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Paper on Railway Traffic Safety
Suggestions on preventing derailment and enhancing railway traffic safety
Train derailment is a serious accident that endangers railway transportation safety. According to statistics, during 1988-11, among the major accidents in China, train derailment accounted for about 71% of the total accidents, which was rare in the world and unprecedented in China. To this end, the Safety Committee of China Railway Society and the Safety Supervision Department of the Ministry of Railways invited experts and scholars engaged in safety research and safety management workers at the front line of the railway to hold an academic seminar on preventing derailment accidents and ensuring passenger car safety. At the meeting, experts and scholars attending the meeting analyzed the causes of train derailment and thought that most of them were related to the interaction between train and track system. As early as the 1961s, foreign countries began to do a lot of research work in this field. The North American Railway Association (AAR), the International Railway Union (UIC) and the former Japan Railway Corporation have all made important achievements and played an important role in the practice of ensuring traffic safety. And we are still in the initial stage in this respect. The foundation of China's railway safety research is weak, lacking the necessary test conditions, and the rules and regulations on the safety evaluation and management of train track system are not perfect and perfect, and there are many loopholes and defects. The research on the relationship between some parameters related to derailment of freight cars and their safety performance is not enough, and even out of control. Experts attending the meeting believe that in order to reduce derailment accidents and ensure the safety of railway traffic, it is suggested to strengthen the research on safety performance, safety monitoring and support technology and equipment of train/track interaction system, and increase investment in construction. Therefore, the following research work should be actively carried out:
1. Construction of the safety performance test line of rolling stock/track system
In order to evaluate the safety performance of various rolling stocks scientifically, accurately and fairly, it is suggested to build the safety performance test line of rolling stock/track system in the circular test base in the eastern suburb of the Research Institute of the Ministry of Railways. All newly developed locomotive and rolling stock dynamic performance appraisal tests should be carried out on this test line.
under the conditions of good track smoothness, few curve types, large radius and uncertain line conditions, it is impossible to correctly, comprehensively and objectively evaluate the safety performance of locomotives and vehicles. Therefore, it is necessary to refer to the North American Railway Association's "AAR Ml11l Freight Car Performance Test Analysis and Evaluation Standard", the American "FRA Track Safety Standard", the International Railway Union's "UICOREB55 Vehicle Torsional Stiffness Inspection Standard" and "German Locomotive and Rolling Stock Approval Acceptance Test Standard" to build a permanent special safety evaluation test line for testing and evaluating the safety performance of locomotives and rolling stock passing through irregular tracks and various typical curves, and testing the vehicle torsional stiffness, so as to make our locomotives and rolling stock safe.
2. Establish, improve, revise and improve the regulations and norms for the safety management and test evaluation of locomotives and rolling stock in China as soon as possible
Up to now, China has no own safety monitoring management standards for the state of tracks and rolling stock. The existing standards for evaluating the dynamic performance of locomotives and rolling stock don't specify the safety performance, such as the torsional stiffness of vehicles closely related to derailment, the safety index when passing through various track irregularities, and the allowable standard of lateral force. The standards for evaluating the safety of curve passing only refer to foreign standards, and whether it conforms to the actual lateral bearing capacity of China's tracks have not passed the test verification. The values and evaluation methods of derailment coefficient, wheel load shedding rate, bogie and car body vibration acceleration have not been systematically studied, which are quite different from AAR's moving average of 5ft distance window and European railway's moving average of 2m distance window (also with time window), which is of great significance to correctly evaluate the performance of locomotives and cars. These problems must be carefully studied.
3. Pay attention to the safety monitoring and management of existing freight cars
Derailment accidents of freight cars in the slow point area of curve circle and the straight section of reverse curve clip have been happening constantly in China; In recent years, there have been many accidents in which empty freight cars derailed on straight lines in good condition. Therefore, in addition to developing new freight car bogies, we should also actively study and popularize the methods and instruments to identify poor performance and potential derailment tendency of vehicles, and actively popularize the ground safety monitoring system to monitor overload and off-load of freight cars, flat scars and serious periodic load shedding.
4. A series of studies on the safety of train/track interaction system
The research and practice in the causes of wheel derailment, prevention measures, safety monitoring and management technology, safety regulations and norms all over the world are based on the series of research results of train/track dynamics and wheel-rail interaction. In order to fundamentally improve China's railway scientific research and management's understanding of derailment mechanism, and improve the safety of China's train/track system, we must pay attention to strengthening the research on professional foundations such as train/track interaction. The key points are:
the influence of vehicle and track state and structural parameters, train loading, marshalling and manipulation on derailment safety, and the corresponding monitoring and management technology and equipment.
Ways and technical measures to reduce derailment accidents and accident losses.
establish, modify and improve the rules and regulations on safety monitoring and management of train derailment system.
experimental study on derailment mechanism, safety evaluation index and evaluation method.
5. Establish railway safety technology research and monitoring center
In order to ensure and strengthen safety, the railway must have its own research and monitoring center, especially after enterprises and institutions (including scientific research units) are put into the market and enterprise management is implemented, the railway will have no special unit to engage in safety research and monitor and test the old and new equipment before and during use. To organize personnel to conduct research temporarily can only solve temporary problems, and it is impossible to solve them systematically.
Looking back at all kinds of major accidents, many of them are ineffective in prevention and lack of systematic and necessary monitoring and control. Therefore, it is necessary for the long-term stability of the railway to set up a railway safety research and monitoring center.
Discussion on the marketing strategy of railway transportation service
Starting from the theoretical research of service marketing, combined with the actual situation of railway passenger and freight marketing, this paper discusses the marketing strategy combination of railway transportation service, discusses the price strategy, channel strategy, promotion strategy, service operation management and tangible display strategy, and puts forward the specific contents of strengthening service innovation and improving service marketing level.
with the sustained, rapid and healthy development of the national economy and the implementation of the leaping development strategy of the railway, the passenger and freight volume and transportation revenue of the railway have continued to grow, especially the implementation of the fifth large-scale speed-up map adjustment of the whole railway, which has achieved remarkable social and economic benefits. However, the contradiction between railway transportation capacity and demand is still very prominent. In the face of increasingly fierce competition in transportation services, the foundation of success must be firmly rooted in services.
Different from tangible products, railway transportation products have some basic characteristics, such as imperceptibility, inseparability, non-storability, quality difference and non-transferability of ownership. Because of the characteristics of service, service marketing is also different from product marketing, which brings many special problems to service marketing in pricing, channels and promotion strategies.
(1) price strategy. There are three main factors that affect the pricing of service products: cost, demand and competition, and the price of service must also be studied in combination with the basic characteristics of service. According to the railway marketing practice in recent years, it is suggested that the comprehensive pricing method should be adopted in the current railway transportation price strategy, that is, the cost pricing method should be given priority to, and the demand and competition factors should be considered comprehensively. Focusing on cost pricing is conducive to improving the marketing awareness and cost awareness of all employees, cost control and performance evaluation of railway enterprises, and improving the overall efficiency of enterprises. Reasonable pricing according to different market demand and competitive state is beneficial to the balance between supply and demand of transportation enterprises and the best match between transportation capacity and market demand; Conducive to the improvement of product quality and product image; It is beneficial to learn from competitors' costs, prices and profit margins and formulate appropriate price strategies.
(2) channel strategy. The sales strategy adopted by the railway is direct sales plus a small amount of distribution in individual service links. Direct selling is an effective channel strategy for railway transportation, but there are also some problems that must be improved. ① The direct selling channels are not smooth. It is reflected in the problems in the system and mechanism of ticket sales and transportation, the disadvantages of "sitting in business" still exist, and the problems of passengers' difficulty in buying tickets and consignors' difficulty in consignment have not been fundamentally solved. In 1999, Zhengzhou Railway Bureau conducted an extensive freight market survey, and the results showed that 59.3% of customers were satisfied with freight and basically satisfied, and the dissatisfaction rate reached 41.7%. Among them, the rate of dissatisfaction with the service attitude of freight forwarders, handling wagon plans, transportation timeliness and out-of-price charges is about 51%. ② Did not give full play to the advantages of direct selling. The advantage of direct selling lies in the differentiation of distinctive service products. However, from the feedback of customers, the current needs and the changes of these needs show that the railway has not done enough in personalized service and customer information reflection. ③ The distribution channels are not perfect. Although the railway has made some beneficial explorations in the distribution modes such as ticket agent, freight forwarder and contract transportation, the real distribution network has not been formed and the distribution function is not ideal. In the process of passenger ticket sales, a ticket sales network should be formed, which is mainly self-selling, supplemented by agents. In terms of freight sales channels, we should add freight service outlets and open "trackless stations" to smooth the sales channels; Simplify freight handling procedures and implement the system of "one window, one ticket to the end and one charge"; Strengthen information construction, further explore distribution channels such as freight forwarders, develop owner information management system, carry out personalized service and form differentiated competitive advantages on the basis of computer application system for freight plan approval and freight ticket information management.
(3) promotion strategy. When the railway uses the promotion strategy, it must first make clear the goal of promotion, which is to create enterprise visibility and establish railway reputation; Or to change customers' attitude towards the railway and attract passengers and goods. Secondly, we should correctly use the service promotion strategy to avoid blind promotion. (1) be careful with TV, radio, newspapers and other media advertisements, and make full use of the advantages of railway station and bus advertisements. At the same time, do a good job in public relations marketing and strengthen positive reports and publicity. (2) In the aspect of personnel promotion, we should give play to the promotion role of relevant service personnel in enterprises. ③ Reasonably design the promotion combination, so that all kinds of promotion methods complement each other and complement each other. (4) advertising should also be carried out for enterprise employees. Advertising not only encourages consumers to buy services, but also regards employees as the second audience and encourages them to improve service quality.
(4) service operation management. Railway service operation management involves the whole process and every link of transportation product production. According to the characteristics of railway transportation operation, we should use systematic methods to systematically manage the production resources of enterprises and reform and optimize the traditional production service process. ① The transportation capacity arrangement should try to keep a dynamic balance with the demand. Too much railway transport capacity may lead to uneconomical operation, while too little transport capacity will lead to inefficiency and customer disgust. ② Pay attention to customer participation in the service process. Although service personnel are one of the elements of the service system, they should try their best to help customers, but they can't completely compensate for the imperfection and inefficiency of the overall service system. The design of service system must focus on customer demand, not only to adjust the interaction between service personnel and service system, but also to improve the interaction between consumers and service personnel. ③ The key of service quality control lies in the whole staff and the whole process. The control of service quality is related to everyone and every link in service operation, which requires comprehensive quality management of service, production, logistics and other systems and types of work.
(5) tangible display strategy. At present, the focus of service marketing has gradually shifted to improving the tangible degree of service from the marketing perspective. Railway departments must attach great importance to the use of marketing measures to improve the tangible degree of services. We should not only improve the satisfaction of existing customers, but also try to attract potential customers; We should not only pay attention to the core display, but also make a fuss about the edge display; It is also necessary to understand the customer's demand for the service of this enterprise, so as to form a more consistent expectation and reduce the customer's sense of uncertainty and risk in service quality. ① Improve the tangible degree of service. Present all kinds of service content with clear data as much as possible, and provide customers with clues about service visualization. ② Compare the service content of this enterprise with competitors in order to distinguish different competitors. (3) Use language, graphics, audio-visual, real-life or operation demonstration to display the service content, and do a good job in corporate image design strategy. ④ concretize the corporate image with tangible objects. Provide customers with tangible objects that can be seen and touched, and publicize the corporate image vividly and concretely. ⑤ Make full use of customers' oral publicity. Experts' appraisal opinions can be introduced to customers, and satisfactory customers' evaluation of the service of this enterprise can be publicized to improve the credibility of information. ⑥ Strengthen the impact of corporate brands. Try to increase the amount of information transmitted to customers in unit time to help customers form the confidence to switch brands.
2 Strengthen service innovation, improve service marketing level
2.1 Strengthen technical innovation
We should make full use of advanced technical resources at home and abroad, speed up technical innovation, gradually modernize China's railway major technical equipment, and materially ensure the quality of transportation services; It is necessary to transform the traditional transportation organization mode with informationization, realize the scientific transportation organization, and provide strong transportation organization guarantee for marketing.
(1) focus on high-speed passenger transport and fast and heavy freight transport, and gradually realize the modernization of railway rolling stock, line, bridge, tunnel culvert, communication signal and other driving equipment.
(2) Use scientific service methods to replace backward manual service methods. Improve and optimize the ticket sale and reservation system and build a comprehensive passenger service system; Construction of freight marketing decision-making system, information service system and capacity allocation system to realize the informationization of railway freight marketing management: actively develop e-commerce system, carry out customer relationship marketing, and provide value-added services for passengers and shippers.
(3) Promote industrialization by informationization and promote the upgrading of industrial structure. Actively develop a new generation of centralized dispatching system, speed up the construction of DMIS (Dispatching Management Information System) with train dispatching as the core, and realize the informationization of railway transportation production dispatching command; Accelerate the overall construction of the two-level mapping centers of the Ministry of Railways and the Railway Bureau, and realize the modernization of the compilation and management of train operation maps by using computer technology; Build a traffic safety guarantee system to further improve the transportation safety guarantee ability.
2.2 Strengthening product innovation
The innovation of railway transportation products should focus on improving the competitiveness of Core Service, fully tap the market demand, seize and use service opportunities, and adopt strategies such as market penetration, new product development and market development to form distinctive products that are different from competitors.
passenger transport product innovation should pay attention to the connection of passenger transport convenience services on the basis of steadily improving core services such as safety, punctuality, convenience and comfort, reduce the time for passengers to purchase tickets, wait for buses and leave the station, and provide convenience for passengers as much as possible. It is necessary to make a fuss about the development of multi-level and multi-functional auxiliary services, such as providing entertainment, catering, office, business, bathing and other facilities on a certain grade train.