Qing Taizong Huang taiji after the throne, the establishment of the "Mongolian eight banners" and "eight banners of the Han army", and changed the name of the female Genghis Khan Manchuria. Thus, Huang taiji's father Nurhachu established eight banners will become "Manchurian eight banners".
So people usually say the eight banners, in fact, including Manchuria eight banners, Mongolia eight banners and the Han army eight banners, the total **** twenty-four banners. The early Qing Dynasty palace design, vividly embodies the rich connotation of the eight banners system.
So the children of the eight banners of this special social group, is composed of different ethnic brothers *** with. Within the eight banners of the Manchurian, Mongolian and Han Chinese armies, in addition to the Manchu, Mongolian and Han Chinese, there are people of other nationalities.
Members of different ethnic groups lived under the eight banners system for a long time, and they were all called "banners". However, according to Qing Dynasty archives, the Manchurian, Mongolian and Han Chinese flag members were treated differently depending on their ethnicity.
Three hundred years ago, the children of the eight banners broke out of the narrow valley plains and came to the outside world, making an indelible contribution to the formation and development of China's united multi-ethnic state. By the heyday of the Qing Dynasty, the territory at that time, from Taiwan and its affiliated Diaoyu Islands in the east, west to Lake Balkhash and the Onion Ridge, from the South China Sea islands in the south, north to Chaktu, northeast to the Waixingan Mountains and the Kuril Islands.
In this vast land, in addition to the Manchurian eight banners, Mongolia eight banners, the Han army eight banners of the "flag people", there are also known as the "people" of the Han and other more than 50 nationalities of the brothers and sisters **** with life. This is unique in the history of China's social development over thousands of years.
For the realization of this unprecedented "unification" of the world, the eight banners of the children of a long, hard struggle. After the Opium War, the Chinese people against the invasion of the imperialist powers in the struggle, many of the eight banners also share the same enemy, died for the country.
The eight banners have always been good at "riding and shooting". After the Qing rulers to the martial arts world, still focus on the eight banners of the children of the riding and archery skills, in the eight banners stationed in the place of the establishment of the "teaching field", used for training. Even in the Imperial Palace Forbidden City, also opened up a piece of open space, the construction of "archery pavilion". The emperor often watched the princes and ministers, the eight banners officers and soldiers to bend the bow and arrow, award and punishment.
Weichang County, Hebei Province, the territory of rolling hills, the sea of forests. This is hundreds of kilometers away from the capital outside the resort, was once the Qing Dynasty's famous "Mulan paddock".
Kangxi, Qianlong, Jiaqing years, the eight banners in addition to the daily training, in the suburbs of Beijing Nanyuan, Lugouqiao and other places in the line of drill, almost every year, to "Mulan paddock", hunting and martial arts. Sometimes, held twice a year.
The children of the eight banners are not only martial arts, but also attach importance to culture. Before entering the customs, although frequent wars, military, but the Qing Emperor Nurhachu insisted on hiring teachers to educate his sons. Qing Emperor Huang Taiji also ordered the sons and daughters of officials, such as beilei and ministers, to study.
At the start of the war, the children of the eight banners practiced riding and shooting skills, but also keen on cultural learning and artistic cultivation. Yongzheng on the eight banners of the children are high hopes, he hoped that the eight banners of the children to study poetry and books, learning useful learning, learning martial arts to be familiar with the bow and horse, the study of strategy, to become the defense of the country's talents.
So the eight banners of the cultural and educational undertakings to achieve vigorous development, in the eight banners of the highest concentration of children in Beijing, especially typical. The highest school of the Qing Dynasty, the State Prison, the Forbidden City of the upper study room and Xian'an Palace official school, Jingshan official school, have been admitted to a number of children of the eight banners, training, training, and created a large number of national education talents. Qing dynasty university scholar Ertai, Zhang Tingyu and other compilers of the "eight banners" has been praised that: school children of the eight banners, the shape of the spirit of Confucianism and elegance, well read poetry and books, in the cultivation of Chinese culture to grow up in the country's wise and talented people.
Three hundred years, the children of the eight banners of many literary works renowned all over the world, and become the valuable spiritual wealth of all mankind. Cao Xueqin, the author of the world-famous Dream of Red Mansions, is one of the prominent representatives. The lyricist Nalan Seide was also one of the best among the Eight Banners' children. After the release of his collection of words "Side Hat Collection" and "Drinking Water Lyrics", the situation of "every family singing drinking water lyrics" was formed for a while.
Of course, Cao Xueqin and Nalan Seide were already famous throughout the world. In addition to them, there were also a large number of children of the Eight Banners who were accomplished in music, painting, calligraphy and science and technology.
For example: the third son of Kangxi Prince Cheng Yun Zhi, good at calendars, mathematics, was ordered to edit the "origin of the legal calendar", "Ancient and Modern Book Integration" and other canonical books; sixteenth son of Kangxi Prince Zhuang Yunlu, good at mathematics, music, in the management of the Ministry of Music in Qianlong years, the examination of the ancient music, based on the ancient book of the "Rites of the Zhou, casting out of the Bo bells, special chime each of the twelve mouths, the court when the big ceremony, with this instrument to play.
The fifth son of Qianlong Prince Rong Yongqi is proficient in Manchu, Mongolian and Chinese and astronomy, mathematics, and good at painting and calligraphy, authored "Jiao Tong transcript". His son, Mian Yi, specialized in calligraphy and painting.
The grandson of Prince Rong Yongqi, Yi Ei, was good at seal script, mathematics and astronomy, and served as the supervisor of the Chintian Supervision, and participated in compiling and revising the "Imperial Calendar and Image Kaocheng Houzhu" and "Imperial Instrumental and Image Kaocheng," etc., and wrote the book "Cutting Circle and Dense Rate of Jiefa" in a period of 30 years.
Tang Dai, a native of the Manchurian White Banner, is a painter of the Qing royal family, he experienced the Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong dynasties, Kangxi called him "the first hand", "painting". His exquisite work, was compiled into the "Shiqu Baoji" and "Secret Palace Pearl Forest".
Besides personal achievements, the children of the eight banners also made outstanding contributions in organizing and participating in organizing the traditional culture of the Chinese nation.
The Kangxi Emperor is one of the monarchs with great eloquence and foresight in Chinese and even world history. Kang Xi was not only a great statesman, but he was also quite accomplished in terms of culture. His own works mainly include the Imperial Collection of Poems and the Imperial Collection of Writings.
And the ones that had a great influence on the later generations were the Imperial Qing Wenjian, the Kangxi Dictionary, the Ancient and Modern Book Collection, the Ancient Texts and Abstracts, the All-Tang Dynasty Poems, and the Emperor's Opinion of the whole world, which were compiled and edited by his organization.
Qianlong was an accomplished monarch. He reigned for 60 years, making him the longest-lived emperor in Chinese history. In the early and middle period of Qianlong's reign, he was diligent in government and loved the people, and his achievements in civil and military affairs increased with each passing day, bringing the development of China's feudal society to a peak.
Qianlong also good at writing poetry, and he was the most poetry written by an emperor, there are "Imperial Poetry Collection" and "Imperial Collection" and other works, however, the most praiseworthy, he presided over the compilation and repair of the "Siku Quanshu," as well as the "Imperial five Qingwenjian" as a representative of the series of dictionaries of the Qingwenjian.
The brilliant performance of the eight banners will always be in the annals of history, but some of them do not think of progress after entering the customs, only to enjoy, and finally step by step towards the end of the corruption of the decline of the people, so that the wrists of the people to deplore.
The soldiers of the eight banners, in the customs before, "out of the soldiers, into the people, farming and war two things, have not tasted partiality," they were soldiers in wartime, usually farming, life is not rich, but also to maintain a livelihood. But with the end of the war of unification, social and economic recovery and development, the ruling class pompous, extravagant style, quietly flourished, and the children of the eight banners had a serious corrosive effect.
Once upon a time, "invincible, invincible" of the eight banners of the strong brigade gradually become corrupt, combat ability greatly weakened. Kangxi years to pacify the "three feuds", the eight banners soldiers lax discipline, soldiers lose morale. The court had to rely on the Han people composed of the Green Battalion soldiers, after a long period of combat, only the "three feuds" to calm down
After that, the eight banners officers and soldiers increasingly corrupt. According to historical records, they play musical instruments, wear brocade clothes, riding fat horses, into the class singing opera, treats and drinks, the officials will not even open the meeting, the class is not on, to work, but also do not do anything serious, either laughing and making fun, or singing opera.
Toward the middle of the Qing Dynasty, many of the children of the eight banners were poor and desperate, rely on advance payment of wages and rice, sell the land issued by the court, receive relief. The Eight Banners soldiers became an army of lords who could not fight in name only.
After the Opium War, the Qing government's financial resources were exhausted, and food and wages could not be paid on time, coupled with deductions by corrupt officials, which made the lives of ordinary Banners even more difficult.
With the collapse of the Qing Dynasty, the Eight Banners system collapsed, and the children of the Eight Banners waved goodbye to their identity as "Banners". No matter how brilliant and honorable the flag people have had, or how depressed and shame, all of this has become history.
The first four banners, with yellow, white, red and blue colors for the flag. The additional four banners, with yellow, white, red, blue four colors for the flag. However, the colors of the eight banners had a process of change. According to the "light sea gentleman diary" volume 169 contained, "the initial for the green, yellow, red, black five colors flag, and then for the yellow flag without painting, yellow flag painting yellow dragon, red flag without painting, red flag painting green dragon, white flag without painting, white flag painting yellow dragon, green flag without painting, green flag painting black dragon eight colors flag." As for the more standardized colors of the eight banners, to the fate of the seven years (AD 1622) in February, began to be seen in the "Manchu old file" records: yellow, yellow, white, white, white, white, red, red, blue, blue **** eight colors of the flag. Its four inlaid flag for: the original whole yellow, whole white, whole red, whole blue flag around a border, yellow, white, blue flag inlaid red, red flag inlaid white. The yellow flag without a border is called the whole yellow flag, that is, the whole yellow flag, known as the yellow flag; the yellow flag with a red border is called the yellow flag with a border. The yellow flag with a red border is called the yellow flag with a yellow border, which is commonly known as the yellow flag with a yellow border. The other six banners are also the same. So the formation of the yellow flag, yellow flag, white flag, white flag, red flag, red flag, blue flag, blue flag, together known as the eight banners. Eight banners style is as follows:
The formation of the eight banners
Ming Wanli nineteen years (1591 AD) Nurhachu united the Jianzhou ministries, along with the unification of the war, the return of the population of the population of the day, the previous kind of military and production organization based on blood relations, can not be adapted to the need for unification of the war. So in this special political and historical environment, the eight banners system was born. "Manchu old file" is recorded as follows: "Cong Rui Gong Jing Khan will collect a large number of people in the country, exhaustive inventory, evenly arranged, every three hundred ding a cattle record, cattle record set amount of real one, cattle record amount of real under the son of two people, four Zhangjing, the village of the four dials of the Shiku. The three hundred men to four chapters of the capital of the points organized Tartan, no matter what to do, to where, four Tartan people by shift duty, its same work, the same difference, the same walk." (Ejin from the Mongolian language, is the meaning of the master.)
With the unification of the war continues to expand, the cattle recorded the increase in the organization, in order to adapt to the needs of multi-troop, large-scale combat unity of command, Nurhachu will be five cattle recorded (in fact, most of the more than five) to form a Kara, in by five Kara to form a solid mountain, that is, the flag. And eight different forms of flags as a sign, marching and fighting; production and labor; administration are a fixed unit. Flag is the highest form of organization in the eight banners system, is also the largest military establishment.
The eight banners cartoon
Irgenjuelo Tailai
In the Liaoning Provincial Archives of the Qing Dynasty archives, there are a large number of historical materials on the "eight banners system". What is the Eight Banners system? What were the eight banners like? What is the nature of the eight banners organization? When and how was the Eight Banners system established? What was the role of the Eight Banners system in the founding of the Qing Dynasty and in the country's rule for the next three hundred years? And the final fate of the Eight Banners. This is not only a major topic in the study of Qing history by historians, but also an intellectual issue that we archivists and historians must master. This paper is based on the provincial archives stored in the archives and some of the research results of the Qing history experts compiled into a brief introduction to some of the "eight banners" of the problem. Although it is not a professional research results of Qing history, but can be used as a topic of conversation after work. Interested parties, please click on the Liaoning Provincial Archives Bureau of the web page in the "online exhibition hall" section, I believe you will certainly have something to gain.
Banner orientation
The eight banners of the Qing dynasty, including the eight banners of Manchuria, Mongolia, the Han army in the march, the position of the camp is fixed. It is said to be in accordance with the "five elements" said the formulation. In the "eight banners" in the following record: "two yellow flag position in the north, take the earth over water. The two white flags are in the east, taking gold over wood. The two red flags are in the west, taking fire over gold. Two blue flag position due south, take water over fire, water color is black, and the flag to finger command six divisions, or night line black difficult to defend, so the blue instead." According to the doctrine of yin and yang five elements: the east is wood, the color is green, wood can overcome the earth; the south is fire, the color is red, fire can be born of the earth grams of gold; the west is gold, the color is white, the gold can be born of the water grams of wood; the north is water, the color is black, the water can be born of the wood grams of fire; the central is earth, the color is yellow, the earth can be born of the gold grams of water.
Eight Banners Livelihood
The children of the Eight Banners in the Qing Dynasty, as a special social group, have been active on the stage of Chinese history for more than three hundred years since the founding of the Eight Banners. They have been brilliant, successful and declined. However, during these three hundred years, the White Mountains and Black Waters of China, the Liao-Shen Land, the Great Wall and its interior and exterior, the Great River, the south and north of the Tianshan Mountains, the southwestern borderlands, the Min-Yue Sea Frontier, and the Treasure Island and Taiwan have all left footprints of their struggles, and they have made their marks and achievements in the annals of history. They are by no means the only "playboys" as they were called later. Eight banners is composed of different nationalities *** with, in addition to Manchu, Mongolian and Han Chinese, there are Ewenke, Daur, Xibo, Korean and some Uighur, Russians and so on.
Three hundred years, the eight banners for the formation and development of China's united multi-ethnic state made an indelible contribution to the vast territory of China, many of the eight banners by the children of the pioneering. During the heyday of the Qing Dynasty, the united multi-ethnic China was further consolidated and developed. At that time, the territory, east from Taiwan and its Diaoyu Islands, west to Lake Balkhash and the Onion Ridge; south from the South China Sea islands, north to Chaktu, northeast to the Waixingan Mountains and the Kuril Islands. In this vast land, in addition to the eight banners belonging to Manchuria, Mongolia, the eight banners of the Han Chinese army "flag people", there were also known as the "people" of the Han Chinese and other more than 50 nationalities of brothers and sisters * * * live together. This is unique in China's social development for thousands of years.
Garrisoned eight banners
Garrisoned eight banners is the Qing government sent to the country to guard the eight banners of the army, Shunzhi years, the eight banners of the soldiers stationed around more than 15,000; Kangxi, Yongzheng years, there are 79,000; Qianlong, Jiaqing years, there are more than 100,000, until the end of the Qing Dynasty. According to the division of the garrison can be divided into gui fu garrison, the northeast garrison and the provinces garrison.
The Gifu garrison began in the second year of Shunzhi (1645 AD), when it was set up in Changping Prefecture, Gu'an, Caiyuli, Zhangjiakou, Gubeikou, Dushikou and other places of the garrison.
Northeast garrison. Northeast is the birthplace of the Manchu, highly valued by the Qing government. It includes the garrison of Shengjing, the garrison of Jilin and the garrison of Heilongjiang.
Shengjing area as the Qing dynasty's dragon place, the garrison strength is second only to the capital area. Set shengjing general 1 people under the jurisdiction of the general, under the vice president of 4 people, vice president of the title of the general manager of 1 people, the city guard lieutenant 8 people, co-collar 15 people, defense lieutenant 2 people, 131 people, the primus school 207 people; the main garrison for the shengjing, xingjing, phoenix, yizhou, niuzhuang, jinzhou, jinzhou, liao yang, xiongyue, fushu, ningyuan, guanning, tieling, kaiyuan, and so on.
The Eight Banners in Beijing
The Eight Banners in Beijing, also known as the Eight Banners of the Forbidden Brigade or the Beijing Banner. It is the part of the eight banners that defended the capital after the Manchu people settled in Beijing. The duty of the eight banners in Beijing is to guard the capital, responsible for the security of the imperial capital, so they have formed a variety of military organizations. Its personnel were drawn from the various banners. There are some of the following organizations:
Servant Service: is the emperor and the palace guard force. In the early Qing Dynasty, the selection of inlaid yellow, positive yellow, positive white on the three banners of outstanding talent sons and daughters for the guards. "with the preparation of the attendant guards, also have to choose the pre ring column". "Where the rotation of the court, to lead the guards within the minister of the president. Its guards and so on more turns, where six classes, divided into two wings. The guards qianqingmen, right inner door, shenwumen, ningshoumen for the inner class. The guards at the Taihe Gate were the outer class. The same applies to the guards for honor tours". (The Guangxu Canon Regulations, Volume 1106) Shunzhi early years, the Minister of the Interior, leading the guards 6 people, that is, the upper three banners of each flag 2 people. Minister of the Interior 6 people, the Minister of the loose rank is not fixed. The number of guards stipulated for the upper three banners of each flag 20 people, *** 60 people for first-class guards; each flag 50 people, *** 150 people for second-class guards; each flag 90 people, *** 270 people for third-class guards; each flag 30 people, *** 90 people for the blue plume guards. The upper three banners total *** out of the guards 570 people. In addition, there are also clan guards. On top of the guards and set up the guards class leader 12 people, the Department of the class leader 24 people, the guards of 60 people, the clan guards of 9 people, all by the upper three banners of the same amount of people.
The spirit of the banner of the Shengshi and the decline of the eight banners
The early Qing dynasty, in the era of the Great Ancestor, Taizong, after the baptism of war, the general banner people have a strong spirit of enterprise, they are self-respect, self-esteem, self-improvement, and the formation of a good sense of responsibility for the nation. This valuable spirit of the Banner people constitute the most basic conditions and the most important spiritual pillars of the ruling nation of a generation of dynasties in full bloom. This is the key to the rise of the Manchus and the domination of the Central Plains, but also the power of the Manchus to create splendor for the Chinese family of nations. The Manchu is a nation that has made great contributions in Chinese history, as Premier Zhou Enlai argued at the beginning of the founding of the country, "The Manchus are a nation of people with skills that are worthy of admiration." The spirit of the flag people of the Qing dynasty in its heyday is mainly manifested in:
First, the majority of the flag people, headed by the Manchu nobles, in the early years of the Qing dynasty have a relatively strong spirit of national enterprising spirit. This is mainly manifested in: 1) the spirit of dedication to the country. As a small ethnic group in the Chinese family, can become the core force of an era of domination of the Oriental powers, and can unite other ethnic groups, creating a dynasty, although the reasons are manifold, but the Banner people at that time, "the text does not love money, martial arts do not cherish the death of" dedication can not be said to be a fundamental reason. Especially then, the clan nobles, even the royal grandson of the emperor also pay attention to build a career, from childhood to follow his father and brother galloped to the frontiers and fought. Their sense of responsibility for the country and the spirit of sacrifice that led them to go through the fire inspired the soldiers of the eight banners.
Chinese soldiers
The Qing dynasty, the Qing government prohibited the banners from engaging in agriculture, industry and commerce, and soldiering became the only legitimate occupation for the banners. Eight banners in the army of soldiers from the various banners in the selection of the strong, selecting soldiers commonly known as "picking", was selected called "Phi Jia" to become a formal eight banners soldiers. The Qing court to ensure the stability of the eight banners army and have a high combat effectiveness, one after another to establish a series of soldiers selection, drills, food and pay and other complete system.
The Banner's food and pay, commonly known as "money and grain". This includes monthly pay (once a month) and quarterly rice (issued in all seasons of the year). Kangxi dynasty custom: Beijing flag vanguard, military protection, leading catalyst, monthly pay 4 two, horse soldiers monthly pay 3 two. The annual rate of 46 ducats (23 stone); infantry lead catalyst monthly rate of 3 two, infantry monthly rate of 1 two 5 money, the annual rate of 22 ducats (11 stone). This is the so-called "sitting food", another "line of food" in the expedition per person per month silver 2 two, monthly millet 8 together 3 spoons ("Guangyang Miscellany" Volume 1). Flag soldiers' pay, by the flag leaders urged in the second day of each month after the statistical distribution, issued on the following day. In addition to receiving their monthly pay, the flag soldiers also received their rice from the stalls of the various flags and from the chiefs of the flags. In each of the four seasons of the year, the soldiers received rice once a quarter, so it was also called "seasonal rice". Receive rice time sub-flag period, a "two five eight winter", that is, February, May, August, November for the time to receive rice; another for the "three six nine wax", that is, March, June, September, December for the time to receive rice.
The Children of the Eight Banners
The Children of the Eight Banners in the Qing Dynasty, as a special social group, have been active on the stage of Chinese history for more than three hundred years since the founding of the Eight Banners. They have been brilliant, successful and declined. However, during these three hundred years, the White Mountains and Black Waters of China, the Liao-Shen Land, the Great Wall and its interior and exterior, the Great River, the south and north of the Tianshan Mountains, the southwestern borderlands, the Min-Yue Sea Frontier, and the Treasure Island and Taiwan have all left footprints of their struggles, and they have made their marks and achievements in the annals of history. They are by no means the only "playboys" as they were called later. Eight banners is composed of different nationalities *** with, in addition to Manchu, Mongolian and Han Chinese, there are Ewenke, Daur, Xibo, Korean and some Uighur, Russians and so on.
Three hundred years, the eight banners for the formation and development of China's united multi-ethnic state made an indelible contribution to the vast territory of China, many of the eight banners by the children of the pioneering. During the heyday of the Qing Dynasty, the united multi-ethnic China was further consolidated and developed. At that time, the territory, east from Taiwan and its Diaoyu Islands, west to Lake Balkhash and the Onion Ridge; south from the South China Sea islands, north to Chakotu, northeast to the Waixingan Mountains and the Kuril Islands.
Organization of the Eight Banners system
The Eight Banners system is a three-tiered organization, i.e., NiuLu - A La - Banner.
Niu Lu is the foundation of the Eight Banners system. Cattle Records for the Manchu language, is the traditional hunting organization of the female real people. According to the Manchurian Real Records, Volume 3: "Manchurians out of the hunt at the time of the siege, each out of an arrow, ten people in the center of a chief, belonging to
nine people and line, each according to the direction, not allowed to mess up. This chief called for the cow record amount of real (original note: the Chinese language big arrow, ?zhen, the Chinese language, the Lord also)." Therefore, the derivation of "Niu Lu" refers to a group of ten people who voluntarily combine with the holders of large arrows to hunt. NiuLuEiZhen that is for this ten people group elected leader. Nurhachu rise in the early days, the number of cattle record is not very fixed, Xinchou year (1601 AD) categorized as 300 people. Each cow record set up a cow record amount of real a person in charge of. Under the set up on behalf of the son of two people, to assist the cow record amount of real management of the rule of the people households, fields and houses, military records and other things. On behalf of the son of the four people under the chapter of Beijing, the Division of paperwork, food and other things. Tiancong eight years Huang taiji will chapter capital of the Manchu name for "dial Shiku".
A La is a cow record above, under the flag of the first level of organization. Set five cattle record for a A La.