Banquet etiquette A banquet attended by the host and guests is a social activity. In order to make this social activity orderly and achieve the expected purpose, there must be certain etiquette norms to guide and restrain it. In the long-term practice, every nation has its own set of standardized food etiquette as the code of conduct for every member of society.
China's traditional ancient banquet etiquette is divided into classes: court, official, guild, folk and so on. The general procedure is that the host will invite guests at the door; Greetings from guests extend to the living room, and tea; Guide the guests to the table, with the left as the top and the chief. Among the seats, the first seat is on the left, two are opposite, three are under the first seat and four are under the second seat. When the guests are seated, the host toasts and dishes, and the guests thank each other with gifts. After the banquet, guide the guests to sit in the living room and serve tea until they say goodbye. At the banquet, there are certain rules for serving wine.
As a guest, you should pay attention to your appearance when you go to dinner, and decide whether to bring small gifts or good wine according to your relationship. Punctuality when eating; When you arrive, you should introduce yourself, or be introduced by the host, and then sit down.
This? Hero seat? , is the most important food ceremony in China. Since ancient times, because of the evolution of table furniture, the arrangement of seats has also changed.
Generally speaking, seating? Respect the east? ,? Facing the door for honor? . The person in charge of the family banquet is the elder with the highest seniority, and the last seat is the lowest; At a family dinner, the chief is the most respected guest and the host is the last one.
The director can't sit until he's seated, and he can't start until he starts. When he was on a wine tour, he began to respect the chief executive in order before drinking. What's more, if someone comes to report it, no matter what identity, the people at that table should all rush out.
If it is a round table, the host and guest facing the gate are 2, 4 and 6 on the left hand side and 3, 5 and 7 on the right hand side until they meet. If it is the square table, if there is a seat facing the gate, the right seat on the side facing the gate is the host and guest, if not, the right seat on the east side is the chief. Then the chieftain sits on the left hand side 2, 4, 6, 8 (facing 8) and on the right hand side 3, 5, 7 (facing 7).
If it is a large banquet, the arrangement between tables should pay attention to the upper, middle and lower, with 2, 4 and 6 seats on the left and 3, 5 and 7 seats on the right. According to the identity, status and intimacy of the host and guest, sit separately.
The formation of this banquet ceremony has a long historical process. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, these programs already existed in modern times. For example, the Guide to Peiping for People's Societies says that banquets for officials, new friends, or groups must be filled with a table in the grand hotel. If you know your friends, you can be informal. At that time, the host will greet the guests first, and the guests will serve tea and accompany them.
For all guests, the order is first left and then right, three on the right of the first seat, four on the right of the second seat, and so on. The host was opposite to the first seat, and the guests stood up and raised their glasses to thank them. Then sit down and eat and drink. Cold meat first, then hot food, and finally the most expensive food. Every time you eat a dish. The host will raise a glass to persuade wine and raise chopsticks to persuade food. Have some tea after dinner, that is, thank the host and leave.
How to entertain guests with wine and food? There are detailed etiquette rules in Zhou Li, Yi Li and Liji. Now let's look at the details of these etiquette.
First of all, when arranging a banquet, the placement of dishes should be carried out in accordance with the regulations and some fixed rules should be followed. Bring the flesh and blood to the left of the clean meat, the food to the left of the diners, and the broth to the right; Stir-fried meat and other meat are slightly placed outside, and the sauce seasoning is placed near the front; The wine slurry should also be placed nearby, and the chopped green onion and the like can be put farther away; If there is a butcher shop or something, pay attention to the direction of placement, and you can't reverse it left and right. These regulations are formulated according to the actual dining situation, not as gifts, mainly for the convenience of dining.
Secondly, the placement of food containers and drinking utensils, the posture of servants serving food and the location of key dishes are also stipulated by Chen Wen. Servants should point the bottles of hip flask and wine bottle towards distinguished guests; When serving, don't gasp in front of the guests and dishes. If the guest happens to have a problem at this time, you must turn your face to avoid spitting on the plate or the guest's face. When serving whole fish dishes, be sure to point the fish tail at the guests, because fresh fish are easily peeled off from the bone spur by the fish tail; Dried fish is just the opposite. It is easier to peel the dried fish off the head and give it to the guests. In winter, the fish's stomach is fat, and when it is released, the fish's stomach is straight, which is convenient for feeding; The dorsal fin is fatter in summer, so put the fish back to the right. The host's affection is reflected through this subtle difference. If the servant is unreasonable, it will inevitably lead to unhappiness.
Third, entertaining guests is not just waiting for the servant to fill up the wine and vegetables. The host has a very important thing to do. To guide and accompany, the host and guest must have a dinner. Especially the pecking * * * seats, that would be even more troublesome. When drinking with the elderly, stand up and leave your seat to respect the elderly. The old man said it was unnecessary, and several people went back to their seats to drink. If the elder has a drink, the younger generation must not drink it first. If the old man has food and drinks to share with the lowly people and servants, there is no need to politely decline, and the status difference is so great that he is not even qualified to thank him.
Remember to take a few bites first when serving the elderly. What is this called? Try some rice? . Although you taste the food first, you can't finish eating yourself first. Be sure to wait until the elders have finished eating before putting down the dishes and chopsticks. When eating, young people should chew slowly and swallow quickly, and be ready to answer the questions of the elderly at any time to prevent spitting.
Every cooked food should be tasted by the waiter first. If it's fruit or something, you must let the distinguished people eat it first, and less can't beat you. In ancient times, if the venerable person gave you fruits, such as peaches, dates and plums. After eating this fruit, don't throw away the remaining stones, be sure to come back with a full hug, otherwise it is extremely disrespectful. If the venerable master gives you unfinished food, if the container is not easy to clean, you have to pour it into your own tableware to enjoy it, otherwise it will hinder food hygiene.
The ceremony of respect and inferiority has always been an important content of food ceremony. Children should show respect and respect to their parents, subordinates to their superiors and the youngest to their elders. In this respect, we should not only write classics into articles, but also guide families. "Ming history? Is there a "ten rites"? A gift from Shu Ren? When I mentioned Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, I ordered it twice, both to affirm the etiquette of pecking at the table.
Hongwu five years (1372), all villagers, farmers, workers, businessmen, etc. Meet each other on an equal footing, and give a memorial banquet at the age of 20, first for all ages. Sit next to it. Old people are preferred. In the twelfth year (1379), domestic and foreign officials were appointed as officials in their hometown, but they were honored by the clan and grandfather's wife, such as family gifts. If there is a banquet, set up another table and don't sit under the official. The formal meeting of the same official is in the same order.
In many families in ancient times, it is essential to take food ceremony as a family precept and teach children to obey it. In the Qing Dynasty, Zhang Quan quoted Tu Xiying's childlike innocence in Volume III of Zheng Yang Class Compilation, and mentioned such a motto:
Anyone who is good at food must try a few cases first, and then put the utensils on them with both hands. The utensils must be clean, and the dishes and dishes must be neat. Those who eat frequently according to their elders' hobbies, get close to their elders, respect the interests of a long life and step aside. Don't leave until you finish eating. Please serve, you sit down, the food depends on what the elders want. If you don't eat, you dare not eat first; If you finish it, you should finish it first. Once you put the food container in the box, you should also put it there.
Ritual eating activities themselves, because participants are independent individuals, show more individual characteristics, and everyone may form different habits in long-term life. However, eating activities also show a strong sense of group, which is often carried out in a certain group, family or social group, so everyone must be bound by socially recognized etiquette, so as to bring each individual's behavior on the right track.
Eating etiquette, according to the book of rites? Quli said that there were very strict requirements in the pre-Qin period. This article is as follows:
? After sitting empty, before eating. ? Under normal circumstances, you should sit behind the respected elders to show humility; ? Before eating and sitting down? It means to sit in front of the food table as far as possible when eating, close to the food table where food is placed, so as not to pollute the seat by accidentally falling food.
? Eat first, serve the guests well, and do not spit. ? When the banquet begins to serve, the guests should stand up; When a distinguished guest arrives, all other guests should stand up to show their respect. When the host asks for food, he should take it warmly and don't ignore it.
? If the guest is degraded, he will insist on food and make a speech. The host said goodbye to the guest, then the guest sat down. ? If the guest's status is lower than that of the host, he must face the host with food in both hands, and wait until the host finishes greeting before the guest can sit down.
? The host extended the guest sacrifice, offered food, promoted the sacrifice to the land, and offered dishes in various places. ? Before the meal, after the dishes are set, the host guides the guests to sacrifice. Food is a case sacrifice, and wine is a ground sacrifice. Those who eat first are sacrificed, and the sacrifices are repeated in the order of eating.
? After three meals, the host delayed the guests to eat, and then distinguished the dishes, and the guests were not empty. ? So-called? Three meals? Generally, guests say that they are full after eating three small bowls of rice, and they have to be persuaded by the host to start eating meat.
The banquet is coming to an end. The host can't finish eating before leaving the guests. He has to wait until the guests have finished eating before stopping eating. If the host hasn't finished eating, won't the guests be empty? Virtual mouth refers to the mouth with wine pulp to make it clean and safe to eat. The host is eating and the guests are empty, which is disrespectful to the host.
When eating, the guests knelt down from the front and gave photos when the meal was finished. The host said goodbye to the guest, then the guest sat down. ? After the banquet, the guests themselves must kneel at the food table, tidy up their own tableware and leftover food, and give it to the master's servant. When the host said that the guest didn't have to do it himself, the guest stopped and sat down again.
? * * * Not enough to eat. ? Eat with others, don't overeat, pay attention to humility. ? * * * Don't rub your hands with rice. ? When eating rice with the same vessel, you can't use your hands. You usually eat rice with a spoon.
? There is no food. ? Don't have a big meal when eating, eat in chunks, which is suspected of being full.
? There is no food. ? If you want to eat rice, you can't put it back in the rice cooker. Others will think it is unsanitary.
? Do not flow. ? Don't chew while drinking, it makes people feel like they want to eat faster, as if they are not full.
? Don't eat. ? Don't let your tongue make a sound in your mouth when chewing. The host will think that you are not satisfied with his dining performance.
? Don't bite the bone. ? Don't deliberately chew bones, it is easy to make unpleasant sounds, which makes people feel unsightly and disrespectful.
? Not fish. ? Don't put the fish back, eat it up.
? Don't throw it at the dog bone. ? Guests should not chew their own bones or throw them to dogs.
? There is no steady harvest. ? If you don't like a certain dish, just eat it alone, or try to eat it, which is suspected of overeating.
? Do not raise rice. ? Don't use tableware to raise the rice grains to dissipate heat just to eat faster.
? Don't put rice with chopsticks. ? Don't use chopsticks to eat small rice, but it is not advocated to grasp it directly with your hands. You must use a spoon when eating. Chopsticks are specially used to eat dishes in soup, and they are not mixed.
? There is food in the soup, but no food is needed. ? You are chopsticks. There are vegetables in the soup. Feed them with chopsticks. If chopsticks without vegetables are useless, just drink them directly.
? Don't worry. ? Don't drink broth too fast or too loudly. Some dishes must be picked up with chopsticks and cannot be absorbed directly with your mouth.
? Don't worry. ? Guests can't mix the taste of soup by themselves, otherwise they will leave the impression of self-expression, as if they are better at cooking.
? Don't stab your teeth. ? Don't pick your teeth at will when eating, such as filling your teeth, until after dinner.
? Don't worry. ? Don't drink sauce directly. Sugar is salty and used for seasoning, so you can't drink it directly.
? Bite the meat, but dry it. ? Wet and soft barbecue stew can be bitten off directly with your teeth without breaking it by hand; Dry meat, on the other hand, can't be chewed directly with teeth, so it needs a knife to help.
? Don't worry. ? Don't eat large pieces of barbecue and mutton kebabs in one gulp. It's better to chew, wolf down and be rude.
? Eat without sighing. ? Don't sigh when eating. Just eat and never forget your worries? Don't lament.
Similar ceremonies have been handed down from generation to generation as family precepts of many families. Take Tu Xiying's Tong Zi Li cited in the third volume of Zhang Boxing's Zheng Yang Lei Bian as an example. The following words are naturally derived from the Book of Rites:
All food and drinks, you need to stay away from the case, not too urgent. Take your time, and then put it on the plate, so as not to stir the vegetables and vegetables in a hurry. Don't make noise when chewing, and don't indulge your hobbies and eat more food. Be careful when you put the bowl, don't drop it by mistake.
Is the ancient diet popular in the pre-Qin period? Acid?
Yan Zi's Spring and Autumn Records:? Boiled fish with water-fire acyl salt plum?
According to Sima Qian's Historical Records, as early as the early Shang Dynasty, people were very particular about the taste of food. Historical records? There is such a record in Yin Benji: Yi Yin? Negative tripod, soup with flavor, to the king? . Yi Yin was a minister in the early Shang Dynasty. In order to persuade Shang Tang to rule the world by kingly way, he came to see Shang Tang with a cauldron on his back, and persuaded Shang Tang with the truth that cooking should be delicious. It can be seen that it is necessary for the people who cooked in those days to make the dishes delicious.
Yi Yin is a gourmet who is good at cooking, so he is known as the originator of chefs and has been regarded as a god in the catering industry. When I lived in Yi Yin, there were few condiments. What was used to flavor cooking at that time?
"History? Business books? There is a saying in Tell Me:? If you make a soup, you are just salted plums. ? This is what Wu Ding, king of Shang Dynasty, said to Fu, a worthy minister. It means that when I make soup, you need salt and plums. The records in Shangshu have been confirmed by modern archaeological excavations, and meishi has been found in many Shang tombs. For example, according to the Report on the Excavation of Tombs in the Western Area of Yin Ruins written by Yang Baocheng and Yang Xizhang (1969- 1977), a plum pit for seasoning was found in a bronze tripod unearthed from the Shang tomb numbered M284.
In the archaeology of Shang tombs, a large number of animals, such as dogs, sheep, pigs and chickens, as well as fish, birds and animal-shaped objects, were also found, which showed that human food was already rich at that time. However, these fishy and strong meats are delicious only when they are cooked, which requires condiments.
Plum is sour, and the cooked food is natural? Acid? . Judging from the extensive use of plum as seasoning in pre-Qin period, sour? It should be a popular taste at that time, as can be seen from the fact that people like to drink sour soup, otherwise Wu Ding would not drink it. If you make a soup, are you just salted plum? Say something.
When plums are used as condiments, plums are usually used. In addition to cooking soup, you also need plums to remove fishy smell when cooking fish and meat. "Yanzi Spring and Autumn Period? The so-called "heavy but different"? Also, like soup, water and fire acyl sugar salt plums, to cook fish? It is a fact that people used plums as seasoning to cook fish products in the pre-Qin period.
Did Qin and Han dynasties have a prominent diet? Is it salty?
"Urgent Articles" records:? Amaranth, leek, ginger, radish salt, soy sauce?
According to the literature, the condiments used in modern cooking are mostly from the pre-Qin period, such as pepper, cinnamon, ginger, onion, mustard, onion, leek and so on. These are served on the table of China people. Book of rites? Nezer called:? Use onions in spring and mustard in autumn. Dolphin, leek in spring, Polygonum hydropiper in autumn. Onion oil is fat, onion is paste, octopus is three beasts, acyl and plum are beasts. ? It can be seen that in the pre-Qin period, the development and use of various natural condiments, mainly spicy, set off the first wave in the cooking history of China? Smell? Revolution.
However, today's seemingly ordinary condiments were not enjoyed by ordinary people in the pre-Qin period. It was not until the invention and widespread use of artificial condiments, especially sauces and vinegar, in the Qin and Han Dynasties that ordinary people really enjoyed themselves.
Artificial condiments invented in Qin and Han Dynasties mainly include soy sauce, clear sauce and fermented soybean made of soybean and flour. Once invented, it brought another wave? Smell? Revolution: previously inedible and inedible foods can be eaten with dipping sauce, which is delicious; What's more, the dishes prepared with sauce are still good. Does it look nice? , so there is food? Color, fragrance and taste? Cooking requirements? China people can't live without sauce series.
In the Western Han Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty, the children's enlightenment book "Set of Nine Articles" written by You in Huangmenling described the common condiments in the diet at that time: potato, ginger, turnip salt and soy sauce. The fragrant garlic shoots are in dogwood, and the old capital city is hidden in winter. ?
There was no sauce in the Qin and Han dynasties, but it existed as early as vinegar, but it was called sauce in the pre-Qin period. Hey? What's the name of vinegar? Acyl? . Use meat as raw material, that is? Meat sauce? So Shuo Wen Jie Zi is being interpreted? Sauce? The word says:? From meat, from unitary. Wine and sauce are mixed together. ?
Why was it later rewritten as? Sauce? Yan Shigu, a scholar in the Tang Dynasty, wrote in Nine Articles? Sauce? When this word is considered:? If the sauce is what you say, you can dip it in. If the army needs it, take the lead in guiding it. ? It means that you can't eat without sauce, just like an army can't fight without commanding generals. The ancients thought that the seasoning function of soy sauce vinegar was very important. Gu Tao said in Qing Louis in the Song Dynasty. Sauce, the master of eight treasures; Those who are jealous are sensible. ? Sauce with salty acetic acid, the diet fashion of Qin and Han people happened because of sauce? Heavy taste? Great changes, Qin and Han dynasties and beyond? Is it salty? Start to stand out.
With the abundance of raw materials, the variety and taste of sauce are also developing further. For example, after the Ming Dynasty, peppers entered China. Chili sauce? It has become a popular delicacy.
The ancients thought that among the five flavors? Is it sweet? Most beautiful
Zhou Li records:? Sour bone? New Jinyang? Salty nourishing pulse? Suffering from anger? Leave meat?
In the pre-Qin period, in the traditional diet of China? Five flavors? The concept has been deeply rooted in people's hearts, and the influence of taste on human health has also been fully recognized. "Zhou Li? In tianguan? Choose a doctor? There is a sentence in this article:? Every medicine is sour to nourish bones, pungent to nourish tendons, salty to nourish pulse, bitter to nourish qi and sweet to nourish meat. ?
Among the five flavors, what did the ancients think? Is it sweet? The most beautiful, so there is? Is it sweet? This word. What condiments did the ancients use to sweeten dishes? In the early days, there were mainly caramel, honey and sugarcane pulp. By the Song Dynasty, the commonly used brown sugar and white sugar could already produce high quality.
In sweet sauce? Hey? Used the earliest. Maltose, or maltose, or made. The production of preserved fruit should have appeared in the Shang Dynasty, and it was a common condiment and food in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The Book of Songs? In the article "Lu 'an" by Daya, it is mentioned? Hey? :? Zhou Yuanheng, pansy is in full swing. ? This means that Joo Won? has fertile land and bitter vegetables grow as sweet as maltose.
In the spring and autumn period, the use of honey with higher sweetness and better sweetness than caramel increased. Meanwhile, all sweet fruits can be used for cooking. Book of rites? The internal rules say: Jujube, chestnut, pulp and honey are all sweet. ? This cooking method has been used to this day.
Sweet seasoning also has the function of deodorization, which can alleviate the stimulation caused by spicy taste and increase the fresh alcohol of salty taste. Fresh? . In addition, sugar can also deepen the color of dishes when cooking. For example, coating sugar on barbecue can turn the appearance into attractive burnt yellow. "Chu ci? Evocation once mentioned the method of making food with sweet spices. When cooking soft-shelled turtle and roast mutton, sugar cane pulp is used for seasoning and coloring, which is called? Canned mutton, what is the pulp? ; And then what? Honey bait, what's worse? And then what? Yaojiang honey spoon, is there more feathers? It shows that bees and maltose were used in making sweet cakes at that time; Mix honey when drinking to dilute the bitterness and make the wine more beautiful.
Southerners such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Sichuan like to put sugar when cooking food, which is found in Cao Pi's Imperial edict with courtiers? Shu people eat and like honey? Statement. This dietary preference has not changed so far, such as Suzhou, Wuxi and Changzhou in the south of the Yangtze River. The dishes are mainly sweet, which is obviously different from the salty in Qilu, the light in Huaiyang and the spicy in Huxiang.
Tang and Song Dynasties? Is it spicy? Be in sb's favor
"Seven Discrimination" records: Did the ancients burn meat? Party with ginger and pepper, brushed with Gui Lan?
Among the five flavors, spices containing volatile components have the most direct stimulation to human nose and mouth, which can greatly induce appetite. The main materials in this respect are pepper, cinnamon, ginger, onion, Polygonum hydropiper, mustard and so on, all of which are local condiments originating in China. Among them, Zanthoxylum bungeanum and ginger are the most distinctive, which the ancients liked and used a lot.
The spicy condiment that people in pre-Qin dynasty could not live without should be ginger. People should have some when eating, that is, the Analects of Confucius? The so-called "emerging in difficult times"? No ginger, no more? . When cooking beef and other dishes, ginger is always indispensable, and it is often used with pepper and cinnamon. According to Zhang Heng's seven arguments in the Eastern Han Dynasty, people in the Han Dynasty cooked meat. Party with ginger and pepper, brushed with Gui Lan? .
But to trigger a new wave? Smell? It's not only the above-mentioned local condiments that revolutionize, but also? Hu Wei? .
In the Western Han Dynasty, Zhang Qian brought back garlic and coriander from the Western Regions. Hu Wei? Let China people taste exotic flavor at the earliest. Come in later? Pepper? It has always been a high-grade condiment in the eyes of the ancients, especially in the Tang and Song Dynasties.
Pepper originated from the west coast of India and was introduced to China in the Ming Dynasty. Before that, it was introduced from Central Asia and South Asia. Pepper is worth more than gold. In the drug spectrum, pepper is called. Golden pill messenger? . Gold is common, but pepper is hard to buy. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, having peppers at home was a symbol of status and wealth. One thing can explain the special position of pepper. According to New Tang Book? Yuan Zaichuan, Yuan Zai, a corrupt official in the Tang Dynasty, was once an official of the prime minister, and was copied when he was robbed by the court. Pepper to 800 stone? . Yu Qian, a famous patriotic minister in Ming Dynasty, once talked about this point. He said in the poem Untitled:? Pepper is popular for 800 years and stinks for a thousand years. ?
Are you online? Exotic flavor? What changes will be made in China's diet after the Ming and Qing Dynasties? The smell of pepper. Pepper originated in America and was discovered by Spanish perfumers and transplanted to Europe and Asia. In the late Ming Dynasty, pepper was introduced to China as an ornamental flower. People in China who pay attention to taste soon discovered the edible value of pepper, especially Sichuan and Hunan, which have always been keen on spicy food, changed their dependence on pepper and ginger and fell in love with pepper. No ginger, no food? Became? No Chili, no food? . Since then,? Is it spicy? Become the main flavor of Sichuan cuisine, Hunan cuisine and other cuisines.
Ancient food 1, one product is high
Famous traditional snacks in Liaoning. When it was created, it was exclusively used by officials with more than one grade in the imperial court.
2. Big bamboo mud
There are many kinds of mash in Sichuan, among which Dazhu mash is famous. Sweet and refreshing, the wine is overflowing.
3, Dafu rice crispy rice
The unique flavor snack variety in Tianjin-Guoba cuisine, also known as Gaba cuisine, has a history of more than 300 years. Its color is delicious and rich, its fragrance is elegant, and it has the effects of clearing away heat and relieving summer heat, diuresis and detoxification, and it is a fine snack in summer.
4. Hanzhong gang noodles
Shaanxi's famous flavor snacks are named after carrying loads at night and selling them along the street. Face? . It has the characteristics of sour and spicy taste, dehumidification and stomach warming.
5. Teacher Tai Furong Cake
Famous traditional snacks in Shenyang, Liaoning. It is non-sticky, crisp and sweet, and rich in Gui Xiang.