveling the seedbed, according to the plant row spacing of 10 cm spot sowing, mulch thickness of about 2 cm. After sowing should maintain the temperature of the bed soil 25 ℃, 4 ~ 5 days to germinate out of the soil. Seedling age 30~40 days, seedlings 2~3 true leaves when planting. It is best to use plastic bowl, nutrient soil blocks and other root protection seedling measures to cultivate age-appropriate strong seedlings.
Birth cycle
Germination period
Sowing seeds to 2 cotyledons spreading flat for the germination period, about 10 ~ 15 days. 25 ~ 30 ℃ moderate temperature sowing seeds 4 ~ 5 days to germinate out of the soil. Usually it takes about 7 days for the seedlings to emerge from the open air, and 2 to 4 days for the seedlings to emerge from the mulch cover in advance.
Seedling stage
From the 2 cotyledon leaves spread to the first flower open, it takes about 40~45 days. Generally the first true leaf unfolds after 15~25 days after the cotyledons are fully expanded. Thereafter, one true leaf occurs every 2~4 days, in which the first two true leaves are rounded. Seedling growth is slow, more so when the ground temperature is too low.
Flowering and fruiting
The period from the beginning of the flower to the end of the harvest, it takes about 85 to 120 days. It takes 50~55 days after seedling emergence for the first flower to open. The first two flowers take a little longer from flowering to harvest. Later on, the harvesting time is shortened as the temperature rises. Usually about 70 days after sowing can be the first harvest. In the day temperature 28 ~ 32 ℃, night temperature 18 ~ 20 ℃ moderate temperature after flowering 4 days can be harvested. After the flowering and fruiting of okra growth accelerated, growth enhancement, especially at high temperatures faster growth, every 3 days in July that unfolds a true leaf, in September it takes 4 to 5 days to unfold a true leaf.
Field management
(1) seedling
Break the heart of the first seedling, between the remnants of the weak seedlings. 2 ~ 3 leaves of the second seedling, selected to stay strong seedlings. 3 ~ 4 leaves of the seedling, each hole to stay 1 plant.
(2) Plowing and weeding and soil cultivation
After the seedlings emerge from the soil or planting, the temperature is low, you should continuously plowing 2 times, to improve the ground temperature, and promote the slowing down of seedlings. Before the opening of the first flower to strengthen the plowing, in order to moderate squatting seedlings, in order to facilitate the development of the root system. After flowering and fruiting, plant growth accelerated, every watering and fertilizer should be ploughed after, before sealing the ridge ploughing cultivation, to prevent plant collapse. Summer rainstorms and windy areas, it is best to choose about 1 meter bamboo poles, or branches inserted near the plant to prevent collapse.
(3) watering and fertilization
①Watering Okra requires high air and soil humidity during its reproductive period. 20 days after sowing the lack of water in the morning and evening artificial irrigation. Seedlings can be mechanically sprinkler or furrow irrigation after a little bigger. The hot summer season is at the peak of the harvest of okra, water demand, high surface temperature, should be in the morning before 9 o'clock, afternoon watering after sunset, to avoid high temperature watering root injury. Pay attention to drainage during the rainy season to prevent dead seedlings. The entire growing period to keep the soil moist to the extent.
② Fertilizer On the basis of adequate basal fertilizer, should be appropriate fertilizer, not partial application of nitrogen fertilizer. The first time for the first seedling fertilizer, in the seedling, 90 to 120 kg of urea per hectare. The second time for the seedling fertilizer, seedling or planting after furrow withdrawal, per hectare of compound fertilizer 225 ~ 300 kg. Flowering and fruiting period re-applied a fertilizer, manure diluted 30,000 ~ 45,000 kg, or nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer 300 ~ 450 kg. Growth in the late stages, as appropriate, many times a small amount of fertilizer, to prevent early plant failure.
(4) Plant Adjustment
Autumnia in the normal conditions of vigorous plant growth, main and lateral branches thick, leaf fat, often delayed flowering and fruiting. Can take twisting method, that is, the petiole twisted into a curved sagging, to control the nutrient growth. In the middle and late stages of reproduction, the harvested young fruits below the sections of the old leaves removed in a timely manner, not only to improve ventilation and light conditions, reduce nutrient consumption, but also to prevent the spread of pests and diseases. The harvesting of young fruits of the timely centering, can promote lateral branch results, improve early yield.
Harvesting
Huangqiuqiu from sowing to the first shoot fruit formation takes about 55 days. Later, the whole harvesting period is up to 90~120 days, and the whole life span can be up to about 150 days or even longer. Okra commercial fresh fruit picking standards to fruit length 8 ~ 10 cm, fruit appearance bright green, fruit seeds have not aged to the degree. If the harvest is not timely, flesh aging, fiber increase, commercial food value greatly reduced. General after the first fruit harvest, the initial every 2 ~ 4 days to harvest, with the temperature rise, the harvest interval shortened. August fruiting, every day or every other day to harvest. after September, the temperature drops, 3 ~ 4 days to harvest. Harvesting with scissors, and gloves, so as not to stem, leaves, fruit bristles or prickly tumors on the skin, itchy, then wash with soapy water or lightly roasted on the fire, can reduce the degree of pain and itching. Usually 4 days after the flower shedding harvest tender fruit, the best quality. The yield per acre is more than 2000~3000 kilograms or so.
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