Chaoyang City-History and Culture

Chaoyang is a famous historical city, with counties and counties established since the Western Han Dynasty. The ancient culture of Chaoyang has a long history. The ancient human site of "Pigeon Cave" proves that human ancestors have thrived in Chaoyang as early as more than 1 million years ago. The site of Niuheliang in China proves that there existed a primitive civilized society with a national prototype as early as 5,111 years ago. This great discovery advanced the civilization history of the Chinese nation by more than 1,111 years. In recent years, the bird fossils found in Chaoyang have attracted wide attention at home and abroad. A large number of bird fossils found 131 million years ago have filled a gap in the study of biological evolution in the world, which proves that the ancestors of birds in the world are in China and Chaoyang in western Liaoning. Chaoyang has outstanding people and hundreds of pagodas and temples dotted with mountains and rivers, which makes Chaoyang full of profound charm of ancient culture.

The history and culture of Chaoyang have important influence and unique advantages in Liaoning Province and even at home and abroad. Over the years, with the progress of archaeological work and the excavation of historical and cultural heritage, people have gradually realized the important value of Chaoyang's history and culture.

Chaoyang, one of the cradles of Chinese civilization, has a long history that can be traced back to the Paleolithic Age more than 1 million years ago. The ancient human site of Gezidong, discovered by the Daling River in Shuiquan Township, Kazuo County, is the earliest ancient human settlement in northern China. The unearthed fossils of human teeth and animals, stone tools and ash layers show that ancient humans at that time had been engaged in hunting, gathering and cooking with fire, and lived a primitive social life here. The fossils of the upper arm bones and humerus of ancient humans found in Jianping County today show that 41,111 to 51,111 years ago, a primitive "newcomer"-Jianping man appeared on the land of Chaoyang, which was similar to modern people. According to the discovery of the Hongshan Culture site of Niuheliang Goddess Temple and Jishi Tomb at the junction of Dongshanzui Altar in Kazuo, Jianping and Lingyuan counties in 1979, the primitive people living in Chaoyang have entered the threshold of human civilized society after a long development process, and a primitive civilized society with the embryonic form of the country has emerged. Judging from a large number of exquisite painted pottery unearthed from Jishizhong Group and jade articles headed by Yuzhulong, there was a division of labor between agriculture and handicrafts at that time, and the production technology, craft level and aesthetic consciousness reached a considerable level. The discovery of large-scale altar, temple and burial sites in Hongshan Culture, Chaoyang, has proved that the Chinese nation entered the ancient civilized society more than 5,111 years ago, thus making the Chaoyang area one of the places where the Chinese civilization flourished for 5,111 years, and pushing the history of Chinese civilization forward for more than 1,111 years.

The oldest historical city in Northeast China

The development and status of Chaoyang historic city marks its unique historical advantages in politics, economy and culture. Liucheng, located in the southeast suburb of Chaoyang City, has a long history. During the Warring States Period, Yan was placed in five counties, and Liucheng belonged to Liaoxi County. By the Han Dynasty, Liucheng had become the governor's office in the western part of Liaoxi county, and was later ruled by Wuhuan county in three counties. Cao Cao's northern expedition to Wuhuan once sent troops to Liucheng, which shows that Liucheng has become an important town in Northeast China during the Qin and Han Dynasties. In 342 A.D., the former prince of Yan established his capital as the Dragon City "north of Liucheng and west of Longshan". During the 88-year period when Qian Yan, Hou Yan and Bei Yan were founded in the Sixteen Kingdoms period, Dragon City was the capital of Sanyan for 52 years. Longcheng, a prosperous capital, has also become a political, economic, military and cultural center and a famous historical city in Northeast China.

strategic place beyond the Great Wall in past dynasties

Chaoyang was called the place beyond the Great Wall and western Liaoning in ancient times. Because of its geographical location in the ancient transportation route from the Central Plains to the Northeast, and its historical and ethnic activities in the link area between the Han people in the Central Plains and the ethnic minorities in the Northeast, all dynasties in the Central Plains set up border towns here, and all ethnic groups in the Northeast should also take this place as a battleground when they entered the Central Plains, making Chaoyang a strategic place beyond the Great Wall in past dynasties.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Chaoyang was Yingzhou, which was called "the hub of contacts between the central government of the Sui and Tang Dynasties and all ethnic groups in Northeast China", and it was also the frontier position of the Central Plains Dynasty to continue to unify all ethnic groups in Northeast China and promote the feudal system. According to the needs of the war, the Yingzhou ancient road from the Central Plains to western Liaoning was also opened, from which you can go to Liaodong, Korea and Japan, which made Yingzhou's economy and culture prosper alternately. Yingzhou in western Liaoning has also become one of the frontier fortress themes often described in the literature of the prosperous Tang Dynasty.

The Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties were the periods when the Khitan, Nuzhen and Mongolians flourished one after another in the north of China, and the Chaoyang area in the west of Liaoning became a strategic place for these northern nationalities to compete fiercely with the Song Dynasties in the Central Plains.

during the Ming and Qing dynasties, Chaoyang was still an important building site. In the Qing Dynasty, Chaoyang was an important place for the Qing emperor to patrol the east, and it was also a place for the Qing government to borrow land to raise people and station troops to save strength. After the Opium War broke out in 1841, the Qing government mobilized Mongolian cavalry from Chaoyang to garrison at coastal ports. Although with the unification of the whole country and the relative stability of administrative divisions in the Qing Dynasty, the role of Chaoyang as a strategic location beyond the Great Wall has also shifted accordingly, the fact that it has become the political, economic, military and cultural center of western Liaoning and even northeast China for many times in history has made its important strategic position last forever.

A place where many ethnic groups live together and blend together in history

Chaoyang is historically a link area for exchanges between all ethnic groups in the Central Plains and all ethnic groups in the Northeast. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Chaoyang was a prosperous period in which many ethnic groups lived together and blended together. During this period, the ethnic groups who once lived in Chaoyang included Qidan, Turkic, Shiwei and Xi. Due to the large-scale eastward expedition of Goguryeo in Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Han people in the Central Plains poured in and settled in large numbers.

During the Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, the three northern ethnic groups-Khitan, Nuzhen and Mongolian-all took western Liaoning as an important base, so Chaoyang, located in western Liaoning, was also in a period of political, economic, military and cultural prosperity and development of multi-ethnic alternation. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were Mongolian princes' fiefs in Chaoyang, so a large number of Mongolians lived there. During this period, the Han nationality in the Central Plains also moved in a large number because of immigration and reclamation, and gradually occupied the majority. Since the Qing Dynasty, the distribution of ethnic groups has not experienced great turbulence and migration events, and the distribution of ethnic groups tends to be stable, thus forming the basis of the distribution of ethnic groups in Chaoyang in modern times.

Abundant cultural relics and historic sites

The cultural relics and historic sites in Chaoyang not only become the symbol of a long local history because of their long origin, wide distribution, many types and great value, but also provide an extremely important basis for the study of the origin and civilization of the Chinese nation.

human settlements are widely distributed in Chaoyang, and there are more than 4,111 remains found in various periods. The earliest ancient human settlement is the middle Paleolithic one in Gezidong, Kazuo County, which is an ancient human cultural site consistent with the culture of Zhoukoudian in Beijing.

with the rise of towns that represent the progress of political, economic and cultural development, ancient buildings have developed rapidly, and temples and ancient pagodas are spread all over urban and rural areas. The earlier temples in Chaoyang can be traced back to Kazuo Dongshanzui Altar and Niuheliang Goddess Temple in Hongshan Culture period 5,111 years ago, which were used by the ancients to pay homage to their ancestors and heaven and earth. There are 22 existing ancient pagodas in Chaoyang, most of which were built by Liao Dynasty. The famous ancient pagodas are the South Pagoda and the North Pagoda in Chaoyang City, the Moyun Pagoda in the Middle Temple on the Phoenix Mountain in the east of the city, and the Lizhou Pagoda in Kazuo County, etc. These ancient pagodas are beautiful in shape and exquisite in craftsmanship, which can be called the treasures of ancient architecture. There are 142 ancient temple sites in Chaoyang, including 22 in Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, 118 in Ming and Qing Dynasties and 2 in modern times. The famous temples include Youshun Temple, Huining Temple, Wanxiang Temple, Tianchengguan and Yuqing Palace. Chaoyang also found two ancient stone bridges, of which Lingyuan Tiansheng Jin Dynasty stone arch bridge has a history of more than 811 years. Four smelting sites were found, and the earliest one was in the Spring and Autumn Period. Twenty kiln sites were found, most of which were ceramic tile kilns in Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties. 411 ancient tombs were found, with remains in all periods.

tens of thousands of cultural relics have been unearthed in Chaoyang city, accounting for nearly two-thirds of the province's total, and there are many cultural relics. Ceramic cultural relics were first found in the Neolithic site in Hongshan Culture, and the most famous were bronzes in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and stone and jade cultural relics were extremely extensive. Calligraphy and painting cultural relics were found in mural tombs in Jin, Liao and Yuan Dynasties. All these rich cultural relics and historic sites in Chaoyang, known as the "mysterious land", as great historical wealth, will increasingly show more far-reaching significance.

glorious revolutionary tradition

In the social changes of past dynasties, the people of Chaoyang promoted the historical development with indomitable spirit, especially in the modern revolutionary struggle, the people of Chaoyang formed a glorious revolutionary tradition with heroic fighting spirit and heroic deeds.

at the end of the Qing dynasty, the Chaoyang people, who were living in dire straits, were humiliated and fearless of rape, and fought bravely against feudal dynasties, government officials and foreign invaders. During the 71 years from 1836 to 1911, more than a dozen large-scale armed uprisings broke out in Chaoyang area. In 1861, Li Fengkui of Chaoyang County led some gold diggers and bankrupt peasants to revolt and break into the county town, even breaking Lingyuan and Chifeng, which shocked the Qing court. In 1911, in order to resist the aggression and oppression of foreign missionaries, Deng Laifeng of Huazigou, Chaoyang County organized the Lianzhuang Society and established the "Anti-foreign Society" people's armed forces to fight bloody battles with foreign invaders and corrupt Qing government troops, and finally died heroically.

In the early years of the Republic of China, warlords were in melee, and the people were heavily exploited by exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous fees. From 1915 to 1917, a large-scale armed struggle against donations led by Jianping Hou Wenguang, Chaoyang Zhao Zifu and Beipiao Gao Zhenying occurred in Chaoyang area. In 1922, the armed struggle against donations led by Zhang Mingjiu in Lingyuan County lasted for 8 years.

after the may 4th movement in p>1919, the revolutionary struggle of Chaoyang people entered a new stage. Especially in mid-1925, after the establishment of the Working Committee, the * * * Party members headed by Chen Jinghu, the leader of the early party in Rechasui, actively carried out revolutionary activities, which made the workers' movement and farmers' movement in Chaoyang develop rapidly. After the "September 18th Incident" in 1931, the Japanese invaders occupied the Northeast, and the Chaoyang people did not fear violence and joined the people's war of resisting Japan and saving the nation. In the process of invading the Japanese invaders, they were first dealt a heavy blow by the anti-Japanese volunteers in western Liaoning. In the hard years of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the anti-Japanese armed forces such as Lantianlin Department in Beipiao, East Liu Zhen in Chaoyang, Li Tiande Department in Kazuo and Guo Wenlian Department in Jianping, such as sharp knives, plunged into the enemy's heart. The people of Shimingxingou, Chaoyang County were repeatedly looted and bravely unyielding, and held on to their homeland until the victory of the Anti-Japanese War.

During the War of Liberation, Chaoyang once again became a battleground for both countries. The party, government, army and people who fought in Chaoyang fought bloody battles with Kuomintang troops and landlord forces, creating immortal heroic achievements for the liberation of Chaoyang and China. In the course of China's modern and modern history, many epic heroes emerged in Chaoyang district. Chen Jinghu, who was born in Jianping, was born in party member in the early days of the revolution when Li Dazhao organized the Marxist Research Association. He served as the secretary of the Inner Mongolia Special Committee and was called a revolutionary pioneer for his dedication to resisting Japan and saving the country. Zhao Shangzhi, a martyr born in Chaoyang County, is an excellent general of the Northeast Anti-Japanese Coalition Forces. He bravely killed the enemy, making the enemy frightened and famous, and was known as the "lion of the North". Born in Chaoyang County, Liu Guiwu, a martyr, won the first meritorious service of "catching Chiang Kai-shek" for resisting Japan and saving the country in the Xi 'an Incident, and later died heroically in the anti-Japanese battlefield, becoming a hero admired by the people of the whole country. In addition, Meng Guangzhong, born in Chaoyang County, Zhang Yaohua, born in Jianping, Ma Ruifu, born in Lingyuan, Maud, Dugend and Zhang Zhentang, born in Beipiao, all died heroically for War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation, and they forged the unyielding backbone of the Chinese nation.

profound cultural and artistic accumulation

Chaoyang's culture and art have strong folk, national, folk and local characteristics, with various forms and a long history.

The ancient and traditional art of clay sculpture, stone carving and wood carving has been spreading in Chaoyang, with new development. In the restoration of Youshun Temple, Huining Temple, Tianchengguan and other projects, skilled folk artists have shown their ancient skills, and their carving skills are better than before. Folk sculpture and clay sculpture not only inherit folk traditions, but also add new scientific techniques.

Embroidery is an important form of cultural exchange between North and South. According to archaeological excavations, Chaoyang folk embroidery has formed a unique style in Tang, Liao and Jin dynasties. Chaoyang folk embroidery takes clothing, pillowcases, tablecloths, door curtains, shoes and socks and other daily necessities as the main body, and the content is divided into flowers, grass, fish, insects and other categories, with fine techniques, bright colors, elegance and dignity. Chaoyang folk paper-cut art originated in Song Dynasty. Folk paper-cutting has a wide range of contents, with folk paper-cutting artists choosing their own themes as the main theme, with traditional themes as the most distinctive, and historical legends, myths and opera paper-cutting are also quite excellent. The paper-cutting art in Chaoyang melts the simple and honest charm of "Ji" and "Lu", and brings together the bright and delicate feelings in the south of the Yangtze River, which is infected with the landscape of Chaoyang and forms a unique style.

Chaoyang's performing arts are constantly developing. Peking Opera was introduced to Chaoyang in the late Qing Dynasty. Errenzhuan art was also introduced to Chaoyang area in the late Qing Dynasty, and became one of the main forms of Quyi in Chaoyang area. Chaoyang's pingju art rose in the 1921s. Drama art was introduced into Chaoyang area in 1941s. The traditional opera in Chaoyang has a wide influence. By the 1961s, Chaoyang's drama had gradually formed its own artistic style, and it was known as the Mountain Red School in western Liaoning. In the practice of drama creation, a group of authors of Mountain Red School has grown up. In the aspect of opera innovation, it follows the development law of opera art, highlights the artistic characteristics of the red school in the mountains of western Liaoning, and forms its own artistic style from plays to performances. Shadow play originated in central Hebei and has a long history in Chaoyang folk, forming a high-pitched, soft, funny and lively style. Today's shadow play has expanded the screen, improved the lighting, and used various modern means to perform fairy tales wonderfully. Chaoyang's folk literature is rich in connotation. In the multi-ethnic sunrise, folk myths and legends are like gorgeous pearls, which make people inexhaustible. This land saturated with ancient civilizations has also nurtured several outstanding figures in the literary world. Yin Zhannaxi, a Mongolian writer who was born in Beipiao Xiafu in 1837, has written great works of literature and history, such as Romance of Qing History in the Prosperous Age of Dayuan, One Floor, Crying for Hong Ting and so on, and is called "Cao Xueqin of Mongolia". Born in Wanyuandian, Lingyuan, Rob Sang Quedan, a Mongolian folklorist and thinker, was praised as an encyclopedia of Mongolian people in the early years of the Republic of China, leaving a valuable legacy for future generations. Zhang Jin, a painter born in Jianchang in 1847, has created a large number of excellent Chinese paintings in his life, with profound artistic attainments and wide spread. These three famous artists are called "three outstanding writers" in Chaoyang literary world. In the modern literary world, Chaoyang writers represented by Malaqinfu and Hu Jingfang also occupy a place.

Nurul Hushan Nature Reserve

Nurul Hushan Nature Reserve is located in Gushanzi Township, Chaoyang County. It is famous for its streams, trees, flowers and rocks, with an area of 2,111 hectares and a valley more than ten miles long. The stream in the valley is like light, the peak turns back to the ridge, twists and turns like a big dipper, twists and turns like a long snake, and the flicker is visible; Stones piled up at the bottom of the valley, high and low, long and short, standing and lying, squatting and sitting, crawling and running, carrying and hugging, each with its own state. Around the valley, Qian Shan is beautiful, full of struggles, beautiful and gloomy. Different times of the year, different scenery. In spring, the weather is sunny, the vegetation is green, and the branches of red apricots are full of spring; In summer, the clouds are steaming, the wild fragrance is fragrant, and the beautiful wood is beautiful and cloudy; In autumn, the sky is high and the clouds are light, and the layers of forests are dyed, "Wanmu Frost is red and brilliant"; In winter, snow-covered, with silver dots and jade, pines stand tall and straight into the sky. four