Jiang Lisheng

Emphasizing dietotherapy is a major feature of Sun Simiao. Paying attention to diet selection and conditioning, regarding it as strengthening nutrition, strengthening physique, improving the ability to prevent diseases, and even as a means to treat diseases, is a problem that Sun Shi has always attached importance to research. The contents of dietotherapy reflected in Sun Simiao's Qian Jin Yao Fang, Qian Jin Yi Fang, Taking a Pillow to Raise the Chinese Side and Sun Zhenren's Theory of Taking a Child are not only a sign that dietotherapy is truly independent as a specialized subject, but also a masterpiece of dietotherapy experience and theory before the Tang Dynasty.

1 Historical and cultural origins of dietotherapy

Dietotherapy is the crystallization of the Chinese nation's long-term struggle against diseases and an important part of traditional Chinese medicine. Dietotherapy is also a magnificent flower of China's food culture and an important heritage in the treasure house of Chinese traditional culture. Dietotherapy is rooted in the fertile soil of China traditional culture. It not only has a long history, rich contents and vivid forms, but also has a profound cultural background and theoretical origin, and shines with the wisdom of ancient Chinese philosophers everywhere.

1. 1 the historical origin of dietotherapy

Diet is an innate behavior of human beings. Since there were human beings, there have been human eating activities. "Everything is done wrong, five flies" said: "In ancient times, people ate fruit clams, which made them stink, and hurt their stomachs and caused many diseases." "Huai Nan Zi Xiu Wu Xun" also said: "In ancient times, people drank water from grass, gathered the fruits of trees, and ate the meat of clams, which sometimes caused many diseases and injuries." In ancient times, people were undoubtedly always hurt and troubled by diseases caused by harmful diet.

The discovery and use of fire has revolutionized human eating behavior. With the development of cooked food, cooking technology not only makes people pursue sweet taste in the process of civilization evolution, but also makes people gradually understand the influence of choosing food and adjusting eating behavior on their health, thus inventing simple diet therapy.

According to ancient records, at least in the Xia and Shang dynasties, there was a prototype of dietotherapy and medicated diet. In the Zhou Dynasty, people were very particular about their diet. In the ruling class, there are not only specialized institutions for managing diet, but also a strict hierarchy. According to Zhou Li Tian Guan Zhu Zai, there are as many as 4,000 officials who serve the emperors and nobles, including more than 2,200 who manage the diet. In particular, with the establishment of "food doctor", there was the earliest nutrition doctor, whose duty was to "palm the king's six foods, six drinks, six meals, one hundred dishes, one hundred sauces and eight treasures together". It can be seen that at that time, not only the close relationship between diet and health was clearly understood, but also the dietary nutrition allocation and four-season taste were brought into the scope of government administration, indicating that dietotherapy had been highly valued at that time.

The development of dietotherapy in Han Dynasty not only accumulated rich experience, but also had a preliminary theoretical summary. There are more than twenty volumes of dietotherapy monographs recorded in Hanshu Yiwenzhi, such as Shennong Huangdi Food Ban and Huangdi Miscellaneous Zhi Fungi. In particular, Huangdi Neijing, written in the middle page of the Western Han Dynasty, not only put forward a systematic medical theory, but also put forward a systematic dietotherapy theory, which is the theoretical source of the development of dietotherapy in later generations.

After Wei and Jin Dynasties, dietotherapy developed further, and there were dozens of dietotherapy books between Sui and Tang Dynasties. There are more than ten kinds recorded in Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi, such as Lao Zi's Fasting Classic, Cui Shi's Eating Classic, the Second Law of Eating, Four Seasons' Imperial Eating Classic, Huainan Wang's Eating Classic, and Eating and Nourishing Therapy. Unfortunately, most of these monographs on dietotherapy have disappeared and cannot be found again. There are dozens of kinds of baiting drugs such as plants, ores, fungi, etc. in the inner chapter of Bao Puzi, and there are records of food hygiene in Ji Yan. Tao Hongjing's Record of Nourishing Sex and Prolonging Life has a special article on "Eating Commandments", from which we can get a glimpse of the food hygiene and taboos at that time.

In the Tang Dynasty, Sun Simiao, on the basis of inheriting predecessors' achievements, wrote a special volume on Food Treatment and a special article on Dietotherapy for the Aged in two books: A Thousand Daughters' Prescriptions and a Thousand Daughters' Wings. He first put forward the concepts of "Food Treatment" and "Dietotherapy", which indicated that dietotherapy had become an independent science. After the Tang Dynasty, dietotherapy gained unprecedented development, and all kinds of food materia medica, recipes and monographs on dietotherapy emerged constantly, which became an important part of the medical treasure house of the motherland.

1. 2 Theoretical origin of dietotherapy

As mentioned earlier, Huangdi Neijing is the theoretical source of dietotherapy. The theories or viewpoints reflected in Huangdi Neijing, such as essence nutrition, dietary structure, harmony of five flavors, dietary hygiene, four seasons taboo and combination of medicine and food, have become the embryonic basis for the development of future generations' dietotherapy.

1. 2. 1 essence nutrition theory "Food is the most important thing for the people", and dietary activities are one of the most basic manifestations of human life activities. "A peaceful valley will lead to prosperity, and a desperate valley will lead to danger". It is an indispensable condition to maintain normal life activities and ensure the survival of life by constantly providing nutrients to the body through diet activities.

Lingshu Wuwei first puts forward the importance of diet to human health: the valley begins in the stomach, and the subtle ones start from the two jiao of the stomach to irrigate the five internal organs, so as to create two lines of ways to protect the health. "Lingshu Camp Health Club" also said: people receive qi from the valley, the valley enters the stomach, and it is transmitted to the lungs, and all the internal organs receive qi. It is these subtle substances obtained through eating activities that enable life activities to develop normally. "Su Wen Meridian Differentiation Theory" says: "Eating qi enters the stomach, dispersing essence in the liver, and yin qi in the tendons; Eating qi enters the stomach, turbid qi returns to the heart, and yin qi is good at pulse. " It is clearly pointed out that after food enters the human body, it nourishes viscera, qi and blood, meridians, limbs, muscles and even bones, fur and nine orifices. Diet enters the stomach, which is digested and absorbed by the stomach, transported by the spleen, and then distributed throughout the body. Can spread the essence in the liver, and then soak and nourish the muscles; Edible gas returns to the heart, and essence soaks and floats in the pulse to nourish the heart and blood vessels. As a nutrient substance of human body, it must be supplemented continuously by diet.

Because the taste of food is different, it has different effects on viscera. "Su Wen Zhi Zhen Da Lun" points out: "Five flavors enter the stomach, each of which belongs to the pleasure, so the acid enters the liver first, the bitterness enters the heart first, the sweetness enters the spleen first, the pungent enters the lung first, the salty enters the kidney first, and the gas is increased for a long time, which is also common." This shows that five flavors of food are not only important condiments in human diet, but also indispensable nutrients for human body. On the other hand, if eating activities are not normal, it may affect people's health and even endanger their lives. Therefore, if the valley does not enter, the gas will decline for half a day, and the gas will be less in one day. ("Ling Shu Wu Wei") People are Shui Gu-oriented, so they will die if they refuse Shui Gu. (Su Wen Ping Ren Meteorology Theory) In addition, Ling Shu Ping Ren Jue Gu also specifically pointed out the time when he died without eating, that is, "Ping Ren died seven days without eating or drinking".

In a word, Neijing put forward a whole set of theories on dietary nutrition. Its basic content is that diet (taste) is closely related to body, vitality, subtlety or essence. If you have a normal diet and rich nutrition, you will be full of nutrients and strong.

1. 2. 2 dietary structure theory According to their dietary structure, the ethnic groups in the world can be divided into three categories, namely, the meat-eating ethnic groups whose staple food is meat, the milk-eating ethnic groups whose staple food is cheese, and the cereal-eating ethnic groups whose staple food is whole grains. According to the characteristics of the Han nationality, Neijing pointed out that the diet structure of China people should be "five grains as nourishment, five fruits as help, five livestock as benefit and five dishes as".

Filling, the smell is combined with it to make up for the lean gas. " ("Su Wen, Dirty Qi Method") is to use all kinds of foods to match each other and learn from each other's strengths, so as to achieve the positive effect of diet on the human body and ensure a variety of nutrients needed by the human body. The so-called whole grain refers to the whole grain and legume food, which is the most important food necessary for human health and longevity, and is the staple food of human beings, that is, it emphasizes the most important nutrients necessary for human body, which are mainly provided by both grain and legume food. Five livestock generally refer to meat, milk, eggs and other meat foods. Eating them in moderation is beneficial to the human body, but excessive consumption is harmful. Five dishes refer to all kinds of vegetables. Five-dish-as-a-filling means choosing all kinds of vegetables, which can make all kinds of nutrients needed by the body fully and perfectly. Five fruits refer to the whole fruit food. People can supplement vitamins, trace elements and a variety of fructose, cellulose, pectin, etc. by eating fruits properly outside the staple food, which is of great benefit to human health. The so-called combination of smells is to integrate various nutrients to make the body develop in a balanced way.

1. 2. 3 Five flavors of harmony theory Food has five flavors: sour, bitter, sweet, pungent and salty, which have different effects on human body. Harmony of five flavors is beneficial to health, and excessive flavor will cause diseases. Traditional Chinese medicine attaches great importance to the harmony of five flavors. "Su Wen Qi Tong Tian Lun" said: "Be sincere with five flavors, the bones are healthy and soft, the qi and blood flow, and the reason is dense. If so, the bones are refined, the Tao is like the law, and there is a destiny." Explain the benefits of the five flavors to the human body. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is against the bias of five flavors. Although human nutrition comes from five flavors in diet, it is too biased and easy to hurt people. "Su Wen Qi Tong Tian Lun" says: "The taste is too sour, the liver qi is fluid, and the temper is absolutely; The taste is too salty, the bones are exhausted, the muscles are short, and the heart is depressed; The taste is too sweet, the heart is full of asthma, the color is black, and the kidney is not balanced; The taste is too bitter, the temper is not strong, and the stomach gas is thick; The taste is too spicy, the muscles and veins are relaxed, and the spirit is central. " "Su Wen Wu Zang Genesis Theory" also said: "If you eat more salty food, your pulse will turn pale with sobs; If you eat more bitterness, your skin will be wrinkled and your hair will be pulled out; If you eat more spicy food, your muscles will be anxious and your claws will dry up; If you eat more acid, the meat will be tender and the lips will be uncovered; If you eat too much sweet, your bones will ache and you will lose your hair. This is also the injury of the five flavors. " It is emphasized that the five flavors of diet should be appropriate and should not be biased, otherwise it will hurt the five internal organs and be harmful to health. Even when you are healthy and healthy, you should pay attention to adjusting the five flavors, not too partial or too much.

1. 2. 4 The theory of food hygiene paid great attention to food hygiene in ancient times. Confucius said, "When you eat, you are not tired of fine food; when you eat, you lose your appetite; when you eat, you lose your appetite; when you stink, you don't eat; when you lose your cooking, you don't eat" ("The Analects of Confucius, the hard-working villagers"), and pointed out that food should be fine, cooking should be proper, and you should eat. In addition to the cleanliness and hygiene of food, we should also develop good eating habits, not overeating, but hungry; Pay attention to the time of eating and eat regularly; Pay attention to the food temperature, neither cold nor hot. At the same time, it is necessary to create a good eating mood and eating environment, maintain a correct eating posture, and adjust the eating behavior to the best state, so as to produce a good eating effect and promote the body's absorption of dietary nutrients. Huangdi Neijing holds that proper diet can support people's five internal organs, while infidelity will hurt them. Therefore, there is a destiny. "

1. 2. 5 Four Seasons Avoidance Theory The ancients attached great importance to the coordination between diet and time and season, and believed that this was a principle that must be followed in food nourishing and food treatment, including drug treatment. "Su Wen Wu Chang Zheng Da Lun" says: "You must be old first, and you can't cut the sky." "Su Wen Four Qi Tunes the Spirit" says: "Sages nourish Yang in spring and summer, and Yin in autumn and winter to follow their roots ... Therefore, the four seasons of Yin and Yang are also the beginning of the character's network, and the origin of life and death is also the opposite, which is disastrous, and from it, it can't afford to be harsh." These principles of treating diseases and preserving health must also be followed in terms of diet and nutrition. Neijing recorded that taste is sour in spring, bitter in summer, pungent in autumn, salty in winter and sweet in summer. Zhou Li Tian Guan puts forward the viewpoint that spring divergence should be restrained by eating acid, summer relaxation should be restrained by eating bitter and hard, autumn convergence should be restrained by eating pungent and divergent, and winter firmness should be restrained by eating salty and soft. Because the acquisition of food is often influenced by the seasonal climate, and the ancient storage methods are backward, many foods can't keep fresh and ensure the quality. Therefore, choosing different tastes according to different seasons is not only popular in ancient times, but also still applied until now. For example, people like to eat spicy condiments in winter to stimulate appetite and body temperature and feel warm. In summer, I like to eat some cool and refreshing products to make people feel cool and palatable to increase their appetite.

The ancients also attached great importance to the temperature of food and drink, and advocated not eating too hot or too cold. At the same time, it also emphasizes adaptation to natural temperature (weather). "Biography of Lingshu Teacher" puts forward: "Those who eat and drink have no burning heat and no surging cold. Cold temperature is moderate, so qi will hold, but it will not be evil. " It shows that too cold or too hot diet can affect the transport function of spleen and stomach, lead to the loss of conduction of six fu-organs, and other adverse effects on human body.

1. 2. 6 The theory of combining medicine with food. On the basis of affirming medical treatment, ancient physicians fully emphasized the importance of treating food and nourishing it.

"Su Wen's Theory on the Five Permanent Political Universities" says: "Great poison cures the disease, ten to the sixth, common poison cures the disease, ten to the seventh, small poison cures the disease, ten to the eighth, non-toxic cures the disease, ten to the ninth, and the grain, meat, fruits and vegetables are exhausted, and it is also harmful to them." "Deficiency will make it up, medicine will dispel it, and food will follow". "You must raise peace and wait for it to come back." For the treatment of diseases, Chinese medicine has always advocated not relying solely on drugs, believing that the use of drugs is only a means to frustrate the disease when the pathogenic factors are flourishing, and once the pathogenic factors have declined, enough is enough. In particular, drugs with violent effects and side effects should be stopped as soon as possible, because "Su Wen Liu Yuan Zheng Ji Da Lun" puts forward: "If you accumulate a lot, you can commit crimes, and if you fail, you will die." Neijing also pays attention to the problem of diet nursing in the recovery period of fever. For example, in Su Wen Re Lun pian, it is said: "Fever is less, meat is recovered, and overeating is left behind, which is forbidden."

Combining drug treatment with food treatment can not only cure diseases, but also enable patients to get the food they need, which is also one of the unique medical and disease prevention methods in China. Su Wen Liu Yuan Zheng Ji Da Lun mentioned food treatment when discussing the application of the law of five movements and six qi in medical treatment. For example, "there are many similarities, few differences, using cold and far cold, using cool and far cold, using warm and far warm, using hot and far hot, and eating should be the same method", "it is salty and cold, bitter and hot in the middle, and sour and hot in the lower, so-called medicine and food should be treated together" and so on. Therefore, the discussion of "poison attacking evil" and "nourishing essence" in Neijing has become a very scientific and comprehensive treatment theory combining medical treatment with food and nutrition in later generations.