Abstract: This paper introduces the concepts of heredity, variation and biodiversity of biological species and their relationships, as well as the creation and utilization of biological resources by human beings. Moreover, it is emphasized in the discussion that the utilization of these biological resources should be reasonable and appropriate, and the biodiversity of nature should be protected.

First, let's look at the concepts of heredity, variation and biodiversity and some of their contents:

1. Heredity: refers to similar phenomena between biological parents and offspring, and between offspring individuals. Generally, it refers to the phenomenon of parents' traits in the next generation. But in genetics, it refers to the phenomenon that genetic material is passed from one generation to the next.

2. Variation: one of the attributes of biological organisms, which is manifested as the difference between parents and offspring. There are two kinds of variation, namely genetic variation and non-genetic variation. Modern genetics shows that heritable variation has nothing to do with evolution, but heritable variation is related to evolution. The latter variation is caused by the change of genetic material, and its way is mutation and recombination.

Mutation can be divided into gene mutation and chromosome aberration. Gene mutation refers to the change of a certain point of chromosome, also known as point mutation. Genetic changes will occur in offspring produced by genetic mutations in germ cells. Gene mutation in somatic cells only affects somatic cells, but does not cause genetic consequences in sexually reproductive organisms. Chromosome aberration includes changes in chromosome number and chromosome structure. The former leads to polyploidy, while the latter includes deletion, repetition, inversion and translocation. Mutations can occur naturally or artificially. The former is called spontaneous mutation and the latter is called induced mutation. However, the frequency of spontaneous mutation is usually very low, and induced mutation refers to artificial mutation caused by mutagens (high energy rays such as X-ray, γ-ray and neutron flux, chemicals such as 5- olfactory uracil, 2- aminopurine, nitrous acid, ultra-high temperature and ultra-low temperature, etc.). ).

3. Biodiversity: refers to a stable ecological complex formed by the regular combination of various organisms (animals, plants and microorganisms) within a certain range. This diversity includes the species diversity of animals, plants and microorganisms, the genetic and variation diversity of species and the diversity of ecosystems. Among them, species diversity is the key to biodiversity, which not only reflects the complex relationship between biology and environment, but also reflects the richness of biological resources.

In addition, genetic diversity refers to the diversity of genetic factors and their combinations that determine traits in organisms. Species diversity is the expression of biodiversity in species, which can be divided into regional species diversity and community species (ecological) diversity. Ecosystem diversity refers to the diversity of habitats, biological communities and ecological processes in the biosphere. ( 1)

Knowing the concepts of heredity, variation and biodiversity in nature, let's take a look at the relationship between them:

First of all, let's look at the relationship between heredity and variation: heredity and variation are contradictory but unity of opposites. Because of heredity, it ensures the stability and continuity of organisms and is relatively "unchanged"; Variation is an absolute "change", which changes the original characteristics of organisms, thus producing new biological characters or types, and providing power for the evolution and development of organisms. Without variation, heredity can only be simple repetition, and organisms cannot evolve. So heredity and variation are opposites in maintaining the stability of species. However, without inheritance, variation cannot be accumulated, new variation loses its meaning, and organisms cannot evolve. So in evolution, heredity and variation are unified.

Clear the relationship between heredity and variation, now let's look at the relationship between heredity and variation and the biodiversity of natural biological species:

Heredity and variation are the basis of biodiversity in nature, which provide raw materials for the development and evolution of organisms. Specifically, heredity is the basis of biological stability, and variation is the premise of biodiversity, and the two are the relationship of unity of opposites. Under the joint action of heredity and variation, there is diversity in nature, and all kinds of creatures have their own characteristics, which can be distinguished from other biological species. In short, without variation, there will naturally be no variety, and there will naturally be no diversity; Without heredity, nature would be in disorder, and there would be no natural diversity. (2)

Now, we already know the relationship between heredity and variation and biodiversity in nature. So what is the value of biodiversity and how do people use it? Let's take a look at the following information:

1.65438-0993 The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) organized experts to compile the Guide to Biodiversity Research in China, which divided the value of biodiversity into five types:

1. It has obvious direct value in physical form;

2. There is no obvious direct value in material form;

3. Indirect value;

4. Select a value;

5. negative value. (3)

Two. Table 1:

Value Classification System of Biodiversity Research Reports in China

The main types of value are direct use value, indirect choice value or potential value, existence value or intrinsic value.

Direct use value and service value of products and processed products

The typical uses of providing benefits to people are forestry, agriculture, animal husbandry, fishery, medicine, industry, catering industry, consumer use value, tourism value, scientific and cultural value, animal husbandry value, organic matter production, maintaining atmospheric balance, material balance, water and soil conservation, purifying the environment, and ensuring that oneself or others can use certain resources or certain benefits in the future.

As can be seen from the data, biodiversity is the precious wealth of all mankind. Biodiversity provides abundant necessities such as food, medicine and fuel and a large number of industrial raw materials for human survival and development. Biodiversity maintains the ecological balance of nature and provides good environmental conditions for human survival. Biodiversity is an indispensable part of ecosystem, and people rely on ecosystem to purify air, water and enrich soil. In addition, scientific experiments have proved that the more species in an ecosystem, the greater its creativity. All living things in nature are interdependent and mutually restrictive. The extinction of every species indicates that many species are about to die out.

Biodiversity also has important scientific research value. Each species has a unique function. For example, by crossing wild rice with rice in farmland, new rice varieties can increase rice yield in a large area. In some plants that humans have not studied, there may be ingredients that fight against human diseases. If these wild animals and plants disappear, it will be a great loss to mankind. In addition, biological species resources are the foundation of the sustainable development of national economy, the strategic resources of human survival and social sustainable development, and the cornerstone of agricultural development. Each biological species is rich in excellent genes, and the excavation of gene resources can bring wealth to the country and civilization to mankind. A gene can even affect a country's economy and even the rise and fall of a nation. The discovery of dwarf gene triggered the "green revolution" of grain production all over the world; The utilization of rice male sterility gene created the miracle of hybrid rice in China. The breeding application of high-quality wool gene directly prospered the animal husbandry production in Australia. In the past few decades, new plant varieties have been introduced all over the world, and the grain yield per mu has increased rapidly, thanks to the contribution of biological species and their genetic diversity. The degree of possession, development and utilization of biological species resources has become one of the important indicators to measure a country's comprehensive national strength and sustainable development ability. (4)

Therefore, it is no exaggeration to say that biodiversity is the material basis for human survival and social sustainable development and plays an extremely important role in human life!

Because biodiversity is so important, biodiversity protection can not only produce the greatest sustainable benefits for the present, but also benefit future generations. Therefore, the research, protection and sustainable utilization of biodiversity has become the main concern of governments and people of insight from all walks of life. Let's talk about this problem:

There are three main measures to protect biodiversity: (1) establishing nature reserves. The establishment of nature parks and nature reserves has become the main means to protect natural ecology and wildlife from extinction and reproduction. Shennongjia and Wolong nature reserves in China have played an important role in the protection and reproduction of rare and endangered species such as golden monkey and panda. (2) Establish rare animal farms. Due to the destruction of habitat and breeding conditions, some natural populations of wild animals will inevitably become extinct in the future. Therefore, from now on, it is necessary to establish farms to protect and breed some rare animals, or to delimit natural grazing areas. For example, fresh fish farming in Thailand. (3) Establish a global gene bank. For example, in order to protect cultivated species of crops and other wild related species that may be extinct, a global gene bank network should be established. At present, most gene banks store seeds of major crops such as cereals, potatoes and beans. (5)

On the basis of protecting biodiversity, human beings can create more species needed by human life through some methods (such as mutation, gene synthesis, transgenic, etc.). ), so as to meet the various needs of human beings. In addition, there are some methods to produce new species, such as hormone treatment, plant tissue culture technology, etc., but either they can't produce new varieties or inherit variation, which affects the efficiency to some extent.

/kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, Mendel's law of heredity was put forward again;

In the 1920s, Americans applied the principle of hybridization to maize breeding, and achieved remarkable results.

In the 1940s, hybrid transduction and transformation techniques were added to breeding methods.

In 1950s, Americans discovered the double helix structure model of DNA molecules, and molecular biology began to develop.

In 1970s, China applied the principle of hybridization to increase rice yield and achieved great success.

Now, as long as we do a good job in the protection of biological resources and look forward to the future, we have reason to believe that by then, the research and utilization of biological resources will bring more wealth to mankind!