1. The situation of grassland protection and construction is grim and the task is arduous. Due to the long-term influence of human and natural factors, the situation of grassland desertification and degradation in our region has not been fundamentally reversed. 80% of the grassland in the whole region is located in arid and semi-arid areas. The fragile ecological environment and unreasonable utilization lead to the continuous reduction of grassland area and serious degradation trend. According to the statistics of agriculture and animal husbandry department, at present, the degraded area of existing natural grassland in the whole region is 641754,000 mu, an increase of 70.9% over the 1980s. Among them, the slightly degraded area increased by 1 1.5%, the moderately degraded area increased by 78%, and the severely degraded area increased by 2 18%. Although the Beijing-Tianjin sandstorm source control project implemented by the state has achieved good economic, social and ecological benefits, the benefit area of the project is small and the desertification area is large, and the funds needed for control are seriously insufficient. The national project of returning grazing to grassland only arranges about 27 million mu of tasks in our district every year, which is implemented in 27 counties, with few tasks, short cycle, low subsidy standard, many shortcomings in engineering construction and great limitations. Now that the implementation of the project has reached the deadline, the subsidies for grazing prohibition and house feeding projects will all end, and the situation is very serious. What is particularly serious is that if the project is interrupted, the grassland protection system that has been fully implemented for many years will lose its foundation, which will bring direct losses to herders, and the achievements of grassland ecological protection construction will be unsustainable, difficult to consolidate, and may even be abandoned. In this regard, grassroots cadres and herdsmen are generally worried and have insufficient confidence in the future grassland ecological construction.

2. The grassland ecological compensation mechanism is seriously lagging behind. Pastoral grassland is the total productivity of herders. Different from farmers, returning grazing to grassland means that a considerable number of herders have to contribute their only grassland and have to rely mainly on project subsidies to make a living, so their lives are in trouble. Herdsmen have made sacrifices and paid a price for the protection and construction of grassland ecology, but the policies and measures of grassland ecological compensation have not been implemented for a long time, and the subsidies enjoyed by herdsmen in the project area have formed a huge contrast with farmers' land compensation, and the herdsmen are psychologically unbalanced and have a strong reaction. In addition, it is worth noting that at present, in the economic development of many places, some enterprises develop resources such as oil, minerals and coal. On the grassland, not only the local government did not know, but also the grassland was seriously damaged, and the herdsmen did not have any compensation. The voice at the grassroots level is very loud.

3. Ecological migration is difficult. First, the policy subsidy funds given by the state are less, which can not meet the production and living needs of the herdsmen who have moved out; Second, there are few ways for herders to move out to achieve stable employment. In some places, the overall income of herders has not increased compared with that before the transfer, and some have shown a downward trend, leading some herders who have moved out to return to their original places.

4. The overall level of grassland animal husbandry is low. At present, the traditional animal husbandry in our region still accounts for a large proportion, the development speed of the secondary and tertiary industries is slow, the industrial operation is still in its infancy, the leading enterprises are small in scale, the driving role is not enough, the scientific and technological support is insufficient, and there is still a big gap between the improvement of varieties and the level of individual output, especially in the construction of improved seed breeding system, the transformation of large-scale quality and efficiency has not yet been realized, and the livestock product processing industry is relatively backward, which is still far from the development of animal husbandry in agricultural areas. At the same time, the grassland animal husbandry infrastructure is weak. The 33 animal husbandry counties and autonomous regions in the whole region only arrange 5 million yuan of special funds for the construction of disaster prevention and relief bases every year, and the construction of barns, forage bases and animal husbandry machinery and the investment in science and technology are seriously insufficient.

5. The input of grassland animal husbandry is insufficient, the policy support is small, the coverage is uneven, and the subsidy gap between "three animal husbandry" and "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" is large. According to the data of agriculture and animal husbandry department, finance department and other relevant departments, there are 13 kinds of agricultural subsidies in our district. In 2007, the subsidies and construction funds for agriculture and animal husbandry in the state and autonomous regions were about 5 billion yuan, of which direct subsidies to farmers totaled 3.08 billion yuan, and other incentive funds and capital construction funds for standard grain fields exceeded 700 million yuan. There are only five animal husbandry subsidies, about 360 million yuan. In addition to some technical and risky indirect subsidies, agricultural subsidies have also increased a large number of direct subsidies for benefiting farmers and price fluctuation subsidies, while most of the animal husbandry subsidies belong to technical indirect subsidies, such as frozen semen subsidies for dairy cows and disease prevention and control vaccines, accounting for 43. 1% of the subsidies, which are supplied to relevant technical departments; The project of returning grazing to grassland only subsidizes forage grain, accounting for 14.9% of the total subsidy. Only the herdsmen in the 7.6 million mu grazing-forbidden area and135,000 mu grazing-returning area enjoy this subsidy, and most other pastoral areas do not enjoy this subsidy. Reserve cows in agricultural areas and suburbs also receive a large proportion of subsidies. Only the direct subsidy of beef cattle, mutton sheep, cashmere goats and fine-wool sheep is closely related to the development of grassland animal husbandry, or the autonomous region allocated 20.2 million subsidy funds to implement in 54 counties in the whole region, but the amount is very small. Taken together, the direct subsidy funds for herdsmen involved in animal husbandry are less than 0.5 billion yuan, and the proportion of farmers and herdsmen enjoying direct subsidy funds is about 66? 1, in contrast, the state directly subsidizes herders engaged in grassland animal husbandry, and the coverage is very limited.

(B) On increasing the income of herders

1. The income growth of herdsmen is slow. According to the statistics of the Bureau of Statistics of the Autonomous Region, the per capita net income of herdsmen was 320 1 yuan in 2003 and 55 10 yuan in 2007, with an average annual increase of 14.5%. In the same period, the per capita expenditure of herdsmen increased from 2837.04 yuan in 2003 to 5235 yuan, and the balance of the per capita net income of herdsmen after deducting the per capita expenditure decreased from 364 yuan to 275 yuan. Compared with farmers, the per capita net income of farmers increased from 2 133 yuan in 2003 to 3,750 yuan in 2007, with an average annual growth rate of 15. 1%, while the per capita expenditure of farmers increased from 1055 yuan to 2 145 yuan in the same period. After deducting the per capita expenditure, the per capita net income was reduced. Wudong Banner is the largest animal husbandry banner in our region, and it is also the banner with the highest income for herders. In 2007, the per capita net income of herdsmen was 8,582 yuan, up 2 1. 1% year-on-year, and the per capita production and living expenses were 9,856 yuan, up 62% year-on-year. In the first half of 2008, the per capita production cost of herdsmen increased by 94.8% year-on-year, which was actually negative. The production cost is

2. In the process of implementing the grassland protection system, the income of herders has increased. The implementation of grassland protection system has played an important role in the sustainable development of grassland animal husbandry and the construction of grassland ecological civilization, and achieved important results, but it has also brought some new difficulties to herders' income. First, the implementation of the balance between grass and livestock makes the number of herdsmen's breeding strictly limited by the contracted grassland area, which reduces the number of livestock raised by herders and directly affects their income. According to the data provided by the Agricultural Economic Station of the autonomous region, the operating income of herdsmen's families in our region decreased by 26% from before the implementation of the policy (that is, before 2002) to after the implementation of the policy, and the per capita net income decreased from 270 1 yuan before the implementation of the policy to 2 168 yuan after the implementation of the policy, which decreased by 25%. Second, the implementation of the project of returning grazing to grassland and the policy of prohibiting grazing and stopping grazing has increased the production cost of herders. According to the data provided by the statistics bureau of the autonomous region, the intermediate consumption of animal husbandry production in 2005 increased by 265,438 0.8% compared with that in 2004, with the largest increase in feed and forage grass, and the growth of fuel, electricity and animal husbandry drugs all exceeded 20%. In 2007, herdsmen's expenditure on production accounted for 865,438+0.48% of the total expenditure. In 2008, due to the rapid rise of international oil prices,

3. It is difficult for low-and middle-income herdsmen to increase their income because of the single income channel. Because the transformation of animal husbandry management and feeding methods can not be put in place immediately, the scientific and technological support is not strong, the popularization rate of applicable technologies such as standardized epidemic prevention, model captivity and short-term fattening is low, and the herdsmen's self-accumulation and self-development ability are not high, and they are also affected and restricted by many factors such as market, climate, disasters and diseases. Therefore, there are still many difficulties to increase the income of herders who earn more than 85% from animal husbandry. Especially in the inspection, it is found that 70% of livestock in some pastoral areas are concentrated in the hands of 25% of large herders, and the income of animal husbandry and the per capita income of herders are largely driven by large herders, while 75% are small and medium-sized herders, and the per capita net income is lower than the average, making it difficult to increase income. According to the survey in Hexigten Banner, poor herders account for 38.4%, and their income only accounts for 9.8% of the total income of herders. The per capita income of 7.5% of herders is more than 8,000 yuan, but their income accounts for 17.4% of the total income of herders. The problem of poverty under the cover of large families is obvious. In addition, the per capita debt of herders is serious, and the per capita debt of Ximeng alone is about 6600 yuan. It is also worth noting that poor households in pastoral areas have an expanding trend in some areas.

Third, some suggestions.

In view of the problems existing in grassland animal husbandry construction and herdsmen's income in our region, the following suggestions are put forward.

(A) Suggestions for the construction of grassland animal husbandry

1. It is suggested that in the new round of study and practice in Scientific Outlook on Development, we should further deepen our understanding of the development of grassland animal husbandry and pay more attention to increasing herdsmen's income in combination with the characteristics of ethnic areas in the autonomous region. We should attach equal importance to the issues concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers, strengthen classification analysis, classification research and classification guidance, pay attention to prevent the tendency of replacing grazing with agriculture and covering grazing with agriculture under the concept of macro-agriculture, and the competent departments and statistical departments should strengthen the scientificity, accuracy and pertinence of serving the decision-making level. Based on the rapid economic development in our region in recent years, it is especially necessary to increase the efforts of industry to feed back grassland animal husbandry and give more preferential policies and financial support to pastoral areas. It is suggested that the autonomous region should further highlight the status and role of grassland, list grassland as the main content of land resources improvement in the autonomous region, formulate grassland ecological construction planning law as soon as possible, improve grassland law, promote the recovery and development of grassland natural productivity and economic productivity, and bring grassland ecological protection construction into the legal track to make it rigid.

2. Improve the follow-up policy of returning grazing to grassland project. First, it is suggested that the annual scale of returning grazing to grassland in Inner Mongolia can reach 50 million mu, and with reference to the follow-up policy of returning farmland to forests, the subsidy period for returning grazing to grassland and forbidding grazing will be extended by 10 year, and the subsidy standard will be raised accordingly. Second, it is suggested to further enrich the construction contents of the project and increase the construction contents of rotational grazing, feed grain base, barn, silage cellar, forage processing machinery and water conservancy. Thirdly, it is suggested that during the implementation of the project of returning grazing to grassland, the management and protection funds should be increased in the later stage of the project, and appropriate management and protection subsidies should be given to the grassland supervision department. Fourth, it is suggested to increase Xilin Gol League, Chifeng City, Wulanchabu City, Hohhot City, Baotou City and Wuhai City as the scope of project implementation, and continue to arrange the project of returning grazing to grassland for counties whose construction scale reaches or exceeds the area of moderately and severely degraded grassland.

3 actively strive for national policy support and increase financial input in the autonomous region. In the development of pastoral resources, actively strive for the state to use economic leverage to adjust the interest relationship between enterprises and localities, solve the problem of local enterprises enjoying resources and common development, raise resource tax, establish and levy ecological environmental protection tax, and reform the way and mechanism of interest distribution. In improving the investment system, we should give full play to the economic leverage of finance, take advantage of policy orientation and financial functions, adopt various means such as discount loans, tax incentives and financial subsidies, and guide, encourage and absorb funds from all sides to invest in grassland animal husbandry construction, and gradually establish a multi-channel, multi-form and diversified investment system. Considering that the overall economic strength of the autonomous region has the conditions to support the development of grassland animal husbandry and increase the income of herders, it is suggested that the investment in grassland animal husbandry should be increased in the new fiscal revenue of the autonomous region. In some important aspects, the policy of direct subsidy for herders can be implemented in the autonomous region before the state subsidies are issued. In terms of preferential policies, priority should be given to supporting industrialization projects, vigorously supporting the construction of superior livestock products bases, infrastructure construction, breeding of excellent livestock breeds and herdsmen's economic cooperation organizations, and rewarding livestock products.

4. Actively support the transformation of production and operation mode and vigorously promote large-scale production. It is suggested that the autonomous region should arrange a certain amount of special funds every year, strengthen the research and development, introduction and integration of advanced and practical technologies for animal husbandry, implement special promotion for large-scale farms and family pastures in pastoral areas, focus on the construction of improved livestock and poultry varieties, feed supply, animal epidemic prevention breeding technology and environmental protection measures, pay attention to improving the infrastructure conditions of grass-roots livestock and poultry improvement support system, improve technical service means, and gradually accelerate the pace of modern equipment for animal husbandry. Earnestly increase the crossbreeding improvement of beef cattle and mutton sheep, focus on supporting the development of superior livestock breeds such as Simmental cattle, Wuzhumuqin sheep and Arbas sheep, and strive to increase the proportion of improved livestock. Rewards and subsidies should be given to herders who actively respond to and implement relevant government policies and systems. Accelerate the cultivation of brokers in pastoral areas, specialized households in livestock products transportation and marketing and various circulation intermediary organizations, give full play to the organizational role of associations, establish and improve the interest linkage mechanism among herders, associations and enterprises, and improve the level of organization and marketization of livestock products. At the same time, adhere to the grass industry, expand the planting area of forage corn and high-quality pasture, introduce forest and grass processing enterprises, popularize forage processing and conversion technology, improve the utilization rate of forage conversion, and provide reliable forage protection for the development of animal husbandry after grazing ban.

(B) Suggestions to increase the income of herders

1. Strengthen policy support and establish a long-term mechanism for stable income increase of herders. It is suggested that the autonomous region actively strive for policies from the state, and adopt the direct subsidy policy of the same treatment as farmers for herders engaged in animal husbandry production in pastoral areas in accordance with the national subsidy policy for supporting agriculture and benefiting farmers. (1) It is suggested to raise the standards of grazing prohibition subsidy, improved seed breeding subsidy and herdsmen's food subsidy. (2) It is suggested that the autonomous region should refer to the national policy and include herders in the comprehensive subsidies such as diesel oil implemented by the state to ensure the sustained and steady growth of herders' income. (3) It is suggested that all farmers should be subsidized to buy breeding stock on the existing basis around the goal of "improving quality and increasing output per unit area" in order to accelerate the popularization and use of excellent breeding stock. It is suggested that in 2009, the subsidy funds for improved varieties of animal husbandry in the autonomous region should be doubled on the basis of 2008, mainly used to subsidize Simmental cattle, Sanhe cattle, fine-wool sheep, cashmere goats and mutton sheep, and frozen semen. According to the national support policy for pigs and cows, Simmental cattle and Sanhe cattle basic cows, fine-wool sheep, cashmere goats and mutton sheep basic ewes can be subsidized according to the existing stock. (4) It is suggested that on the basis of the original subsidy, the subsidy standard for ecological migrants should be raised to RMB1.5-20,000 per person. In addition, it is suggested that the autonomous region actively strive for the country and formulate the price protection policy of livestock products with reference to the price protection policy of agricultural products to avoid the reduction of herdsmen's income due to market changes and other factors; According to the crop insurance policy, the main livestock varieties produced by animal husbandry will be included in the insurance scope to ensure the healthy development of animal husbandry and the stable income increase of herders.

2. Accelerate the pace of population transfer in pastoral areas and encourage herders to start their own businesses. Strengthen the vocational skills training of herders, let more herders master the skills of engaging in secondary and tertiary industries through training, promote the transfer of labor force in pastoral areas from blind job hunting to orderly employment, enhance the competitiveness of herders to adapt to the market, and let herders have a stable income-increasing channel. By cultivating and supporting labor-intensive industries and service industries, we will organize herders to actively invest in mineral development, road construction, ecological management, municipal construction and other fields, and strive to increase their wage income. It is suggested that the autonomous region set aside some funds for small-scale discount loans and project fund support, encourage and support herdsmen to start their own businesses, carry out grassland family tourism, process and sell ethnic handicrafts, clothing, milk food, engage in catering, transportation, repair and other industries, and continuously increase the non-animal husbandry income of self-employment.

3. Establish and improve the social security system and strengthen the construction of socialized service system. According to the survey in Xiwuqi, the minimum living security system in pastoral areas was implemented in 2006, and 60% of the herdsmen enjoyed the "two guarantees and one guarantee", which made useful explorations in ensuring the livelihood of herders, and some league cities also had good practices and experiences in this regard. It is suggested that when formulating policies, the autonomous region can learn from the successful experience of counties such as Xiwuqi, and then promote it in the whole region, further establish and improve social security systems such as medical and health care, subsistence allowances, and old-age insurance in pastoral areas, improve the medical and health service support capacity and supervision level in pastoral areas, include all eligible destitute people in the subsistence allowances, encourage all localities to carry out social old-age insurance pilots in pastoral areas, and effectively relieve the worries of herders. It is necessary to establish legal aid and services to protect the rights and interests of herders. At the same time, it is suggested to sum up the experience of ecological resettlement project seriously and pay attention to solving the problems existing in the implementation of resettlement project. In the process of enclosure transfer, it is necessary to set up a population transfer employment service organization, establish a joint meeting system, and hold special meetings regularly and irregularly to solve the specific difficulties in the production and life of the transferred herders, and form a four-level urban and rural employment service system for autonomous regions, leagues, counties and townships (Sumu) to ensure that the transferred herders can really move out, stay stable and get rich.