① What are the main causes and types of mechanical accidental injuries? The main types of injuries caused by mechanical accidents are as follows: 1. Injuries caused by rotating parts and components of mechanical equipment. For example, gears, pulleys, pulleys, chucks, shafts, polished rods, lead screws, couplings and other parts in mechanical equipment are all rotating. The main forms of personal injury caused by rotating motion are strangulation injury and object impact injury. 2. The damage caused by the linear movement of mechanical equipment parts. For example, the pressing parts of forging hammer, punching machine, sheet metal cutting machine, the head of shaper, the bed surface of gantry publishing machine, bridge crane, trolley and lifting mechanism all move linearly. Injury accidents caused by parts used for linear transportation mainly include rolling, crushing and squeezing. 3. Damage caused by the cutter. For example, turning tool on lathe, milling cutter on milling machine, drill bit on drilling machine, grinding wheel on grinding machine, saw blade on sawing machine and so on. Are tools for processing parts. When machining parts, the injuries caused by tools mainly include burns, stab wounds and cuts. 4. Damage caused by processing parts. In the process of machining parts, mechanical equipment may cause personal injury. This kind of injury accidents mainly include: ① The parts to be processed are not firmly fixed, and people are injured when thrown out. For example, if the lathe chuck is not tightly clamped, the workpiece will be thrown out and hurt people when it rotates. (2) The machined parts may be bruised during lifting and loading and unloading. 5. Damage caused by electrical system. Most of the mechanical equipment used in the factory is driven by electric energy, so each mechanical equipment has its own electrical system. It mainly includes motors, distribution boxes, switches, buttons, local lights, neutral wires (ground wires) and feeders. The harm of electrical system to people is mainly electric shock. 6. Injuries caused by hand tools. 7. Other injuries. In addition to all kinds of injuries mentioned above, mechanical equipment may also cause other injuries. For example, some mechanical equipment is accompanied by strong light and high temperature, while others release chemical energy, radiant energy, dust and toxic substances. May cause harm to the human body. ② What are the basic safety requirements of mechanical equipment? The basic safety requirements for mechanical equipment are: 1. The layout of mechanical equipment should be reasonable, and it should be convenient for operators to load and unload workpieces, observe processing and remove sundries; At the same time, it is also convenient for maintenance personnel to check and maintain. 2. The strength and rigidity of mechanical equipment parts should meet the safety requirements, and the installation should be firm, and there should be no frequent failures. 3. According to the relevant safety requirements, mechanical equipment must be equipped with reasonable and reliable safety devices that will not affect the operation. For example, (1) install safety protection devices such as protective covers, protective baffles and protective railings on rotating parts to prevent strangulation. (2) For parts that can cause dangerous accidents such as overpressure, overload, overtemperature, overtime and overtravel, safety devices should be installed, such as overload limiter, travel limiter, safety valve, temperature relay and time breaker. Therefore, when a dangerous situation occurs, the danger can be eliminated and accidents can be prevented due to the function of the safety device. (3) When people need to be warned or reminded of certain actions, signal devices or warning boards should be installed. Such as bell, horn, buzzer and other sound signals, as well as various lighting signals and warning signs. All belong to this kind of safety device. (4) Interlocking devices shall be installed for some parts whose action sequence cannot be reversed. That is, an action can only be carried out after the previous action is completed, otherwise it cannot be acted. This can ensure that accidents will not happen because of the wrong action sequence. 4. The electrical devices of mechanical equipment must meet the requirements of electrical safety, mainly including the following points: (1) The power supply wires must be installed correctly, and there must be no damage or copper exposure. (2) The motor shall be well insulated, and its wiring board shall be protected by cover plate to prevent direct contact. (3) switches, buttons, etc. Should be intact, its live part shall not be exposed. (4) There shall be a good grounding or zero connection device, and the connected wires shall be firm, and there shall be no disconnection. (5) 36V voltage should be used for local lighting, and 1lOV or 220V voltage is prohibited. 5. The operating handle and foot switch of mechanical equipment shall meet the following requirements: (1) Important handles shall have reliable positioning and locking devices. There should be obvious differences in the length of coaxial handles. (2) When operating, the handwheel can be separated from the rotating shaft to prevent people from being injured when rotating with the shaft. (3) The foot switch should have a protective cover or be hidden in the concave part of the bed, so as to avoid falling parts falling on the switch and starting mechanical equipment to hurt people. (6) The working site of mechanical equipment should have a good environment, that is, the illumination should be appropriate, the humidity and temperature should be moderate, the noise and vibration should be small, and the parts and fixtures should be placed neatly. Because it can make the operator feel comfortable and concentrate on his work. (7) All mechanical equipment shall formulate safety operation rules and inspection, lubrication and maintenance systems according to their performance and operation sequence, so that operators can abide by them. (3) What are the common protective devices in machining workshops? What are the main functions? The common protective devices in machining workshop include protective cover, protective baffle, protective railing and protective net. Protective devices should be installed in dangerous parts of mechanical equipment, such as transmission belts, couplings with open gears close to the ground, rotating shafts, pulleys, flywheels, grinding wheels and chainsaws. The rotating parts of pressure machinery such as presses, rollers, calenders, planers and shears should have safety devices. The protective cover is used to isolate exposed rotating parts, such as pulleys, gears, sprockets, rotating shafts, etc. Protective baffle and protective net are fixed and movable, which can isolate and shield metal chips from splashing. Protective railings are used to prevent aerial workers from falling or to delimit safe areas. Generally speaking, the forms of protection devices mainly include fixed protection devices, interlocking protection devices and automatic protection devices. (4) what are the safety management regulations for mechanical equipment operators? To ensure that mechanical equipment does not suffer from industrial accidents, not only the mechanical equipment itself must meet the safety requirements, but more importantly, the operators must strictly abide by the safety operation procedures. Of course, the safety operation rules of mechanical equipment have different contents because of their types, but the basic safety rules are: 1. Wear personal protective equipment correctly. You must wear what you should wear, and you must not wear what you should not wear. For example, when processing, female workers are required to wear protective hats, otherwise their hair may be rolled in. At the same time, gloves are not required. If you wear gloves, the rotating part of the machine may wring the gloves and wring your hands. 2. Before the operation, the mechanical equipment shall be inspected for safety and run in no-load mode. It can be put into operation only after it is confirmed to be normal. 3. Mechanical equipment should also be checked for safe operation according to regulations. Especially to see if the fastened items are loose due to vibration, so as to be fastened again. 4. It is forbidden to run the equipment with fault, and it must not be used to prevent accidents. 5. The mechanical safety device must be used correctly according to the regulations, and it must never be removed and not used. 6. Tools, fixtures and machined parts used in mechanical equipment must be firmly clamped and must not be loose. 7. When the mechanical equipment is running, it is forbidden to adjust it by hand; It is also forbidden to measure parts by hand, or to lubricate or clean up sundries. If necessary, the mechanical equipment should be turned off first. 8. When the mechanical equipment is running, the operator shall not leave his post without leave, so as to prevent problems from being left unattended. 9. After the work, turn off the switch, pull the tools and workpieces out of the work position, clean up the work site, put the parts and fixtures in order, and clean up the hygiene of mechanical equipment. ⑤ How to prevent industrial accidents in metal cold working workshops? There are many kinds of machine tools in the metal cold working workshop. As long as the workplace is arranged reasonably, the necessary protective devices and safety equipment are set up, and the safety operation rules are strictly observed, industrial accidents can be effectively prevented. Machine tool layout requirements: 1. Don't throw parts or fragments to hurt people. 2. The operator will not be dazzled by the direct sunlight. 3. It is convenient to carry finished products, semi-finished products and clean metal scraps. 4. The workshop should be provided with safe passage, so that people and vehicles are unimpeded. Protection device requirements: 1. Protective cover: isolate exposed rotating parts. 2. Protective railings. For machine tools that are easy to hurt people during operation and machine tools that are not operated on the ground, protective railings with a height of not less than 1m should be set. 3. Protect the baffle: prevent abrasion, debris and coolant splashing. Requirements for safety devices: 1. Overload safety device: automatically disengage or stop when overloaded. 2. Travel safety device: the moving parts can automatically stop or return to the predetermined position. 3. Sequential action interlocking device: before one action is completed, the next action cannot be carried out. 4. Accident interlock device: When there is a sudden power failure, the compensation mechanism can immediately act or stop the machine tool. 5. Braking device: avoid loading and unloading workpieces when the machine tool rotates; In case of sudden accident, the machine tool can be stopped in time. ⑥ What safety precautions should lathe operators pay attention to? The safety matters that lathe operators should pay attention to are: 1. Wear tight protective clothing and keep cuffs open; Wear a protective hat for long hair; Do not wear gloves when operating. 2. Loading and unloading the chuck on the spindle of the machine tool should be carried out after stopping, and the chuck cannot be taken away by the power of the motor. 3. It is best to use a protective cover for the protruding part of the chuck, dial and core clamp that clamps the workpiece, so as to avoid strangling clothes or other parts of the body. If there is no protective cover, be careful to leave when operating, and don't get too close. 4. When clamping the workpiece with the tip, pay attention to that the tip and the center L should be exactly the same, and the damaged or skewed tip cannot be used. Before use, the center and center hole should be wiped clean, and the center of the rear tailstock should be fastened. 5. When turning slender workpieces, in order to ensure safety, the center frame or tool rest should be adopted, and the lathe part should be marked. 6。 When turning irregular workpieces, a balance weight should be installed, and the balance weight should be tried before cutting. 7. The cutter shall be firmly clamped, and the protruding part of the cutter head shall not exceed 1.5 times the height of the cutter body. The shape and size of the gasket under the tool should be consistent with the tool body, and the gasket should be as small and flat as possible. 8. Clean the cut strip chips and spiral long chips with hooks in time, and don't pull them by hand. 9. In order to prevent chips from hurting people, transparent baffles should be installed at appropriate positions. 10. Except that the lathe is equipped with automatic measuring tools during operation, all workpieces should be stopped for measurement, and the tool rest should be moved to a safe position. 1 1. When polishing the workpiece surface with emery cloth, move the tool to a safe position, and be careful not to let hands and clothes touch the workpiece surface. 12. When grinding the inner hole, you can't hold the abrasive cloth with your fingers, you should use a wooden stick instead, and the speed should not be too fast. 13. It is forbidden to place tools, fixtures or workpieces on the lathe bed and the spindle gear box. ⑦ What safety precautions should milling workers pay attention to? The safety matters that milling workers should pay attention to are: 1. At the beginning of cutting, the milling cutter must feed the workpiece slowly without impact, so as not to affect the accuracy of the machine tool or damage the cutting edge of the tool. 2. The processed workpiece should be leveled and clamped to avoid accidents caused by looseness at work. 3. Adjust the speed and direction, and correct the workpiece and cutter after stopping. You shouldn't wear gloves at work. 5. Clean the chips on the bed surface with a brush at any time, and stop the machine to clean the chips on the milling cutter. 6. After the milling cutter is blunt, stop to sharpen or change the cutter, and withdraw the cutter before stopping. Do not stop when the tool does not completely leave the workpiece. What safety precautions should planer workers pay attention to today? The safety matters that planners need to pay attention to are: 1. The planer should be clamped, and there should be a certain gap between the blade and the workpiece before work. Don't eat the blade too deep for the first time, so as not to damage the blade or hurt people. 2. During operation, you are not allowed to stand in front of the shaper, and you are not allowed to lower your head to check the work in front of the shaper. 3. Adjust the stroke of the machine tool and tighten the bolts that control the stroke. 4. Around the table top of the planer, an upright cylindrical protective baffle which can be turned up is installed. 5. Concentrate the chip cleaning in a special chip cutter to avoid cutting and stabbing feet. 9 What safety precautions should the grinder pay attention to? Safety precautions for grinding machines are: 1. Before starting, it is necessary to check whether the device of the workpiece is correct, whether the fastening is reliable and whether the magnetic sucker is normal. Otherwise, startup is not allowed. 2. Manual adjustment should be used when driving to keep a proper gap between the grinding wheel and the workpiece, and the feed speed should be small at the beginning to prevent the grinding wheel from cracking. 3. Measure the workpiece, adjust the machine tool and clean it after stopping. 4. In order to prevent debris from injuring people when the grinding wheel is damaged, the grinder must be equipped with a protective cover, and it is forbidden to use a grinding wheel without a protective cover for grinding. Attending what safety matters should drilling workers pay attention to? The driller should pay attention to the following safety precautions: 1. It is forbidden to operate with gloves and remove iron filings by hand. 2. The head should not be too close to the drilling machine, and you must wear a hat when working. 3. Before drilling, the workbench should be tightened, and the radial drilling machine should also tighten the rocker arm before drilling. 4. When drilling begins and the workpiece is about to drill through, don't use too much force. 1 1. What are the main contents of stamping safety operation procedures? When operating on stamping equipment, the operator shall observe the following safety operation rules: 1. Before starting work, you must carefully check whether the protective device is intact and whether the clutch braking device is flexible, safe and reliable. All unnecessary objects on the workbench should be cleaned to prevent the vibration from falling on the foot switch during work, causing the punch to suddenly start and an accident. 2. When punching small workpieces, don't use your hands. To have special tools, it is best to install an automatic feeding device. 3. The operator must carefully control the foot switch. When loading and unloading workpieces, keep your feet away from the foot switch. It is forbidden for outsiders to stay around the foot switch. 4. If the workpiece is stuck in the mold, it should be taken out with special tools, and it is not allowed to be held by hand, and the foot should leave the pedal. 12. What safety precautions should locksmiths pay attention to? The safety precautions that locksmiths should pay attention to are: 1. Tools used by locksmiths must be checked before use. 2. The assembler's workbench should have barbed wire. When cutting hair, pay attention to the safety of the staff opposite. It is forbidden to use high-speed steel as chisel. 3. When cutting the workpiece with a hand saw, the saw blade should be tightened properly to avoid the saw blade breaking and hurting people. 4. When using a sledgehammer, be sure to pay attention to the environment around. It is forbidden to stand in the range of sledgehammer activities, not to hit a small hammer with a sledgehammer, and not to hit a sledgehammer with a small hammer. 5. When multi-layer operation or crossover operation, pay attention to wear safety helmet and obey unified command. 6. After equipment maintenance, all safety protection devices, safety valves and various acousto-optic signals should be restored to normal state. 13, How to prevent industrial accidents in metal hot working workshops? The production characteristics of metal hot working workshop are many production processes, large lifting capacity, easy to produce high temperature, toxic gas and dust in the production process, which makes the working environment worse, so it is prone to industrial accidents. Therefore, some effective safety measures must be taken in the metal hot working workshop: 1. Choose ingredients to prevent mixing, and the input materials must be fully dry; The added alloy should be preheated. 2. When molten metal is discharged from the furnace, electric, pneumatic or hydraulic eye plugging mechanism or rotary forehearth should be adopted. 3. Strict measures should be taken in the pit to prevent the infiltration of groundwater and surface water. 4. Containers containing molten metal must meet the manufacturing quality standards; The molten metal in the ladle should not be too full. 5. The forging hammer should be operated by manipulator or manipulator to prevent the oxide scale of hot forgings from flying out and hurting people; An isolation cover should be set in front of the operator and the driver's seat of the air hammer to prevent burns and heat insulation. 6. Tools and workpieces must be preheated before being put into the heat treatment salt furnace, and railings or protective covers should be set around the quenching oil pool. 7. The welding site should be isolated or properly shielded, and the shielding material should not be metal surface. In addition, the workshop should have a safe passage, and the ground should be smooth and smooth to ensure smooth flow. The workshop should have sufficient lighting, and the design of the workshop should be suitable for mechanical ventilation and natural ventilation. Under the premise of not affecting production and transportation, each process and post should be isolated from each other as much as possible, and if necessary, the equipment that is prone to unsafe factors should also be isolated, and safety railings or protective nets should be set up. Workers in the metal hot working workshop must be equipped with safety helmets, protective glasses, protective shoes and other necessary protective articles. 54438+04. What safety precautions should steel workers pay attention to? The safety matters that steel workers should pay attention to are: 1. It is forbidden to add wet raw materials and scrapped weapons into the furnace as scrap steel to avoid explosion. Molten steel and red slag shall not be poured into wet steel drums, steel slag ladle or wet ground. 2. In order to prevent splashing and explosion accidents during smelting, be careful not to add excessive oxidant and stir molten steel violently. 3. The ladle can't be too full, and the operation procedures should be strictly observed during lifting to prevent the ladle from overturning. T 4。 In case of furnace leakage, ladle leakage, interruption of circulating water or water leakage in the furnace, corresponding safety measures should be taken immediately. 5. It is forbidden to wear labor protection articles frequently, and those who don't wear labor protection articles are not allowed to work at their posts. 15. What safety matters should the caster pay attention to? The safety matters that foundry workers should pay attention to are: 1. Foundry sites and pits must be kept dry and free of water, so as to avoid splashing molten iron and hurting people. 2. Tools used, such as pliers, fire sticks and hooks, should be preheated. 3. The molten iron in the ladle should not be too full. When lifting the ladle, don't lift it sideways or stop suddenly, but cooperate. 4. Before casting, the pressing irons of the upper and lower boxes of the sand mold should be pressed firmly, or fastened with screws, and the riser should be checked to open the airway. 5. When pouring, it is forbidden to look at the riser from the front, and deflate it in time to prevent bubble explosion. 6. When pouring, irrelevant personnel shall not be near. Wear protective glasses when looking at the newly cast crater. 16. What safety precautions should forgers pay attention to? The security matters that forgers should pay attention to are: 1. When taking and delivering molds, punches, backing plates, etc. On the anvil, pliers must be used, and hands are forbidden. 2. During manual operation, the sledgehammer should cooperate well with each other, and it is forbidden to walk or work within 2 ~ 5m behind the sledgehammer. 3. When cutting the metal blank, pay attention to tap to prevent the cut material head from flying out and hurting people. Don't point the handle of the palm pliers at the abdomen. 4. When the steam hammer starts, it is forbidden to empty the hammer, measure the working size, and prohibit any part of the human body from entering the hammer stroke. The hammer must be fixed during inspection or repair. Note that flammable materials are not allowed to be stored near the heating furnace. 17. What injuries may occur in welding production? In the welding process, welders should often contact with flammable and explosive gases, and sometimes work in high altitude, underwater and narrow space; Toxic gas, harmful dust, arc radiation, noise and high-frequency electromagnetic field generated during welding are harmful to human body. Accidents such as explosion, fire, scald, poisoning, electric shock and falling from high altitude may occur at the welding site. Welders may also be injured at work, causing occupational diseases such as blood, eyes, skin and lungs. Welders are special operators. They must undergo safety training and pass the examination before they are allowed to work independently.

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