Gadamerin (1892-April 5, 1931) was named Moltetu, whose real name was Nadamude, also known as Yexi, and whose Chinese name was Meng Qingshan, Mongolian, and was from Ta Mu Zalantun, Dalhan Banner (now Horqin Left Wing Middle Banner), Zhelimu League, Inner Mongolia.
"Gada" (the same as "Laogada" in Northeast dialect) means the youngest brother in the family in Mongolian, and "Meilin" is his official post, that is, the general commander of Namujile Seleng, Prince of Zasak Dalhan.
Gadamerin has studied in a private school for several years and knows Mongolian and Chinese.
Zhang Jing, Kundu, Zhalan, Meilin, etc.
Since the end of the Qing Dynasty, in order to consolidate the frontier and guard against further aggression by Tsarist Russia, the central government began to gradually reclaim land in Mengqi, and the Han people were moved to become tenant farmers.
after the founding of the Republic of China, in February, 1914, the Ministry of Interior, Agriculture, Commerce and Finance of the Republic of China and the Bureau of Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs jointly formulated the General Rules for Prohibiting Privately Releasing Wilderness and the Incentive Measures for Reclaiming Wilderness, and prepared to cultivate wasteland in a big way.
from 1916, Zhang Zuolin, a warlord in Fengxi, began to reclaim a lot of land.
Reclaiming land to defend the frontier has strengthened the frontier defense and promoted the local economic development, but it has also harmed the interests of Mongolian herders.
Since the Baiyin Daban Uprising in 1914, anti-reclamation uprisings have broken out one after another.
Zhang Zuolin and Prince Namgyle Seleng, who lives in Fengtian (Shenyang), agreed to reclaim a large area of grassland in this banner as agricultural land. By 1928, three-quarters of the land in Daerhan Banner was reclaimed, and the pasture was reduced, forcing herders to leave their homes, causing dissatisfaction among local herders.
Gadamerin repeatedly went to the Bureau of Reclamation to oppose reclamation and was dismissed.
at the beginning of 1929, shortly after "the Northeast changed its flag", Zhang Xueliang continued his plan to reclaim the land in Mengqi.
Gadamerin and others launched the campaign of "Dugui Long", that is, all willing people signed a circle around the paper to hide the leader and went to Shenyang to pay tribute to Namujile Seleng.
On July 26th, * * * was arrested on behalf of Serenima, Zhao Shewang, Senggar Rubu and Gadamerin, and was taken back to our flag and put into prison.
On the night of October 3rd, Gadamerin's wife, Peony Qige, and some other people robbed the prison, and rescued Gadamerin.
So Gadamerin organized an uprising, led an anti-reclamation army of more than 711 people, put forward the slogan "Down with the Bureau of Surveying, no looting of people's property", attacked the Bureau of Reclamation and the Army of Reclamation, expelled the survey team, and moved to Zhaowuda League (now Chifeng City) and Zhelimu League.
Zhang Xueliang ordered a cavalry regiment of Zhang Haipeng Department and Li Shouxin regiment of the 17th Brigade of Northeast Cavalry under Tang Yulin to send troops to encirclement and suppression.
on April 5th, 1931, the anti-reclamation team was surrounded and annihilated at Honggeer Aobaotun Ferry on the bank of Xinkai River (now Muren River in Wuliji) near Sheboletu, Tongliao, and was about to cross Henan. Gadamerin died.
Li Shouxin cut off Gadamerin's head and sent it to Brigadier Cui Xingwu in Kailu. Cui Xingwu packed it in a wooden box and sent it to Tang Yulin.
Tang Yulin gave it to Prince Dahan and hung it in the flag for public display.
Later, the Meilin Temple was built by the people along the river in Wulijimulun.
Five months later, the September 18th Incident broke out, and Zhang Xueliang's Northeast Army was withdrawn into the Shanhaiguan Pass, so the plan of grazing and reclaiming grasslands could not be continued.
Although Gadamerin's uprising failed, Zhang Xueliang's plan of grazing grassland was delayed.
Gadamerin's uprising was to protect the interests of Mongolian herders, and the biggest harm of reclamation today is the destruction of the environment.
Due to short-sightedness and ignorance, people's reclamation of grasslands did not stop because of Gadamerin's uprising.
the Horqin grassland alone has been "abandoned" for eleven times.
Today, most grasslands have been desertified and become "Horqin Sandy Land", which is a part of the sand dune plain in the West Liaohe River. It belongs to the developing desertified land, mainly in the semi-fixed state of wind erosion sandy land.
At present, Horqin sandy land is developing at an annual rate of 1.9%, with a total area of 81 million mu, making it the largest sandy land in China.
The Muren River in Wuliji, where Gadamerin died, has now become a sand ditch.
The river has been cut off for a long time, and it is surrounded by sandy farmland and sandbags and sand mounds.
The authorities concerned are trying to reverse the desertification, and there is no obvious result at present.
According to Xinhua News Agency, according to the latest monitoring by China State Forestry Administration, the green area of Horqin Sandy Land is about 751,111 mu more than the desertification area every year.
chronology of events in Gadamerin
In 1929, the "Dugui Dragon" movement was launched;
On July 26th, 1929, he was arrested when he went to Shenyang * * *, and was taken back to this flag and put into prison;
on October 3, 1929, he robbed a prison and turned against it;
organize an uprising after being released from prison;
1931 was killed by Zhang Xueliang's department on April 5th.
There are many theories about the origin of Hada.
There is a saying that Zhang Qian came out in the Han Dynasty.
There is another saying that Basiba, the ancient French king, brought it back to Yuan Shizu after meeting Kublai Khan. At that time, the silk had the pattern of the Great Wall of Wan Li and the words "good luck".
Later, people gave some religious explanations about the origin of Hada, saying that it was a ribbon on the fairy, and its whiteness symbolized holiness and supremacy.
Drink butter tea: In * *, you can see butter anytime and anywhere in every Tibetan family.
Butter is an indispensable food for every Tibetan.
ghee is extracted from cow and goat milk.
In the past, herders used a special method to extract ghee. First, they heated the milk meter, then poured it into a big wooden barrel called Xuedong (about 4 feet high and 1 foot in diameter), and whipped it up and down hard for hundreds of times, until the oil and water separated, and a layer of lake yellow fat floated on it. Then they scooped it up, poured it into leather pockets and cooled it to form ghee.
nowadays, butter separators are gradually used in many places to extract ghee.
Generally speaking, a cow can produce four or five catties of milk every day, and five or six catties of ghee can be extracted from every hundred catties of milk.
Butter can be eaten in many ways, mainly by beating butter tea and drinking L, or by blending it in a rake.
fried fruits are also fried with ghee on holidays.
Tibetans like to drink ghee sticks on weekdays.
When making butter tea, first boil tea or brick tea with water for a long time to make a thick paste, then pour the tea into "Dong Mo" (butter tea barrel), then add butter and salt, forcibly pump "Jia Luo" up and down for dozens of times, stir the oil tea to blend, and then pour it into a pot to heat it, and it will become delicious butter tea.
Tibetans often use butter tea to entertain guests. They drink butter tea and have a set of rules.
When the guest was asked to sit at the Tibetan square table, the host took a wooden bowl (or teacup) and put it in front of the guest.
Then the host (or housewife) lifts the butter tea pot (which is usually replaced by a thermos bottle now), shakes it a few times, and pours a full bowl of butter tea for the guests.
The guests don't drink the butter Rong that just fell, so talk to the host first.
When the host once again mentioned that the butter tea pot stood in front of the guests, the guests could pick up the bowl, blow it gently in the butter bowl first, blow away the oil flowers floating on the tea, and then sip it, praising: "This butter tea is really good, and oil and tea are inseparable.
"The guest puts the bowl back on the table, and the host refills it.
In this way, if you drink it while adding it, the enthusiastic host will always fill the guest's tea bowl. If you don't want to drink, don't touch it; If you drink half and don't want to drink any more, the host fills the bowl and you put it there; When the guests are ready to leave, they can drink a few more mouthfuls, but they can't drink them dry. Leave some greasy tea bottoms in the bowl.
Only in this way can it conform to Tibetan habits and manners.
Custom taboo: When receiving guests, whether walking or talking, always put the guests or elders first, and use honorific words, such as adding a word after the name: No calling by first name. When welcoming guests, you should bow and bend your knees with a smile. Sit indoors, sit cross-legged, don't stand with your feet straight, don't look around. When accepting gifts, you should pick them up with both hands. Give gifts. Fingers can't be put in the bowl.
Tibetans absolutely forbid eating donkey, horse and dog meat, and some areas don't eat fish either. When toasting, guests must first dip their ring fingers in a little wine bomb into the air for three times in a row to show their worship to heaven, earth and ancestors, and then take a sip gently, and the host will fill it up in time, then take another sip and then fill it up, and even take three sips. When the fourth time is full, they must drink it at once. Guests can't take it until the host holds his hands in front of them. Don't spit on others' backs and clap his hands. When traveling, when encountering religious facilities such as temples, manidui and stupas, they must go around from left to right. Don't cross utensils, braziers and prayer tubes, and the meridian wheel can't be reversed. Don't touch the top of your head with your hands.
Eating Ciba: Ciba.
Tibetans have three meals a day.
Ciba, Mingyu sounds fresh, but it is actually Qingke fried noodles.
it's fried noodles with highland barley and wheat, which are finely ground but not sieved. It's a little similar to the fried noodles in northern China, but the fried noodles in the north are ground first and then fried, while the * * * is fried first and then ground, without peeling.
When eating Ciba, put some ghee in the bowl, make people drink tea, add fried noodles and stir by hand.
When mixing, lightly pound the fried noodles with the middle finger at the bottom of the bowl to prevent the tea from overflowing the bowl; Then turn the bowl and press the fried noodles into the tea with your fingers close to the edge of the bowl; When the fried noodles, tea and ghee are mixed well, they can be kneaded into a ball by hand, and then you can eat.
when eating, stir and knead in a bowl with your hands, knead into a ball, and send it to your mouth with your hands.
Tibetans eat-they usually don't use chopsticks or spoons, but just grab them with their hands.
this way of eating is similar to that of Indians, who also grasp rice with their hands, which is called pilaf.
Because it is simple to eat and easy to carry, it is very suitable for nomadic life.
herders always hang a Ciba bag around their waist when they go far away. When they are hungry, they grab a Ciba from their pocket and eat it.
Sometimes, they take out a wooden bowl from their arms, put some Ciba in it, pour some butter tea, add some salt, stir it a few times, and eat it when they catch it.
Sometimes, I drink buttered tea while eating Ciba.
Sometimes, you pour Ciba into a leather bag called "Tanggu", add butter tea, grab the mouth of the bag with one hand and pinch it with the other, and after a while, the fragrant Ciba can be eaten.
When Tibetans celebrate the Tibetan calendar year, every family will put an auspicious wooden bucket called "Bamboo Suoqima" on the Tibetan cabinet. The bucket is filled with green trees, such as Zhuo Ma (ginseng fruit), and there are green tree spikes, wheat spike flower schools and a colorful spleen painted with the patterns of the sun, the moon and the stars called Zizhuo.
When neighbors, relatives and friends come to pay New Year's greetings, the host carries the "Bamboo Suoqima", and the guests grab a little Ciba with their hands, withdraw it into the air three times in succession, and then put a little into their mouths, and then say "Tashide Le" (good luck) to express their blessings.
More than 1,311 years ago, Princess Wencheng of the Tang Dynasty left the prosperous capital Chang 'an (now northwest of Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province) and traveled westward for about 3,111 kilometers. After thousands of difficulties and dangers, she came to the snowy plateau and made friends with Songzan Gambu, the king of Tubo, thus creating a new era of friendship between Tang and Fan.
The story of Songzan Gambo and Princess Wencheng is still widely circulated in the Han Dynasty.
At the beginning of the 7th century, after several years of war in the Central Plains, Li Yuan (Tang Gaozong) and Li Shimin (Emperor Taizong) established an unprecedented Tang Empire in China's history in 618 with Chang 'an as the capital. The country was very strong and became the center of civilization in East Asia at that time, which had a strong influence on the surrounding ethnic tribes. Many ethnic tribes made peace with the Tang Dynasty one after another, or paid tribute to it, which promoted the Han nationality and other minorities.
At this time, a generation of British master Songzan Gambo also dominated the snowy plateau, completed the annexation of some small countries, made Luodi its capital (now * * * autonomous region * *), established a unified Tubo dynasty, and actively sought to establish close relations with the Tang Dynasty.
since 634 ad, he has twice sent Lu dongzan, an eloquent and clever great minister, to Chang' an to ask for relatives from the Tang emperor.
In 641 yuan, Emperor Taizong finally agreed to Songzan Gambu's request and promised to marry Princess Wencheng, an imperial daughter.
So Princess Wencheng, accompanied by the envoys and attendants of the Tang Dynasty, set foot on the long ancient road of the Tang Dynasty.
The story about Lu Dongzan's mission to Chang 'an, and the fact that he used his intelligence to solve a series of problems set by the Tang Dynasty, and finally married the beautiful and kind Princess Wencheng for Songzan Gambu, is recorded in many Tibetan folk stories.
Songzan Gambu was very happy to realize his long-cherished wish for many years. He personally led his army to Baihai (now Maduo County, Qinghai Province) to meet him.
On the banks of Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake, not too far from the source of the Yellow River, Songzan Gambu built the "Baihai Pavilion", and an alien couple spent their wedding night in this beautiful place.
when songzan gambo and princess wencheng went to Yushu (in present-day Qinghai province), they saw the beautiful scenery and pleasant climate here, and they needed a rest after a long journey, so they lived in a valley for a month.
In her spare time, Princess Wencheng took out the grain seeds and rapeseed that her father gave her, and taught Yushu people the planting methods, flour milling, wine making and other techniques together with craftsmen.
Yushu people are very grateful to Princess Wencheng. When the princess wants to leave and continue to set off for * * *, they are all reluctant to part.
The local * * * still retains the ruins of her cashier's office, carving her footprints and looks on stones and worshiping them every year.
In 711 AD, in Tang Zhongzong, another princess in the Tang Dynasty, Princess Jincheng, also married the Tibetan king. When passing by, she built a temple for Princess Wencheng and named it "Princess Wencheng Temple".
When Princess Wencheng arrived in * * *, people were singing and dancing, jumping for joy and welcoming her.
at that time, Buddhism prevailed in the Tang dynasty, but there was no Buddha in Tibet.
Princess Wencheng is a devout Buddhist. She brought pagodas, scriptures and Buddha statues to Tibet and decided to build a temple to spread the Buddha.
She made goats fill the pond with soil and built the Jokhang Temple.
After the Jokhang Temple was completed, Princess Wencheng and Songzan Gambu personally planted willows outside the temple gate and became the famous "Tangliu" in later generations.
The famous "Nephew and Uncle Alliance Monument", also known as "Changqing Alliance Monument", stands next to Tangliu.
At present, a statue of Sakyamuni enshrined in the center of Jokhang Temple was also invited by Princess Wencheng from Chang 'an.
In the annex halls on both sides of the main hall, there are beautiful and vivid statues of Songzan Gambu and Princess Wencheng.
It's just that there are too many people on their faces who donate money from Imbusch, and they have a pimple.
Later, Princess Wencheng built the Jokhang Temple.
Since then, Buddhism has gradually spread in * * *.
Princess Wencheng also used Miaolian, Baosan, Youshi Conch, King Kong, Shengli Mansion and Bao for the mountains around * * *.