9. >

Many modest titles are regular, for example:

? home? word. Used to call one's senior or older relatives to others. For example, call your father family father, family honor, family strict, family gentleman; call your mother family mother, family mercy; call your elder brother: family brother; call your sister family sister; family uncle: uncle.

? She? Word. Used for others to call their own generation of low or young relatives. For example, called brother: she brother; called sister: she sister; she nephew: called nephew; called relatives: she relatives.

? Small? Word. Modestly referring to oneself or someone or something related to oneself. Such as men among friends or acquaintances modestly call themselves little brother; people of low status call themselves: little man; modestly call their own store: small store.

? Old? Word. Used to humbly call themselves or things related to themselves. Such as humbly call themselves uneducated: old rough; the elderly humbly call themselves: old and rotten; elderly people refer to their own face: old face; elderly women humbly call themselves: old body.

? dare? Word. Expresses the presumption to ask others. Such as used to ask each other questions: dare to ask; used to ask each other to do something: dare to please; used to trouble each other to do something: dare to annoy.

?

? Word. Used to call oneself modestly. If you call yourself to someone younger than yourself, you can say, "I'm sorry"; and you can say, "I'm sorry" for your opinion.

?

? Word. Used to call oneself something to others. Such as modestly call their own words or paintings: clumsy pen; modestly call their own article: clumsy writing, clumsy work; modestly call their own opinion: clumsy opinion.

? I? word. Used to refer to oneself or something related to oneself. Such as modestly call themselves: my people; modestly call their own surname: my surname; modestly call their houses, premises: my place; modestly call their school: my school.

? I mean? word. Used to refer to oneself or something related to oneself. Such as humbly call themselves: my humble self; humbly call their own opinions: my humble:; humbly call their own opinions: my humble opinion.

Second, honorifics

1. to the emperor: long live, His Holiness, the son of heaven, the Holy Spirit, His Majesty, the king

2. to the general: under the banner

3. for the other side or the other side of the relatives of the honorifics with the order, Zun, Xian

orders: orders respect (the other side of the father) orders the hall (the other side of the mother) orders the brother (the other side of the brother) orders the Lang (the other side of the brother). brother), Lang (each other's son), Ai (each other's daughter) Zun: used to call people and things related to each other.

Zun Shang (the other's parents) Zun Gong, Zun Jun, Zun Fu (the other's father)

Zuntang (the other's mother) Zun Kin (the other's relatives) Zun Order (the other's command) Zun Yi (the other's meaning) Xian: to call a peer or a junior.

Xianjia (referring to the other party) xianlang (son of the other party) xiandi (younger brother of the other party)

Ren: to call a person who is longer than oneself among friends of the same generation as Renjie. Calling a person of high status Ren Gong.

4. Called the old man as zhang, zhangren. After the Tang Dynasty, the father-in-law was called Joe, also known as Tarzan. The wife's mother was called Joe, also known as Taishui.

5. Before the title, add ? First? Table has died, used to honor people of high status or older people. Said the dead father: the first test, the first father. The mother of the dead: the first mother, the first child. Dead people of talent and virtue: Xianxian (先贤). The dead emperor: the first emperor.

6. The king's honorific address to the ministers: qing, aiqing.

7. For people of noble character and superior wisdom, use ? The name "Saint" is used to describe a person of high moral character and superior intelligence. The name of the person who is honored with the name: Confucius. Confucius? as? Sage? Sage? Mencius? "The Sage"? "Sage of Asia"? Du Fu? "The Sage of Poetry"? "The Sage of Poetry And later? Sheng? was often used for emperors, such as? Shengshang? and? The Holy Spirit?

Third, the special title

1. People's title: cloth, the people, the people, the people, the people, the people, rogue.

2. Bur (Meng) Zhong Shuji: the order of brothers in the line of succession of the eldest and youngest. B (Meng) is the eldest, Zhong is the second, Uncle is the third, Ji is the fourth.

3. The titles of different friendships:

Poor and lowly friends: friends made when they are lowly and of low status.

Jinlanwu: friends who are as close to each other as brothers.

A friend who cuts one's own throat: a friend who lives and dies with one another, and who is in trouble with one's own life.

A friend for the past few years: a friend of a different generation with a big difference in age.

Bamboo and horse friendship: friends of the opposite sex who grew up together.

The friends in cloth: the friends in the status of common people.

A friend in need: a friend in times of trouble.

Ancient Social Etiquette Knowledge 2: Eight Characters of Birth

Eight Characters of Birth A person is born in the year, month, day, time, each with a heavenly stem, earthly branch matching, two words for each item, four **** eight words. According to these eight words, you can project a person's fate. In the event of a major event, all need to project the eight characters. The old custom of engagement, men and women exchanged geng post, on the eight characters of the birth date. The two sides each asked each other's birthdays and eight characters of the fate of the yin and yang, in order to determine whether or not they can be married, and how lucky or unlucky.

Basic introduction

To get the correct time of birth, the ancients in the daytime to the sundial instrument to measure the most accurate. Clock time is man-made average time and regional standard time, must be calculated according to the festival (solar ecliptic)? True solar time difference? And according to the birthplace calculation? Local Longitude Time Difference

In the calendar, the year's stem and the day's stem are basically available, and the month and hour's celestial stem can be derived from the year's and day's stems according to the mnemonic.

Push row method: from the year stem to push the month stems and branches of the month see the first chart on the year from the month table. If the year stem is A or H, the first month of the year for the dry branch of the C c; if the year stem is B or G, the first month of the year for the dry branch of the E c; if the year stem for the C or Xin, the first month of the year for the dry branch of the G c; if the year stem for the D or N, the first month of the year for the dry branch of the N yin; if the year stem for the E or K, the first month of the year for the dry branch of the A yin.

Zi Hour: 23:00? 12:59 am

Ugly Time: 1:00? 2:59 AM

寅时：3点? 4:59 a.m.

UTC: 5:00 a.m.? 6:59 AM

Cinnabar: 7:00? 8:59 a.m.

巳时：9点? 10:59 p.m.

Midday: 11:00? 12:59 p.m.

Wei time: 13:00? 14:59 p.m.

Shen Time: 15:00? 16:59 PM

You Time: 17:00? 18:59 p.m.

Hundred and eleventh hour: 19:00? 20:59 PM

Hai time: 21:00? 22:59 p.m.

Knowledge of ancient social etiquette III: wedding etiquette

The old marriage rituals, from the ancient ? The six rites? : a natsui, two ask the name, three naji, four nazheng, five please period, six meet the bride evolved. Today's wedding form although there are many changes, but the traditional? Six Rites? The main content of the traditional six rites is basically preserved. In today's society, people are more favorable to the Chinese wedding, these traditional rituals will be interspersed in their own wedding celebrations will be more prominent in their own personality traits and taste style. The following will introduce some of the ancient knowledge of marriage.

1, Na Cai

That is the first stage of the wedding, there is a preliminary agreement, the meaning of the deposit. The procedure is: the man's family to ask the matchmaker to the woman's home to propose marriage, such as the woman's family does not refuse, the preparation of a small amount of money to formal proposal of marriage, the money should be in the geese, that is, the "ritual" in the so-called? The ceremony of the evening under the, Na Cai with geese? Therefore, the color is called? Dien Yan? The ceremony.

2, ask the name

The man's family to the matchmaker and then to the woman's home to ask the woman's family name, year of birth, month, day, time to prepare for the ceremony and marriage, folk commonly known as? Under the post? Ask Ming ritual by asking the birth of the eight characters developed to later ask the identity of the birth mother, the position of the door of the high and low, property, appearance and health, and so on. Ask Ming ritual actually involves two issues, one is to divine the fate, yin and yang of the birth date of both men and women, and the other is the social status and property.

3, Naji

Naji is to ask the name of the good results of divination and marriage notify the woman's family of the ceremony, which is now more often called engagement. After asking the name, the man's family will be the woman's birth date and son's birth date listed, please witch divination? fortune-telling? and ask them about their fortune (commonly known as "fortune-telling"). (commonly known as the "Combined Eight Characters"). At the same time, the man's family also prepared gifts to the woman's family to decide the marriage contract. Old-style wedding rings, jewelry, colored silk, gift cakes, incense and candles, pigs and sheep. Folk will also be called this ceremony? Small hire? The ceremony is also known as "small recruitment", "engagement". The wedding ceremony is also known as the "Little Hire" and "Engagement".

4, Na levy

Men and women above the parents invited some of their friends and relatives to enter into a marriage contract ceremony, by the man to the woman's family to pay the bridewealth, the marriage contract is hereby established. This is one of the most important procedures in the six rituals. This is the bride-price gifts are mostly money, cloth and silk and so on, and more gifts to take the meaning of good luck, the number of double taboo single, the husband and wife relationship is established.

5, please period

The man's family to the woman's family to agree on the date of marriage ceremony. After the levy, the man and the woman's family to negotiate the date of the late marriage, such as the woman's family to decline the decision by the man's family, folk commonly known as? The day of the mention? The ceremony is commonly known as the "raising of the date" or the "sending of the date". Send the day? In ancient times, the date of choice more fortune-tellers to determine the so-called? Zodiac auspicious day? and mostly on the day of the double mainly. Although this custom is preserved in modern times, the selection is based on days of commemorative significance. This stage to meet the ceremony, the woman's family to prepare the dowry, and the dowry is a pair of sets of bedding, clothes, cabinets, pots and buckets.

6, welcome

The new son-in-law went to the woman's home to meet the bride's ceremony, to the agreed date of the son-in-law to meet the bride with the welcome team to the woman's home to meet the bride, welcome back, the newlyweds and then hold a ceremony to pay homage to, that is, the traditional? The traditional "Three Worships" ceremony. Ceremony. Afterwards, a banquet will be held to entertain the guests, and at the end of the banquet, there will be a lively? The Cave? activities. Only then the woman into the husband's family, become a formal member of the husband's clan.

Ancient social etiquette knowledge four: walking to meet the gift

a walking gift

Ancient people also pay attention to the process of walking interpersonal relationships, so there is a walking gift. In ancient times, they often performed? tend to rituals? That is, the status of low people in front of the status of high people walk by, must bow the head and bend down to small steps to walk the way to the honored to show respect, this is? The rituals of walking are also important. In walking etiquette, there is also the ? Walk not in the road, stand not in the door? The principle of walking not to walk in the middle of the road, you should walk by the side; standing not to stand in the middle of the door. This not only shows respect to the honored, but also avoid pedestrians.

Second, the gift of meeting

People should be warm and courteous in their daily meetings. How to meet with people of different status, there are certain rules. For example, the general greeting, on the top of the arching salute. Arch salute is the most common meeting etiquette, the way is the hands together (generally the right hand within the fist, the left hand added to the right hand) raised to the chest, standing and not down, said the general courtesy. If you are a guest in someone's home, in the door and seat, the host and the guest of each other politely salute and humility, then the line is the gift of bowing, known as? This is called "Greetings".

Greeting is the same as clasping the fists with both hands, arching them up and then pressing them down, while bowing the head and bending the upper body slightly forward. Greetings in daily life for common etiquette, in addition to the above social occasions, thank you, congratulations, apologies and trust people to do things are also often bowing. People of high status often perform the bowing etiquette to those of low status in return.

Arching has a history of 2,000 to 3,000 years, and has been used since the Western Zhou Dynasty when people of the same generation met and interacted with each other. Ancient people expressed their respect for others in a self-effacing way through programmed etiquette.

Records of the virtues of drinking are first found in the Shangshu and the Book of Songs. Confucianism believes that wine drinkers should be virtuous and not be extravagant. Sacrificing wine to honor the gods and respecting the old and serving the guests are all manifestations of virtue, so Confucianism is not against drinking wine. The Shangshu? The Wine Enjoinment is a concentrated reflection of Confucian thinking, summarized in four points:

? Drinking is but a sacrifice only in the sacrifice can drink wine;

? No Yi wine do not drink wine regularly, usually drink less wine to save food;

? The prohibition of group drinking prohibited people from gathering together to drink;

? Prohibition of indulgence prohibits excessive drinking.

In ancient times, there were four main steps in the drinking ritual: worship, sacrifice, spit, and death. Specifically, first make a gesture of worship, to show respect; then pour out a little wine on the ground, to thank the earth for the virtue of birth; then taste the wine and praise; and finally tilt the cup and drink up. The rite of wine must be observed, or else there is a suspicion of committing a crime.

At a banquet, the host is to toast the guest ? called pay, the guest should return the toast to the master? Called entertainment, the toast will also say a few words of toast. Guests can also toast each other? It's called a travel honorarium. Sometimes it is also necessary to toast to people in turn. It is called a line of wine. Ordinary toast to the degree of three cups, the toast and the person being toasted to? avoid standing up.

Ancient social etiquette knowledge six: Banquet etiquette

a feast

Ancient people feast form is called a feast, to lay on the floor of the seating and named. The so-called? Feast? The so-called "feast" is a woven thing of reeds and bushes spread on the ground. is placed in the? The so-called "feast" is the reed bushes woven material spread on the ground, while the "mat" is the reed bushes woven material placed on the "feast". On top of the feast, the texture is more delicate reeds grass woven fabric or leather. The circumference of the grand banquet is one zhang six feet. The book of rituals says that the seat of the son of heaven is fivefold, the seat of the vassal is threefold, and the seat of the great physician is even heavier. The elaborate seats were trimmed with silk.

Second, the seat

Qin and Han, people in the reading, hospitality, banquets and other daily activities, are seated on the ground, the posture is not sitting cross-legged, but 跽 (j?), that is, the knees on the ground, the soles of the feet up, the upper body straight, posture like kneeling, but the buttocks are sitting on the heels, so also known as kneeling.

The ancients feast seat is generally four people, one in each direction. Set? The halls? Feasts on the more formal, seating generally southward as the honor, so the main guest seat in the north, while the master, deputy guest, the main party accompanied by seats in the east, south and west, respectively, the west seat for the last seat. And located in? Room? Inside the banquet activities, with the nature of the private, more to the east as the honor, so the guest of honor in the west, and the master, deputy guest, accompanied by the master party in the north, south, east, east seat for the last seat.

Third, before eating ritual

Before eating to? Obeisance is to fasten the sash. Obeisance is to fasten the sash, the whole lapel, neatly dressed into the seat; wash is to wash his hands and rinse his mouth. Ancient custom, grab food with your hands, hands should be clean. This is both health requirements, but also a person's cultivation is necessary. Until today, we still insist on washing hands before meals, is a lineage with the ancient rituals.

Fourth, the arrangement of food

The arrangement of food in the banquet should follow the etiquette. Officials, aristocrats enjoy privileges, food abundance, placed to pay attention, the tripod (cooking utensils, three feet and two ears) and food, such as the vassal with nine tripods with eight gui (guǐ, food utensils, round mouth and two ears), the Secretary and on the big doctor with seven tripods with six gui, etc.; and? On the great doctor eight beans (high seat plate), under the great doctor six beans? and so on.

Ancient and modern people, the same, habitually use the right hand, so the diced meat (z?, meat), vegetables, soup, wine, acyl (xī, vinegar), sauce and other convenient to eat things on the right hand side, while the dishes (xi?o, meat with bones), chopped, baked, green onions, rice and other relatively troublesome food placed near the left hand. Ancient people by the altar case and food, people each one, and the later generations of the joint table **** meal is different, so ? Its set to square? That is, the food to be placed squarely.

V. Eating

Before eating, the first symbolic referral to the ancestors, known as 汜祭, or all the sacrifices, weekly sacrifices. The order of eating: first food, then drink, first vegetables, then meat, first rice, then fruit.

Of course, it is important to look at the host's signals or actions after the meal, and not to eat hastily. This is still the etiquette that should be followed today. For the banquets of the sons of heaven, lords and nobles, music was also played. The common music at that time was the ringing of bells and chimes. Together with the cooking of meat in the tripods for food, this made up a spectacular eating scene of bells ringing and tripods eating. In the process of eating, the guests and hosts choose auspicious words to toast the speech, is also indispensable. This is the same thing as today's speeches at banquets, toasts, toasts to friendship and health, actually. In the past, the host toasted the guest with wine, called ? Dedication? In the past, the host toasted the guest with wine, called "offering", offering sweet wine (lǐ, sweet wine), which the guest could not drink, but only tasted it. To persuade a guest to drink is called "rewarding". Reward". When the guest returns the wine to the host, it is called "entertainment". The guest returns the toast to the host, which is called zu? (zu?). Drinking without entertaining each other is called? Jiaojiao (醮). (ji?o). In ancient times, there was a custom of punishing each other with wine, called? The first is the "Biaojiao" (醮), which is the name given to the wine.

Six, dining utensils

To the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period, the custom of grabbing food less and less, cutlery, wine has been fully promoted, nowadays cutlery bowls, plates, lamps, cups, pots, etc., as well as spoons, knives, forks, chopsticks (chopsticks), etc., have become the people's homes of the ordinary things. The latter is said to have become a commonplace item in people's homes. I don't need chopsticks to eat millet. probably because during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods, chopsticks were mainly used to hold food and were not as widely used as chopsticks in later times. In addition, to the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, eating utensils, ordinary people are mostly ceramic, wooden, while the noble class is made of copper, lacquer, jade, gold and so on.

Seven taboos