Emperor Wendi and Emperor Jingdi abolished corporal punishment

In the early Han Dynasty, Huang Lao's guiding ideology was established by criticizing Qin's "full-time punishment" and "severe punishment". In the early Han Dynasty, the promotion of inaction made remarkable achievements in production development and political stability. In terms of saving punishment, the direct reason why Emperor Wendi and Emperor Jingdi abolished corporal punishment and reformed the criminal system was that Ti Ying wrote a letter.

? Chinese emperor

?

Story Introduction of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty

Chunyu Yi, the father of Ti Ying, was the head of the warehouse management of the Qi Palace. Since he was a child, he liked to study medical methods and methods. After serving as the Imperial Palace Commander, his medical skills advanced by leaps and bounds because of his leisure position and the biography of Yang Qing, a famous doctor at that time. Although he saved countless lives informally, he gradually became famous. It is an amateur nature for him to see a doctor for others, and he relies entirely on his interests, regardless of the patient's requirements. The average person is naturally helpless, but the prominent people hold a grudge and are bent on revenge.

Chunyu Yi

Once, Chunyu Yi unintentionally offended the Prime Minister of the Qi Palace, so it was a disaster from heaven. He was charged with corruption and dereliction of duty, arrested and immediately transferred to Chang 'an for trial. Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty advocated frugality, and the charges of corruption and dereliction of duty were serious. Chunyu Yi may be humiliated, his hands and feet may be cut off, and even he may be put to death. Chunyu Yi is naturally horrified, and the whole family is also scared and pale, crying into a ball.

? Chunyu Yi was arrested

However, Chunyu Yi had no sons, and gave birth to five daughters in a row. The eldest daughter and the second daughter were married, leaving only three daughters at home. Chunyu Yi said to his wife with great sadness, "You have given birth to five daughters for me, but there are no men who can come in handy at a critical moment. What can I do!" Ti Ying, a young girl, was fifteen years old and stood up. She was willing to go west to Chang 'an with her father, take care of her father's trip along the way, and even wrote to the emperor that she would be a slave in the palace to atone for her father's sin. Although Chunyu Yi knew that Emperor Wen of Han was a very wise son of heaven, but he lived in the palace, could his daughter, who was only fifteen years old and had never seen the world, see the emperor? Will the emperor believe her? There was little hope, and Chunyu Yi went to Chang 'an with despair and went to jail. On the way to Chang 'an, Ti Ying pondered over it and wrote a letter to the emperor. Ti Ying finally went through hardships when the emperor went hunting, kneeling in the center of the road, holding up the written pleadings prepared in advance with his hands, waiting for the arrival of the emperor's chariot. When Emperor Wen of Han saw a weak woman in tears, he immediately felt a pity in his heart, and ordered him to take over her written pleadings and not to embarrass her. The paper said, "My father is an official in Qi Zhong, and everyone calls him Lian Ping. Today, when I sit in the law, I will be punished. If my concubine hurts her husband, the deceased can't be resurrected, and the torturer can't be reinstated. Although I want to turn over a new leaf later, there is no reason for it. I am willing to be a servant of the government, and I am willing to redeem my father's punishment and make a new life. "

Ti Ying wrote a picture

Emperor Gaozu had eight sons in all, and Lv Hou hacked and killed them, forcing Bo Ji to take his son Liu Heng (Emperor Wendi of Han Dynasty), who was only eight years old at that time, to the north to go to the country in the cold and desolate Daijun, and suffered hardships in the border area for more than ten years. The years of growing up in hardship have made Emperor Wen of Han know the value of kinship, and he has personally experienced the sufferings of the people. Now, although you are the son of heaven, you still use the monarchical power carefully to govern the country from time to time, with a feeling of being deeply involved and being cautious and fearful. After reading the book, I looked at this miserable and helpless little woman in front of me. Isn't it the embodiment when I left Beijing in a hurry? I also thought that such a delicate woman risked her life to write a book to save her father. This kind of courage and filial piety was really touching, so she pardoned her father's criminal crime face to face, and the next day she wrote an imperial edict: Poem: "Kai (k ℉ i) Tian (t ℉) gentleman, parents of the people." Today's people have, and the punishment has been added without teaching. The husband's punishment is to cut off his limbs and carve his skin for life. How painful is the punishment without virtue? Is it the intention of the people's parents? In addition to corporal punishment, it is easy.

Chunyu Yi was overjoyed when he was pardoned, and both father and daughter looked at Que to thank his grace and returned to Linzi. From then on, Chunyu Yi changed his reserved style, devoted himself to helping others and saving lives. Patients came to the door, watched them as they came, treated them as relatives, and was attentive and thoughtful, thus winning a motto. And Ti Ying wrote a letter to save his father's filial piety, but also spread throughout the space, leaving an eternal reputation.

reform of criminal system

Emperor Wen ordered the corporal punishment to be abolished, and the ink punishment was changed to clamp the city's Dan, the flogging was changed to 311, the left toe was changed to 511, and the right toe was changed to abandon the city, which was intended to abolish the corporal punishment legally and reduce the cruelty of the punishment. However, there are many disadvantages in judicial practice. First, the scope of death penalty has been expanded, such as cutting off the right toe and changing it to the death penalty of abandoning the city; Second, there is a disguised death penalty. Because of too many answers, it is difficult for the victim to save his life, resulting in the consequences of "killing people in the name of light punishment". On the basis of Emperor Wen, Emperor Jing further reformed and reduced the number of flogging twice: for the first time, he changed from 311 to 211, and from 511 to 311. The second time, the answer was reduced from 311 to 211, and the answer from 211 to 111 respectively. Secondly, the Decree was promulgated, which stipulated that the specifications of the staff, the parts to be punished and the execution should not be replaced in the middle.

significance of reform

the reform of the criminal system in Wenjing period conformed to the historical development, which made the criminal system dominated by corporal punishment get rid of the original form, greatly reduced the cruelty of punishment, and made the criminal system tend to be standardized, which laid the foundation for the establishment of the five-punishment system in later generations.

after the reform of the criminal system, the types of punishments in the Han dynasty generally include: death penalty (execution methods are mainly desperate, that is, beheading, beheading and abandoning the city), corporal punishment (mainly castration and the new right toe restored in the early Eastern Han Dynasty), imprisonment, migration, imprisonment (life-long official ban), redemption and fines.