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What's that sponge-like thing in cold rice noodles?
The sponge-like one in cold rice noodles is gluten and baked bran.

Cold noodle is a kind of traditional food originated in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, which is very popular in northern China, and gluten is an essential part of cold noodle. Gluten is a plant-based protein left over from dough after repeated scrubbing in the process of making cold rice noodles. Its taste is strong and it is perfectly matched with cold rice noodles.

Introduction of baked bran:

Rumor has it that baking bran was done by Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty. When fighting against Wang Mang, he found that the flour was moldy after being wet by the rain, so he took a moldy dough and washed it in the river. What he finally washed out was gluten today.

Eating baked bran means "getting rich" in the new year. In the old days, there must be a bowl of baked bran with rich ingredients on the dinner table of every family's New Year's Eve: peanuts mean many children and many blessings, raw bran means a lifetime of wealth, and mushrooms and day lilies (day lilies) take gold as the most expensive meaning.