This is because children's immune system is not yet mature, and it is inevitable that they will be infected with common bacteria and viruses in collective life. In order to cope with children's fever, cold and diarrhea, parents can prepare some emergency medicines for emergencies.
Fever is the most common symptom of childhood diseases. At present, there are only two recognized antipyretics at home and abroad, ibuprofen and acetaminophen, which are the safest for children.
1, ibuprofen
Ibuprofen belongs to aryl propionic acid antipyretic and analgesic drugs, which have anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic effects, such as Merrill Lynch and Fenbid. It is recognized as the first choice of anti-inflammatory drugs for children with few side effects.
2. Acetaminophen
Acetaminophen belongs to aniline antipyretic and analgesic drugs, which have good antipyretic and analgesic effects, such as Tylenol and paracetamol. And its safety is high at a reasonable dosage.
Precautions for children to use antipyretics:
Infants within 3 months are not recommended to use antipyretics, and should be treated nearby. Acetaminophen is suitable for children over 3 months, and ibuprofen is suitable for children over 6 months;
② The dosage should be taken in strict accordance with the instructions, and it is not recommended to use the two drugs alternately. In addition, most compound cold medicines contain acetaminophen and should also be avoided;
Generally speaking, it is recommended that children under 3 years old choose drops, syrups or suppositories, especially babies who are unwilling to swallow or vomit as soon as they take medicine. Suppositories can be considered.
Because of weak resistance, students are infected with each other, and children catch colds about 9 times a year on average.
1, antihistamine
Antihistamines can relieve cold symptoms such as runny nose and sneezing, and are one of the main drugs to treat children's colds. They are divided into 1 first generation and second generation.
1 generation antihistamines, such as chlorphenamine maleate and diphenhydramine, have strong sedative effect and poor receptor selectivity, and are not the first choice for children.
The second generation of antihistamines, such as cetirizine and loratadine, are the first choice for treating children's colds because of their small sedative effect, long action time, reduced frequency of taking and small dosage.
2, antitussive drugs
Dextromethorphan and codeine are the most commonly used antitussive drugs in clinic, but codeine is addictive and is not recommended for children.
Dextromethorphan has no analgesic or hypnotic effects and is not addictive. It can be used for dry cough, but children under 2 years old should use it with caution, and the dosage should be in accordance with the doctor's advice or instructions.
Pholcodine has similar effect to codeine, but its addiction is minimal, and it can also be used to treat children's dry cough.
3, nasal congestion drugs (decongestant)
Decongestants can relieve symptoms such as stuffy nose, runny nose and sneezing. The representative drugs are ephedrine, pseudoephedrine and naphazoline. Pseudoephedrine is the most commonly used nasal decongestant in pediatrics at present, but long-term use may aggravate the symptoms of nasal congestion, so it should be used with caution.
Precautions for children to use cold medicine:
Cold is a self-limiting disease. When the symptoms are mild, don't take medicine, rest more, drink more water and have a light diet. Most children can heal themselves within two weeks.
Don't give your child all kinds of cold medicine, avoid overdose, and don't give your child adult cold medicine. It is not recommended to use compound cold medicine for children under 2 years old;
1, mucolytic agent
Acetylcysteine and carboxymethyl stein are common, which can reduce the viscosity of sputum.
2. Mucous electrolyte
Include ambroxol, bromhexine, streptokinase, etc. , can make phlegm from thick to thin, and it is easier to cough up.
Precautions for children to use expectorants:
① You can help to dissolve phlegm by tapping your back and drinking plenty of water, instead of taking medicine immediately, because phlegm will be continuously secreted and inexhaustible, which requires the guidance of a doctor.
Ambroxol needs to be excreted through the liver and kidney, and should be used with caution in children with hepatic and renal insufficiency.
According to statistics, about 6.5438+0.5 million children die of diarrhea every year, and diarrhea is the second leading cause of death for children under 5 years old, second only to pneumonia in children.
1, oral rehydration salts Ⅲ
Diarrhea death is mainly caused by dehydration, so the first thing is to prevent and treat dehydration.
Oral rehydration salt ⅲ is a hypotonic oral rehydration salt, which can prevent and treat mild to moderate dehydration and reduce vomiting rate. Children can take it when they have diarrhea. When taking the medicine, mix according to the instructions and try to finish it within 4 hours. If you can't finish it, you can drink it several times.
2. Montmorillonite powder
Montmorillonite powder can improve intestinal absorption and secretion, inhibit pathogenic microorganisms, promote microecological recovery, protect intestinal mucosa, reduce defecation times and shorten the course of disease. Montmorillonite has a fruity taste and is easy for children to accept.
It is recommended to take it on an empty stomach. If you need to take other drugs, it should be separated from montmorillonite powder by 1-2 hours. Once the child's stool returns to normal, he should stop taking the medicine, otherwise it may lead to constipation.
3, intestinal microecological preparation
Microecological agents include Mamiai, Saccharomyces boulardii powder, Clostridium butyricum powder and lactic acid bacteria powder bifidum, which can supplement normal intestinal flora and treat infantile diarrhea. Should be taken according to the instructions, usually after meals, 30-40 warm water to take. If you want to take antibiotics, the interval should be 1-2 hours.
Constipation is common in children. When diet adjustment and abdominal massage are ineffective, constipation drugs can be considered.
1 lactulose
Lactulose is a kind of osmotic laxative and disaccharide synthesized from D- galactose and fructose. It can increase the contents of colon, stimulate intestinal peristalsis, promote defecation, relieve constipation and restore the physiological rhythm of colon.
Lactulose is best taken on an empty stomach. It is recommended to take it once before breakfast to promote the regularity of defecation. But it is not suitable for long-term use, otherwise it may cause gastrointestinal dysfunction.
2. Intestinal microecological preparation
Intestinal microecological preparation can improve children's functional constipation, reduce intestinal PH value, increase intestinal peristalsis and adjust the balance of gastrointestinal flora. The administration method has been introduced in the section "Diarrhea Drugs".
3, kaisailu
The main ingredient is glycerol or sorbitol, which can lubricate and soften stool, stimulate intestinal peristalsis and achieve the effect of relaxing bowels. Kaisailu promotes defecation by stimulating intestinal wall, but children's intestinal mucosa is very delicate, and long-term use may affect intestinal function, so it can only be used as an emergency means of temporary relief, and long-term use is not recommended.
Some of the above drugs are over-the-counter drugs, which are easily available in pharmacies. However, be careful when giving drugs to children. Read the instructions carefully, check the expiration date, indications, dosage and usage of the drug, and avoid repeated or excessive use. It is best to consult a doctor.
Once the child has symptoms such as fever, poor mental state, dyspnea and obvious traumatic bleeding, he should go to the hospital in time and don't use drugs indiscriminately.
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