Introduction of Jingdezhen ceramics

Long history of porcelain production

China to the number of the country of porcelain, Jingdezhen is traditionally known as the porcelain of the capital. Porcelain is China's great invention, porcelain is a symbol of ancient Chinese civilization, and Jingdezhen is the representative of the porcelain country. Foreigners of porcelain called the name of China, but also the name of porcelain.

Ying Ying white jade porcelain, long way to the porcelain city. As the people wu called "porcelain" Jingdezhen, porcelain production has a long history. History records: "Xinping smelt pottery, began in the Han Dynasty (Jingdezhen ancient called Xinping Town). As early as in the Han Dynasty, the region at that time has been possible in the Shangzhou primitive porcelain on the basis of the firing of the surface glazed "green porcelain". In this way, the history of porcelain production in Jingdezhen area has been two thousand years.

Jingdezhen porcelain production in the history books

According to historical records, after the Han Dynasty, Jingdezhen area, there have been a variety of porcelain production. Jin Dynasty, there is a man called Zhao Ye, had made great contributions to the improvement of the quality of porcelain in the Jingdezhen area at that time, and therefore was honored by the later generations as "master of the division", and successive dynasties set up temples to worship. To 3 AD 583 years, the southern emperor Chen Shubao in order to create a luxurious garden and pavilion, the imperial decree to the kilns here to burn exquisite carved ceramic columns for the royal use. Sui Dynasty, Emperor Yang also want to make here "lion and elephant beast" two offerings to the Imperial Palace. This shows that the Jingdezhen area porcelain industry has a considerable level of skill, porcelain products have a greater impact.

After the establishment of the strong Tang Empire, the high ancestor Li Yuan Wude years (618-626 AD), then called the town of Changnan Jingdezhen area porcelain production has been a greater development, out of the two famous porcelain figures, one called Tao Yu, one called Huo Zhongchu, the porcelain they made "Ying as jade" "soil but white loam, the body is a little thin, pigmented moist", sent to Kyoto to sell, known as "fake jade!

Famous Dehua porcelain

Fujian Dehua County is China's famous ceramic production area, is also an important base for export porcelain. Dehua porcelain industry has a long history of more than a thousand years. Porcelain texture white and hard, excellent craftsmanship, elegant shape, color and lustre. As far as in the Song and Yuan times into the international porcelain world, famous at home and abroad. Once with Jiangxi Jingdezhen, Hunan Liling and known as China's "three big porcelain capital".

Song and Yuan times, Dehua porcelain with the prosperity of Quanzhou port business and the development of overseas trade and sell well overseas. Now found more than 30 Song and Yuan era porcelain kiln sites, in Southeast Asia, East Africa, some countries and regions also found many relics of Dehua porcelain, is the witness of history. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Dehua kilns represented by the Bowls Banglun kilns, the porcelain production process has adopted the wheel system, molding and molding technology. Long kilns were used to fire a large number of celadon, celadon and white porcelain bowls, plates, cups, saucers, bottles, jars, pots, boxes, washes and vases; and a small number of black-glazed tea bowls were fired. Using decorative techniques such as carving, scratching and printing, the surface of the porcelain is decorated with lotus petals, peonies, clouds and water, banana leaves, entwined flowers, and dozens of decorative motifs such as gabion, chrysanthemum petals, sunflower motifs, wheat ears, and scrolling grasses. These products have been found in Japan, the Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. To the Southern Song Dynasty, porcelain kiln firing technology and new developments, firing of white porcelain, large, thin, moist glaze, whiteness, translucency, has reached a high level of show. At the end of the Song and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Dehua porcelain kiln has a great improvement, appeared a kind of between the dragon kiln and the class kiln (also known as egg kiln), easier to control the firing fire fight "chicken cage kiln". Began to change the old technology since the beginning of the Song dynasty using reduction firing into the use of oxidation firing new technology stage. At this time the production scale of the kiln also has a great expansion of the archaeological excavations in 1976 Qu Dou Gong Song dynasty kiln site, the slope length of 57.1 meters, *** there are 17 kiln rooms, such a large-scale ancient kilns, is rare in the country. This period of porcelain glaze, has appeared in the white flash yellow or reddish new products, porcelain statues of Buddha has been very popular. Export porcelain still accounted for the main position of the porcelain trade. Yuan dynasty Italy's famous traveler Marco Polo in his travelogue, had selected Dehua "porcelain market is very much", "exquisite production", "purchase price is very cheap", and bring Dehua porcelain back to Italy. Italy. According to Britain's first ambassador to the Dehua visit confirmed that the Italian Museum still retains a small flower arrangement of the Dehua home spring ridge kiln Ma's year with the work.

Till the Ming Dynasty, Dehua porcelain industry entered a new period of development. Whether it is the shape of the object, firing technology, product quality, production varieties, craftsmanship, decorative arts and other aspects of the comprehensive development of the level are far above the Song and Yuan. Porcelain sculpture represented by He Chaozong is world famous, known as "Oriental Art" and "the world **** treasure of" treasures. A unique "ivory white" (Jianbai porcelain, glaze color milky white, such as fat like jade, elegant tone, known as the representative of China's white porcelain, enjoy the "China White" and "Pearl of the International Porcelain Forum" reputation. It enjoys the reputation of "China White" and "Pearl of the International Porcelain World". Especially Taoist figures porcelain sculpture, realistic modeling, elegant style, with a unique artistic charm, reached the peak of the Dehua kiln ancient craft technology achievements. In the Ming Dynasty, Dehua kiln in the construction technology has a new creation in the country for the first time in the loading and burning capacity, not only to save fuel, but also easy to control the burning flame of the semi-inverted flame of the class kiln. This form of kiln was spread abroad and had a great influence on the design of international porcelain kilns. The Japanese book Kilns, published in 1970, states: "The step kiln first appeared in Dehua, Fujian Province, and is also the most famous. The kilns in Japan were designed under the influence of Dehua, which is why Japan estimates the kiln in Dehua as the originator of the string kiln." In the middle of the era, the glaze production technology has a new creation, the kiln under the blue and white gradually entered the field of decoration of Dehua porcelain.

The Qing dynasty, Dehua underglaze blue and white porcelain wares compete. The county has found more than 120 kiln sites of blue and white porcelain. Blue and white porcelain instead of Jianbai porcelain jumped to the main position. The blue-and-white porcelain is rich in patterns, with a wide range of materials, including historical stories, figures and ladies, production activities, social customs, animals, flowers and fruits, landscapes and decorations with religious colors. The picture is clean and elegant, simple and rough brushwork, simple and stretching composition, full of life, showing the color of the kiln or elegant and elegant or rich and colorful new style, creating a new era of Dehua kiln color. It and the Qing dynasty rising five-color porcelain daily utensils and furnishings for the same best-selling foreign countries. At present in Britain, France, Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, India, Syria, Tanya and many other countries unearthed Dewa kiln ancient porcelain or museums rare Dewa ancient porcelain, is the study of Dewa ancient porcelain development history and the history of Sino-foreign scientific and technological and cultural exchanges of important cultural relics witness.

After the late Qing Dynasty, with the economic aggression of imperialism, China's cities and villages suffered serious damage, Dehua porcelain industry into decline. However, a few folk artists such as Su Scholar, Xu Youyi, etc. in the difficult years, adhere to the porcelain business, inheriting the tradition, innovation, and its works are still highly evaluated. 1915, Su Scholar first pinch plastic porcelain plum blossom, in Panama at the Universal Exposition of Panama was awarded the first prize. After Xu Youyi pioneered the activities of porcelain practice and other crafts such as "Mulan in the army", "Guan Gong", "Goddess of Mercy" and other porcelain carvings, have won the gold medal in the United Kingdom, Japan, and Nanjing held in the International and National Expositions, respectively. 1930, he made for the immortal Longji Temple porcelain sculpture "five hundred luohan", the shape of the different, vivid and lifelike, and also for the first time in China's porcelain world of treasures. During the Republic of China period, underglaze blue and white was gradually replaced by overglaze color. In 1934, the Fujian Provincial Construction Department in Dehua set up improved porcelain field, the introduction of ball mill, practice mud, windlass car and other machinery and equipment, research and development of glaze color pigments, electric porcelain, ceramic tiles and pincer pots, funnels and other chemical porcelain. New techniques of plaster modeling and press molding were introduced. However, this period, the porcelain industry as a whole, basically still follow the traditional hand-operated process.

After liberation, Dehua porcelain production to get a new life, especially since the reform and opening up, the county porcelain industry has entered a new period of development. 1988, by the county business administration department of the porcelain industry manufacturers recorded 229, the end of the year in the register of 11,615 people, accounting for 11.16% of the total number of workers in the county. Ceramic Research Institute, ceramic school, ceramic machinery factory, packaging carton factory, flower paper workshop and other scientific research, production support institutions have been established, the past backward manual operation gradually replaced by advanced production. The scale of production continues to expand. 1988 annual output value of porcelain industry more than 54 million yuan, accounting for 40% of the county's total industrial output value, accounting for 19.82% of the county's total industrial and agricultural output value. Daily porcelain production accounted for 40% of the province's total porcelain production, exports of porcelain accounted for two-thirds of the province's total exports of porcelain. The products sell well in more than twenty provinces and cities in China and more than eighty countries and regions in the five continents of the world. An important commodity for the province's foreign trade. In the Chinese ceramic industry also occupies an important position.

The famous Dehua traditional porcelain carving, inherited from the Ming Dynasty He Chaozong's style to shine. Move pinch, carve, skeleton, carve a combination of techniques, high-quality raw materials and superb skills into one, with a unique style, now Dehua production in the history of traditional themes of products up to more than 390 kinds of various types of gestures and specifications of the porcelain Goddess of Mercy more than 100 kinds of large-scale porcelain sculpture of the Goddess of Mercy, up to 1.90 meters high, dignified and elegant; the smallest "Phi sitting Goddess of Mercy," only 5 centimeters high, elegant and clear. These images of different forms, inherited and developed the "God writing" traditional techniques, so that the porcelain figures of both God, color and clean, contains a beautiful, healthy mood, giving people a beautiful feeling. Artists are good at using different materials of clay glaze, so that the color of porcelain sculpture is very rich changes. Modern themes and a variety of animals, birds, flowers, bonsai, baskets of porcelain carvings of a wide range of materials, a variety of varieties. These porcelain carvings have been selected many times to display, by international friends of the appreciation. Ming Dynasty was known as "the pearl of the international porcelain world," the ivory white porcelain, after the founding of the country has been restored to the development, renamed "Jianbai porcelain". Resumption of production success Jianbai porcelain. Porcelain is delicate and moist, soft white color, slightly creamy yellow, like ivory. In the export commodities fairs and exhibitions abroad, have been well received, won the state-owned high-quality product certificate. Dehua high whiteness porcelain, is one of the new achievements of Dehua porcelain research after the founding of the country, it is 88.1 degrees of high whiteness by the national ceramics industry as the crown of white porcelain. High-whiteness tea set, wine set, tableware, vases, lamps and other handicrafts, color like frost, glaze crystal clean, thin tire, for people to love. High-whiteness plum blossom wine set, daffodil flower arrangement, bud wine set had won the first, second and third prizes of the 1982 National Ceramic Art Design respectively. Products such as dragon and phoenix vases and peacock amphora vases were praised as treasures of porcelain in foreign exhibitions. At present, the upcoming construction of Dehua Porcelain Factory "Jianbai" advanced complete sets of porcelain production line and Dehua second porcelain factory whiteness of high-grade complete sets of porcelain production line put into operation, will make Dehua porcelain this two miscellaneous gold flowers bloom more colorful and eye-catching.

With the opening up of the situation in recent years and the growing development of China's construction, Dehua porcelain will continue to improve the art of decoration, increase the color products, improve product quality to meet the needs of the majority of domestic consumers.

Liling Ceramics

Liling City is located in the eastern part of Hunan Province, along the western edge of the northern section of the Luoyang Mountain Range, Xiangjiang River tributary Bryan River basin, close to Changsha, Zhuzhou, Xiangtan, the "Golden Triangle" economic zone, with a total area of 2157.2 square kilometers, of which 38 thousand hectares of arable land. The total population is nearly one million. Among them, the non-agricultural population of 138,700, the urban population of 169,000. 2002, the realization of the gross domestic product of 6.78 billion yuan, calculated on the basis of comparable prices, an increase of 66.2% over 1997, with an average annual growth rate of 10.7%; the three industrial structure ratio of 29.4:47.2:23.4 adjusted from 1997 to 20:51.7:28.3; the completion of the total financial income of 359.3 million yuan (old caliber) 359.3 million yuan (the old caliber of 385 million yuan), an average annual increase of 10.75%, of which the general budget revenue of 188.91 million yuan (the old caliber of 219.04 million yuan), an average annual increase of 9.4%; per capita net income of farmers amounted to 3,253 yuan, an increase of 724 yuan over 1997, an average annual increase of 5.2%. In 1985, the county was abolished and established as a city, because of the abundance of ceramics and fireworks and firecrackers, and enjoys the name of "porcelain city" and "hometown of firecrackers". (Right: Liling City, Hunan Province)

Liling, the mountains and water, pleasant scenery, the average annual temperature of 17.6 ℃, abundant rainfall, plenty of heat and light, frost-free period of 288 days. The city's key cultural relics protection unit Mao Zedong visited Hunan farmers movement memorial site of Xiannongtan, Dongfu Temple, the main school of Japanese Buddhism Buddhism Zen Buddhism Cao Dong Sect's birthplace of Yunyan Temple and liling spring reflecting the moon, Caiyuan Tower shadow, Scholarship Fangzhou, Hong Fu tomb, Bryan River Academy and other places of historical interest, embellished with the river and the mountains. This heroic land, had come out of the Chinese workers movement of the outstanding leader Li Lisan, anti-Japanese general Zuoquan and Geng Biao, Song Shilun, Cai Shengxi, Cheng Qian, Chen Mingren and a large number of powerful and outstanding generals and humane people.

"The world famous porcelain out of liling". As early as the end of the Qing Dynasty, "white as jade, bright as a mirror, thin as paper, sound like a chime" Liling ceramics are famous at home and abroad, known as Liling one of the best, known as "the peak of the Oriental ceramic art". Through the vicissitudes of the century, liling porcelain not only into the capital of the Great Hall of the People, Zhongnanhai, Chairman Mao Memorial Hall, and across the ocean, exported to the world's five continents, loved by the people of all countries. In recent years the rise of stoneware, but also popular around the world, become the city's exports of a fist. The city has more than 400 ceramic production enterprises, formed a daily porcelain, porcelain, art porcelain, special industrial ceramics, mainly diversified product system, and gradually developed into a complete category, professional supporting ceramic production base and export base. Liling is also the hometown of Li Tian, the ancestor of flower gun, and the production of flower gun has a long history, spreading all over the city and countryside. Liling flower artillery out of a decline to brilliant entrepreneurial road, realized the product from a single to diversified transformation, from thousands of years of traditional production technology to the traditional technology and modern scientific and technological achievements of the combination of transformation, from the domestic sales to the export of the domestic sales of the change, the output value of the flower artillery ranked the top of the main producing counties (cities), and sold to more than 80 countries, regions and all over the country. In ′99 Kunming World Expo, ′99 China Pu'er Tea Festival, the capital of the 50th anniversary of the National Day and the return of Macao and other major fireworks, liling fireworks shine, with charming charm won the world's heartfelt admiration. At the same time in the development of the two traditional industries, clothing, construction, waterproof building materials, printing and packaging, chemical and other industries continue to grow and become a new industrial clusters, clothing, building materials industry annual output value of more than 400 million yuan and 1 billion yuan respectively. (Pictured above: Porcelain gift to Emperor Hirohito of Japan)

Since the reform and opening up, Liling has entered the fast lane of economic development. Especially since the founding of the city, the people of the city enterprising, hard work, economic work and all social undertakings have made great progress. 1990, liling became the Yangtze River Basin's first tons of grain counties (cities) and Hunan Province, one of the first financial income of more than one hundred million yuan of counties (cities). The pace of agricultural restructuring has been accelerating, with grain crops developing in the direction of high yield and high quality, and cash crops moving in the direction of regionalization and specialization, and a number of special bases have been established, such as anti-seasonal eggplant, precocious cucumber, seedless watermelon, water lotus root, and water chestnut, etc. The township enterprises have won awards in the province's total output value. Township enterprises have won the province's total output value of "five consecutive", supporting the city's economic "half of the river mountain". The full implementation of the "open-drive strategy", water, electricity, roads, communications and other infrastructure is improving, urban and rural landscape is changing day by day, the built-up area of the city expanded to 18 square kilometers, the urban population of 180,000 people, the formation of urban areas as the center of the urban and rural integration pattern of the townships surrounding the establishment. The level of urban management continues to improve, the city's health jumped into the ranks of the province's advanced, is moving towards the national health city. The city has introduced a series of preferential policies to attract investment, attracted a large number of businessmen from the United States, the Netherlands, Germany, Japan and other countries and Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan to invest in lil, led to the development of the three-funded enterprises. The city has more than 40 enterprises directly for foreign trade, the total annual exports of more than 100 million U.S. dollars. The urban and rural markets have been booming, and the ceramic and firecracker market with a total investment of 300 million RMB has been built in "the first market in Sanxiang". 2002, the project of "Sichuan gas into Liling" will be officially launched, which marks that Liling has become the official beneficiary of the national key project of "West-East gas supply", which is the largest gas supply project in China. Liling will officially become a city benefiting from the national key project --- "West-East Gas Pipeline" project. (Pictured above: Bryan River Academy)

In 2001, Liling hired experts from the China Academy of Urban Planning and Design to prepare a "Strategic Concept Plan for Urban Development", which put forward a clear idea of the city's positioning, spatial layout and functional zoning and other major issues. The new positioning of the city is as follows: a high-tech base for the production and export of ceramics and fireworks; a modern logistics center in the east of Xiangdong and west of Ganzhou based on the advantages of traffic location; and a landscape and garden city based on the deep cultural heritage and beautiful natural resources. The spatial layout of the city is "one center, three clusters": the center of the city as a commercial and cultural administrative center; to the northwest and south of the cluster for the industrial zone, to the northeast of the cluster for the leisure and residential areas. It is expected that by 2010, the built-up area of the city from 17 square kilometers to expand to 30 square kilometers; urban population of 170,000 people to 300,000 people.