Recitation skills and training I. What is recitation Lang, that is, the clarity of the voice. The first thing you need to do is to make sure that you have a clear, loud voice and that the voice is clear and loud. Recitation, that is, with a clear, loud voice, combined with a variety of language means to perfect the expression of the work of thought and feeling of a language art. Recitation is an important form of oral communication. Recitation not only improves reading ability and enhances artistic appreciation, but more importantly, through recitation, it can cultivate temperament, broaden the mind, civilize speech and behavior, and enhance understanding; for the smallest, it can effectively cultivate the ability to taste the language vocabulary in a meticulous manner, as well as the ability to establish the best form of self-discrimination in oral expression. Therefore, in order to become a master of oral expression and communication, we can not ignore the recitation. Recitation is a kind of re-creation activity of the reciter. This re-creation is not a separate set of materials from the recitation, nor is it a simple activity of reading according to the words, but it requires the reciter to convey the main spirit and artistic beauty of the original through the words and phrases of the original work in audible language. Not only should the listener understand the content of the recitation, but also be emotionally affected by it. In order to achieve this purpose, the reciter must do a series of preparatory work before the recitation. ⒈ choose to recite the material Recitation is a kind of art of emotion. Reciters should be very good at conveying feelings, causing the audience **** Ming, first of all, pay attention to the choice of materials. Selection of materials, first of all, pay attention to the choice of those who have a figurative language and suitable for the articles on the mouth. Because the image of feeling is a very important part of the recitation; dry and boring written language for reciters with a strong feeling ability does not constitute a rich image of feeling. Secondly, according to the occasion of recitation and the needs of the audience, as well as the reciter's own preferences and actual level, in many works, select the appropriate works. To grasp the content of the work Accurately grasp the content of the work and thoroughly understand its inner meaning is an important prerequisite and foundation for the recitation of the work. Certainly, the use of various artistic means in recitation is very important, but, if you leave the accurate and thorough grasp of the content of this premise, then, artistic skills into a source of water, .... Wood of no origin, into a pure formalism, but also can not do to pass the feelings, can not let the audience emotion. To accurately and thoroughly grasp the content of the work, should pay attention to the following points: (1) correct, in-depth understanding of the reciters to the work of thought and feeling accurately expressed, the need to go through the words, understand the inner meaning of the work, first of all to clear the obstacles to clarify the text of the meaning of the words, words, idioms, allusions, statements, etc., do not swallow in one gulp. The first thing to do is to clear the obstacles and figure out the meaning of the words, idioms, allusions and phrases in the text. Secondly, it is necessary to grasp the background of the creation of the work, the theme of the work and the tone of the emotion, so as to accurately understand the work, so as not to read the work into pieces, or even distort the original ideological content. Take Gorky's Haiyan as an example, after clearing the textual obstacles, the work should be analyzed comprehensively. This work is symbolized by the approach of a storm before it comes. Through the depiction of three images, namely, the approaching storm and the coming storm, the work portrays the image of a sea petrel who is not afraid of lightning and thunder, who dares to fight against the wind and waves, and who is brave enough to call out the wind and call out the rain, and who is a prophet of victory. After the birth of this work, it immediately became popular and was recited by the workers and revolutionary masses during the activities of the revolutionary groups, and was regarded as a war song for spreading the revolutionary message and firming up the revolutionary ideals. After analyzing it comprehensively, it is not difficult to grasp its theme when reciting it: passionately calling for the arrival of the climax of the revolution. Further, it is not difficult to grasp that the tone of this work should be the yearning and expectation for the revolutionary climax. (2) Deep and subtle feelings of the recitation, sounds also has a rhythmic tone, but just can not move the audience. If the work itself is not defective, that is, the reciter's feeling of the work is still too shallow, not really into the work, but where the "crowded" feelings, "making" sex. The audience is keen, they will not be moved by the false feelings, the reciter to evoke the feelings of the audience, so that the audience and their own with the same joy and sadness with the breath, must be carefully savor the work, into the role, into the situation. (3) Rich, realistic imagination While understanding and feeling the work, often accompanied by rich imagination, so as to make the content of the work in their own hearts, before the eyes of the activity, as if they had seen and experienced it with their own eyes. Chen Ran (my confession) as an example, in a comprehensive analysis of the work at the same time, you can imagine yourself is Chen Ran (Chongqing, "Advancement of Newspaper" special branch secretary), was in such a situation: I was arrested by the Kuomintang, tortured in prison, but the faith is unwavering, and finally, the enemy put a piece of white paper in front of me, so that I can write my confession, I am full of indignation and contempt for the enemy, full of the revolution will win! I was filled with indignation and contempt for the enemy, and full of the firm belief that the revolution would be won, I proudly wrote the "angry rebuke of the enemy sheikhs" style of "My Confession". In this way, through in-depth understanding, sincere feelings and rich imagination, to make themselves emotional, and thus also make people move sex. It is easy to be understood by people in different dialect areas. It is easy for people in different dialect areas to understand and accept. Therefore, before reciting, first of all, we should bite the right words and master the knowledge of Putonghua such as speech flow and sound change. The basic means of expression in recitation When reciting, on the one hand, we should y and thoroughly grasp the content of the work, on the other hand, we should reasonably use a variety of artistic means. To reasonably use a variety of artistic means to accurately express the inner meaning of the work. Commonly used basic means of expression are: pause, accent, speed of speech, tone. ⒈ pause pause refers to the sound interval between statements or words. Pause on the one hand is due to the physiological needs of the reciter in the recitation; on the other hand, it is the need for sentence structure; on the other hand, it is in order to fully express the need for thought and feeling; at the same time, it can also give the listener a margin of appreciation and reflection, understanding and acceptance, to help the listener understand the meaning of the article, deepen the impression. Pause includes physiological pause, grammatical pause, emphasize the pause. (1) physiological pause physiological pause that the reciter according to the breath needs, without affecting the semantic integrity of the place for a short pause. Be careful, physiological pause, do not hinder the semantic expression, not cut the grammatical structure; (2) grammatical pause grammatical pause is to reflect the grammatical relationship within a sentence, in the written language is reflected in the punctuation. Generally speaking, the length of the grammatical pause is roughly related to the punctuation. For example, a period, question mark, exclamation point after the pause than the semi-colon, colon long; semi-colon, colon after the pause than the comma long; comma after the pause than the pause long; paragraphs between the pause is longer than the sentence pause time. (3) emphasize the pause in order to emphasize a certain thing, highlight a semantic or a certain feeling, and in writing without punctuation, in the physiology can not be made in the place of the pause, or in writing there is a larger pause in the place of punctuation, such a pause, we call the emphasis on the pause. Emphasis on the pause is mainly by careful study of the work, a deep understanding of its inner meaning to arrange. For example, the Zunyi Conference corrected the serious errors of principle of the "leftist opportunism" committed in the fifth anti-encirclement struggle, united the Party and the Red Army, and enabled the Central Committee of the Party and the main force of the Red Army to complete the Long March in triumph and move to the front line of the anti-Japanese resistance. The new policy of the united front of the anti-Japanese nation was implemented. There is no punctuation mark after "Zunyi Conference", but in order to highlight the status of "Zunyi Conference" and emphasize the great significance of "Zunyi Conference" in the history of the Party, there should be a pause. and the pause is longer than the other emphasized pauses below. "corrected", "united", "made", "transferred", "There is no punctuation after these words, but in order to clearly show the great historical significance of the Zunyi Conference, a pause should be applied, and in the sentence, "║" and "│" are drawn. ║" and "│" in the sentence indicate an emphatic pause. If you make emphasized pauses arbitrarily without carefully evaluating the work, it is easy to produce a wrong understanding. For example, the line in He Jingzhi's Song of Lei Feng: "Come on! Let's hold Lei Feng's three stabbed arms tightly!" If someone makes a pause after "three", it will give the listener the illusion of "three arms" and affect the correctness of understanding. Pake accent accent is the phenomenon of reciting, speaking in a sentence in certain words pronounced more heavily. It is usually reflected by increasing the intensity of the voice. There are two kinds of accents: grammatical accents and emphatic accents. (1) Grammatical stress is called grammatical stress when certain parts of a sentence are reread according to the characteristics of the grammatical structure without expressing any special thoughts or feelings. The position of grammatical stress is relatively fixed, and the common rules are: ① the predicate part of a general short sentence is often reread; ② the gerund before a verb or adjective is often reread; ③ the verb is followed by an adjective. Verbs and some of the phrases act as a complement often read; ④ noun before the determiner often read; ⑤ some pronouns are often read; if a live more components, read more than one, often prioritize the reading of determiners, gerunds, complements, and other related components. E.g. How did we get through this shocking transient! Quickly that fire burns red. It is worth noting that grammatical stress is not very strong, it is just read more heavily compared to the rest of the statement. (2) Emphasized stress emphasized stress refers to in order to express a particular feeling and emphasize a particular meaning and intentionally said heavier sound, in order to draw the listener's attention to a part of their own to emphasize. Where the statement should be used to emphasize the accent and there is no fixed law, but by the speaking environment. The content and feelings are governed by the context of the speech. The same sentence, emphasize the different stresses, the expression of the meaning is often different, for example: I have been to Shanghai. (Answer "Who has been to Shanghai?") I have been to Shanghai. (Answer "Have you been to Shanghai?") I have been to Shanghai. （I've been to Shanghai. (Answer "Where have you been to Beijing, Shanghai, etc.?") Therefore, when reciting, you should first study the work carefully and understand the author's intention correctly, so that you can find the place of emphasized stress more quickly and accurately. The difference between emphasized accents and grammatical accents is: ① From the point of view of volume. Grammatical accents give people the feeling that there is only a general difference between light and heavy, while emphasized accents give people a distinctive and prominent impression. The volume of stressed accents is greater than that of grammatical accents. ② From the point of view of where they appear. Emphasized stress may overlap with grammatical stress, then grammatical stress is subordinate to emphasized stress, as long as the volume is strengthened a little on the line. Sometimes, two kinds of stresses appear in different positions, at this time, the volume of the emphasized stress should override the volume of the grammatical stress. (iii) In terms of the difficulty of determining the stress. Grammatical stress is easier to find, within the scope of a sentence, according to the characteristics of the grammatical structure can be determined, while emphasizing the determination of stress is closely related to the reciter's degree of study and understanding of the work. 3) The speed of speech The speed of speech refers to the length of each syllable and the tightness or looseness of the connection between syllables when speaking or reciting. Speaking speed is determined by the speaker's feelings, the speed of recitation is linked to the ideological content of the article. Generally speaking, warm, cheerful, excited, nervous content faster; calm, solemn, sad, heavy, reminiscent of the content slower. While the general narrative, description, argumentation with medium speed. Take the dialogues between Zhou Puyuan and Lu Shiping in Thunderstorm as an example, the speed of speech should be adjusted according to the change of the character's mood when reciting, and should not be uniformly read down at one speed. Zhou: A young lady of the Mei family, very wise and disciplined. One night, suddenly threw herself into the water and died. Later, later - do you know? (Slowly. Zhou Puyuan pretended to be chatting with Lu Shiping in order to probe some information.) LU: This Mei girl did jump into the river one night, but it was not one, she was holding a boy who was just born three days ago, and I heard people say that she was unruly before she was born. (Slowly, Shui Ping remembers the sad past and tries to restrain her resentment so that Zhou Puyuan will not recognize her.) LU: I saw her the other day! （Zhou: What? She was here? This place? (Fast. Zhou Puyuan's surprise and nervousness) Lu: Master, do you want to see her? (slow speed. Zhou: No, no, no, no. （Zhou: No, no, no. Zhou: No, no, no. (Quickly. Showing Zhou Puyuan's panic and weakness.) Zhou: I don't think there's any need to mention the past. (Medium speed) Lu: I want to mention it, I want to mention it, I have been bored for thirty years! (Rapid, showing Lu's grief and anger to the point of almost shouting) Singing Tones In Chinese, there are tones for words and tones for sentences. We usually call character tones as tones, which refers to the rise and fall of syllables. Sentence tones, on the other hand, are called tones, which refer to the rise and fall of an utterance. Sentence intonation is found throughout the entire stem of a sentence, and is only particularly evident in the unspoken syllables of a sentence. According to the different tone and emotional attitude, it can be divided into four kinds: rising tone, falling tone, flat tone, and curved tone. (1) Ascending tone (↑), the front is low and the back is high, the tone is rising. Generally used to express doubt, rhetorical questions, surprise and other tone. (2) Descending tone (↓), high before and low after, the tone is gradually falling. It is generally used in declarative sentences, exclamatory sentences, and imperative sentences to express affirmation, determination, praise, blessing and other feelings. (3) Flat tone. (a), this tone, the momentum of speech smooth and soothing, there is no obvious change in elevation, used for statements and explanations without special feelings, but also can express solemnity, grief, cold and other feelings. (4) curved tone. The tone of the whole sentence is bent, or first rise and then fall, or first fall and then rise, often the sentence needs to highlight the words dragged long to read, this tone is often used to express irony, disgust, antiphonary, meaning outside the words and other tone. In addition to these basic means of expression, in order to make the recitation sound, but also with the help of some special means of expression, such as: laughter, trills, sobbing, accented light reading, etc., we will not go into detail here. Fourth, recitation is different from reading aloud, also different from acting Recitation is different from reading aloud, reading aloud is a clear, loud voice to read out the article to convey the content of the article. Recitation is a clear, loud voice to memorize the article to convey the content of the article. It can be seen that the requirements of recitation is higher than reading aloud, it requires not to look at the work, face the audience, in addition to the use of sound, but also with the help of eyes, gestures and other body language to help express the feelings of the work, causing the audience to **** Ming. Recitation is often accompanied by gestures, gestures and other body language, but recitation gestures or gestures can not be too much, too much. After all, recitation is different from acting, acting, the actor does not communicate directly with the audience, he plays the role of the characters in the play, imitating the language of the characters in the play. Action, he only and the actors on the same stage to communicate, while the recitation of direct communication is the object of the audience, he is mainly through the voice of the feelings conveyed to the audience, causing the audience **** Ming, gestures, gestures, etc. is only to help express the feelings of the auxiliary tools, should not be too much, too much. V. Skills Training Training Content Comprehensive training in recitation Training Objectives 1. to familiarize with the basic means of recitation. 2. to grasp the tone of the work. 3. to improve the level of recitation by the appropriate use of gestures and other aids. Training procedures 1. Review the basic knowledge of recitation. 2. 2. Simulation training (1) Recite Comrade Ye Ting's "Prisoner's Song", paying attention to the treatment of the tone of the sentence: the door for people to go in and out of the locked, (→ flat tone) (cold eyes) for the dog to crawl out of the hole open (→ flat tone) a voice shouting: (?) tune (mocking) - climb out, to give you freedom! (↘) Tune (Temptation) I long to be free, (→) (Solemn) But I know deep down - (→ flat tune) How can a human body crawl out of a dog's hole! (↑ ascending tone) (scorn, indignation, counterattack) I hope that one day (→ flat tone) the underground fire, (slightly upward) (unfinished) will burn me along with this living coffin (↓ descending tone) (without hesitation) I shall live forever in fire and blood! (↓ descending tone) (calm, resolute, full of confidence) (2) stress exercises - read the following sentences in the words of the grammatical stress: ① the east wind came, the footsteps of spring is close. ② Everything looks like it has just woken up and opened its eyes gladly. ③ Gestures and the like cannot be seen at a great distance, and the effective distance of sound is much greater. One by one, read out the following statements in the emphasized stress: ; One by one, read out the following statements in the emphasized stress: so some people lamented that: "the Chinese people lost self-confidence." If this phenomenon is based on this point alone, self-confidence has actually been lost for a long time. In the past, we believed in "the earth" and "things", and later in the "League of Nations", but we never believed in "ourselves". If this is also a kind of "faith", then it can only be said that the Chinese people once had the "power of other faith", but since the disappointment of the League of Nations, they have lost this power of other faith. 3) Read aloud the last three stanzas of Guo Xiaochuan's poem "Autumn in Tuanbo Wa," noting the grammatical pauses and emphatic pauses. Please listen, these are the words of the warrior / one sentence drawn from his heart. Tuanbo Wa, Tuanbo Wa, are you really that / quiet? Yes, Tuanbo Wa is quiet, but there is always a "boom" there! No, Tuanbo Wa is noisy, and this psalm is full of noise. In any case, bury this contradictory poem / under the can, it may not be suitable for your autumn season, but in the spring of next year / will take root and sprout (4) The following are two passages in which Lu Shiping recalls the past and exposes the evils of Zhou Puyuan, one before and one after the identification, and before and after the identification, the resentment and indignation of Lu Shiping is gradually revealed from restraint, and the tone of her voice and her attitude have changed, try to express it in a different speed. The tone and attitude of her speech also changed, and different speeds of speech were used to express it. --Before the identification, she was a lowly person, not very observant. I heard that she had a little affair with the young master of the Zhou Mansion at that time, and gave birth to two sons. The second one was born only three days later, but suddenly Mr. Zhou didn't want her. The eldest child was kept in the Zhou Mansion, and the newborn she carried in her arms and threw herself into the river on New Year's Eve. --After recognizing the hum, my tears have long cried dry, I have no aggression, I have is hate, is regret, is thirty years day by day my own suffering. You've probably forgotten what you did! Thirty years ago, on the night of New Year's Eve I gave birth to your second son only three days ago, you in order to hurry to marry that rich and gentry lady, you forced me to go out in the snow. Want me to leave the door of your Zhou family.