French: La tour Eiffel

Introduction

The Eiffel Tower is one of the symbols of Paris, and is fondly called the "Iron Lady" by the French. It is known as one of the three most famous buildings in the West, along with the Empire State Building in New York and the TV Tower in Tokyo.

In 1889, the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution was celebrated in Paris with a large international exposition. The most striking exhibit at the fair was the Eiffel Tower. It became a symbol of the industrial revolution that was sweeping the world.

The Eiffel Tower was designed by French architect Gustave Eiffel. In his early years he was known as an expert in dry bridges. He had a lifetime of masterpieces all over the world, but what made him famous was this tower named after him. In his own words, the Eiffel Tower "overwhelmed me, as if I had only built her all my life". At the beginning, although the French government decided to build a world's tallest tower in Paris, but the funding provided is only 1/5 of the required cost. eiffel for the realization of his design, had his architectural and engineering company and all the property mortgaged to the bank as an investment in the project.

On January 28, 1887, construction of the Eiffel Tower officially began. 250 workers worked 8 hours a day in winter and 13 hours a day in summer, and finally, on March 31, 1889, the steel structure of the tower was completed. Eiffel Tower metal parts of more than 18,000, weighing 7,000 tons, construction **** drilling 7 million, using 2.5 million rivets. Because each part of the tower is strictly numbered in advance, so the assembly did not make a mistake. Construction is carried out in full accordance with the design, without any changes in the middle of the process, which can be seen in the design of a reasonable, accurate calculations. According to statistics, only the tower design sketches are more than 5300, including 1700 full drawings.

After the completion of the Eiffel Tower is 300 meters high, until 1930 it is always the world's tallest building. Today, radio and television antennas have been added to the tower and it has reached a total height of 320 meters. Standing on the tower, the whole of Paris is at your feet. Tourists from all over the world come to visit it every day. By 1988, the "Iron Lady" had welcomed 123 million visitors from five continents.

March 31, 1989, the Eiffel Tower exactly 100 years old. To this end, the Paris Tower Management Company specially hosted a grand commemorative activities, reproduced a century ago, Eiffel led the crowd to the top of the historical scene: dressed in black dress, wearing a wide-brimmed bowler hat, holding the national flag "Eiffel" and 30 "celebrities", "construction workers", who are marching up the stairs to the sound of drums and music. When he put the tricolor flag on the top of the tower, 21 salutes, pigeons flying around the tower, colorful balloons floating in the blue sky. The colorful banner of "Celebrate the 100th year of the Tower" written in the characters of different countries in the world was hung on the fence of the 2nd floor platform of the Tower. Countless tourists looked on to witness the spectacle.

The Eiffel Tower has weathered the storms of the past century, but after a major overhaul in the early 1980s, it is still standing on the banks of the Seine. It is the pride of all French people.

The Eiffel Tower covers an area of one hectare and stands on the Place de la Guerre on the banks of the Seine in downtown Paris. In addition to the four feet are made of reinforced concrete, the whole body is made of steel, the total weight of the tower 7000 tons. The tower is divided into three layers, the first layer is 57 meters high, the second layer 115 meters, the third layer 274 meters. In addition to the third layer of the platform has no seams, the other parts are all permeable. From the base of the tower to the top of the tower *** there are 1,711 steps, now installed elevator, so it is very convenient. On each floor, there are bars and restaurants where visitors can take a break and enjoy a unique panoramic view of the city of Paris: on a clear day, you can see as far as 70 kilometers away.

Icon of Paris

The Eiffel Tower (also known as the Eiffel Tower) is a famous tower in Paris, France, located at the north end of the Place des Mars on the south bank of the Seine River. construction began on January 26, 1887, and the tower was opened on May 15, 1889, more than 100 years ago.

If Notre Dame is the symbol of ancient Paris, then the Eiffel Tower is the symbol of modern Paris.

In 1889, on the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution, the French government decided to celebrate by holding an unprecedented World's Fair in Paris to showcase the achievements of industrial technology and culture, as well as to build a monument symbolizing the French Revolution and Paris. The organizing committee had hoped to build a classical, monumental group with statues, monuments, gardens and temples, but out of more than 700 submissions, bridge engineer Gusta Eiffel's design was chosen: a giant tower symbolizing the civilization of the machine and visible from any corner of Paris.

Romantic Parisians gave the Tower a beautiful name - "Shepherdess of the Clouds". Named after the designer, the famous French architectural engineer Eiffel, a bronze bust of Eiffel was sculpted under the tower.

Steel masterpiece

The tower is a steel skeleton structure, 324 meters high, weighing 10,000 tons. There are 57 meters, 115 meters and 274 meters above sea level on three platforms can be visited, the fourth platform is 300 meters above sea level, set up a weather station. The top of the tower is equipped with an antenna for the Paris Television Center. From the ground to the top of the tower is equipped with an elevator and 1,710 steps.

The Tower is a staggered structure, with four thick, iron columns with concrete-cement pedestals at a 75-degree angle to the ground supporting the soaring tower, which houses four water-powered elevators (now elevators). It used more than 1,500 giant prefabricated girders, 1.5 million rivets, and 12,000 steel castings, weighing a total of 7,000 tons, and took 250 workers 17 months to build at a cost of 7.4 million gold francs, and was painted every seven years, with 52 tons of paint used each time. This behemoth demonstrates the power of industrial production in the early years of capitalism, which is more appropriately called assembly than construction. In the design, decomposition, production of parts, assembly to the repair process, summed up a set of scientific, economical and effective methods, but also shows the French whimsical romantic interest, artistic taste, innovative drive and sense of humor.

Like the Statue of Liberty, which crossed the Atlantic Ocean and settled in New York after the victory in World War II, the Eiffel Tower seeks harmony in disharmony, and seeks possibilities in impossibility. Its significance to the Art Nouveau movement must not be interpreted as a large curve from the spire to the base of the tower, or some iron casting pattern lace on the top of the tower: the Tower, like Art Nouveau, represented a specific period of transition and conversion from the classical tradition to modernism in Europe.

In recent years the city of Paris has undertaken major repairs to the Tower. Since Christmas 1985, the Tower has been illuminated by tungsten iodine lamps, which give it a golden color at night, saving electricity and making it more aesthetically pleasing.

The story behind the Eiffel Tower

It may be hard to believe nowadays that many Parisians, and even many French people, were not in favor of the idea of the Eiffel Tower when it was proposed in the late 1800s. The following story is about one of the most iconic structures on the planet - the Eiffel Tower.

Revolutionary idea

In 1885, French officials began planning a Great Exposition in 1889 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution. They wanted to build a monument that would represent France's honor.

At the time, the stone Washington Monument had just been completed. At 557 feet tall, the monument became the tallest structure in the world at the time. And the French wanted to surpass that record by building a 1,000-foot tower in the heart of Paris. Now, all that needs to be done is to find the design and architect of this tower.

Open selection

On May 2, 1886, the French government announced a design competition in which French engineers and architects were invited to take part in a study about the possibility of erecting a tower with a base of 125 square meters and a height of 300 meters at Champ de Mars.

No matter what ideas the participants in the competition came up with, their designs had to meet the following two conditions:

1. The structure could be used to raise money. That means it must be able to attract enough tourists to buy tickets to visit it, and the money generated can sustain the building itself.

2. It is a temporary structure that can be easily dismantled after the fair.

No competition

Before the May 18 deadline, more than 100 designs were competing. Most of them were very traditional, others very bizarre. Some proposed a giant guillotine; others proposed erecting a 1,000-foot sprinkler that would irrigate all of Paris during the dry season; and still others suggested that at the top of the tower, a giant electric light that would illuminate all of Paris eight times as brightly would make it easy to read newspapers.

The fact is that none of the proposals were adopted. Even as the competition was being announced, a 53-year-old architectural engineer, Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel (Eiffel), had begun to ponder the idea of building a great structure for France out of metal.

A few weeks earlier, he had met with a French minister called Edouard Lockroy and presented his already-prepared plans - a tower. Lockroy was so enamored of Eiffel's design that he secretly rigged a design competition so that Eiffel's design would win, producing 5,329 mechanical drawings describing the 18,038 different parts that would be used.

Joint venture

In January 1887, Eiffel signed a contract with the French government and the city of Paris. Eiffel's engineering firm would pay $1.3 million of the total construction budget of $1.6 million, in exchange for the revenues Eiffel would receive from the tower during the fair and for the next 20 years. (By this time the government had agreed to keep the tower after the fair.) All ownership would then pass to the city of Paris, which could also remove the tower if it wished.

Unlike other public **** monuments, the Eiffel Tower was designed from the start to make money. If you want to take the elevator or stairs to the first floor platform, you pay 2 francs; if you want to go all the way to the top, you pay 5 francs (it's cheaper on Sundays). This is just the beginning; there are plans for a restaurant, cafe, and store on the first floor, and a post office, telephone office, bakery, and gallery on the second floor. The tower is designed to accommodate 10,416 paying visitors at a time.

Breaking Ground

Construction began on Jan. 26, when time was running out and with just two years to go before the fair opened, Eiffel had to move at a faster pace. Keep in mind that the Washington Monument, half as tall as the Eiffel Tower, took 36 years to build.

Wave of protests by Parisians

A 1,000-foot-tall structure would pull down the Parisian sky and overpower the city's other landmarks, such as Notre Dame, the Louvre and the Arc de Triomphe ...... When the groundbreaking for the tower began, over 300 prominent Parisians signed a petition to stop the project. They claimed that Eiffel's "Grand Candelabra" would damage the reputation and image of Paris. But Eiffel and the city ignored the protests and construction continued unaffected.

Other fears

The Tower has other critics. A French math professor predicted that the structure would collapse when it reached 748 feet, and "experts" claimed that the tower's lights would kill all the fish in the Seine River.

The Paris edition of the New York Herald claimed that the tower was changing the climate, and the daily newspaper Le Matin headlined that it was "sinking. But construction of the towers has not stopped for a moment, and a sense of awe has begun to replace trepidation.

The Eighth Wonder of the World

In general, buildings are built by learning from their predecessors - for example, if you want to build a 10-story building, you'd do well to study an 8- or 9-story structure. Not so lucky for Eiffel, no previous building has reached the height of the Tower.

To complete the tower, Eiffel devised a number of creative techniques:

- Unlike other large-scale construction projects of the time, Eiffel had all the components manufactured in advance in his own workshop. This meant that when the components were sent to the construction site, they could be installed very quickly.

- The rivet holes were pre-fabricated to a tolerance of one-tenth of a millimeter, allowing 20 riveting teams to assemble 1,650 rivets per day.

- Each component used to build the towers weighed no more than three tons, which allowed small cranes to be commonly used.

Tower piers

In the beginning stages of the project, there were actually four construction sites, each of which served as legs or became pylons for the tower. These pylons don't converge until 180 feet later, and when they do they must be perfectly level, and this perfect level will serve as the foundation for the remaining 800 feet of construction. The pylons, if built the wrong way, could tilt the entire tower.

Eiffel knew there was no way he could guarantee that the piers would be able to hold a perfect level after they were built, so he installed a temporary water-pressure pump at the base of each pier. That way, as the project progressed, he could fine-tune it by slightly raising or lowering the pylons. When the overall adjustment was complete, workers would embed iron wedges inside the pylons to hold them in place forever.

As it turned out later, Eiffel had nothing in particular to worry about. Even at a height of 180 feet, the four pylons had a maximum margin of error of less than 2.5 inches. The four pylons were simply adjusted and secured. To this day, the tower remains perfectly level.

End Notes

The Eiffel Tower is a marvel not only because of its unique design, but also because the tower was built faster and less expensively than expected. The fair was scheduled to begin May 6, and the tower was finished March 31st.

Eiffel and his company made their money back in record time. During the six months of the fair, the tower earned $1.4 million, compared with the original projected cost of $1.6 million, and with a government subsidy of $300,000, it fully paid for itself by the end of the fair.

The completed tower was so spectacular that it gained the admiration of many of its original critics. Among them was then-French Prime Minister Tirard, who was initially opposed to the project, but after it was completed he awarded Eiffel the Legion of Honor. The tower, which became a symbol of France's supreme technology, also became a symbol of France.

Of course, not everyone will change their attitude to "The Necklace" famous novelist Guy de Maupassant (Maupassant), is said to be often in the Tower's second floor to eat, his reason is: here is the only place where you can not see the Tower. And many characters in Maupassant's novels dislike the Tower.

Facts about the Tower

- Every seven years, 300 tons of slightly reddish green paint is applied to the Eiffel Tower. The reason for the slightly reddish green is that the color has the least impact on the blue sky and the green space of Champ de Mars below the Tower.

- The Tower's four piers point exactly due southeast and northwest.

- In 1925, the city of Paris was going to decorate the Tower with electric lights as part of an art exposition to be held in its vicinity, but stopped short of doing so because of the $500,000 cost. When the automobile manufacturer André Citro?n learned of the plan, it was prepared to finance the project, but only if the lights were used to form the logo of its automobile company. In the end, an agreement was reached.

- Unfortunately, the Eiffel Tower has also become France's most famous suicide site. Every year, an average of four people commit suicide by jumping from the tower or hanging from its beams. The first person to jump off the Tower and take his own life was a tailor named Reichelt, who sewed himself a bat-winged suit that he thought would allow him to fly, but sadly.

Three observation decks

The French say the Eiffel Tower is "the observation deck of the capital," and it is. It has three observation decks, the upper, middle and lower decks, which can accommodate tens of thousands of people at the same time. Each of the three observation decks has a different view and brings different interests. For a century, some three million people have climbed to the top of the tower each year to marvel at the view of the city of Paris.

The highest observation deck is 274 meters above the ground, and it takes almost an hour to climb up the 1,652 steps, or you can take the elevator. This is the best place to see from afar, it will make people have such a feeling: the noisy Paris suddenly quieted down, into a huge map, avenues and alleys drawn countless lines of different widths and narrowness. The whole of Paris is at your feet, and when your vision is clear in the daytime, you can see up to 60 kilometers away.

The middle observation deck is 115 meters above the ground. Some say the best views are from this level. Indeed, the yellowish Arc de Triomphe tower, the Louvre in the green shade, the white Sacré-Coeur de Montmartre church are all clearly visible and colorful. Climbing the tower in the evening, it is to see the night like a picture, the lights like a brocade, Tsui reflecting the shade of the forest, those intertwined as a network of street lamps, really like a rain net of beads, grains of crystal. This level also has a well-decorated panoramic restaurant, all year round is full of customers, seats must be booked in advance.

The lowest level of the Observatory is the largest and most spacious, with conference halls, cinema halls, restaurants, stores, post offices and other services. Amidst the throngs of people, you can feel like you're in the middle of the city, forgetting that it's 57 meters up in the air. This is the best place to get a close-up view of the city. The Palais de Chaillot and its splashing fountain to the north, the Seine flowing quietly at the foot of the tower, the large lawn of the Battle School to the south, and the old buildings of the Cadet Corps of France make for an unforgettable landscape.

From criticism to praise

Like all innovative buildings in Paris, the Eiffel Tower was initially greeted with indifference and rejection by most Parisians, not to mention scathing criticism from architectural and urban planning experts. Although the tower's designer, Eiffel, declared that "France will be the only country in the world to fly its flag 300 meters in the air," he was unable to convince the anti-Tower crowd.

The Times even published an appeal signed by 300 people against Eiffel's design, arguing that the sword-like tower would destroy the Parisian architectural style, including the prestigious Maupassant and Dumas. Even after the tower was completed, the criticism did not stop. Garnier petitioned the government to demolish it; Weiland, the famous French poet and representative of symbolism, immediately chose an alternative path to avoid seeing its "ugly" image whenever he passed by the Tower. At one time, the Eiffel Tower caused by the storm swept the entire city of Paris.

Only because of the Tower in the First World War in the radio communication liaison made a significant contribution to the opposition gradually calmed down. From then on, the Eiffel Tower had an official status in the city of Paris, and it was gradually accepted, loved, and eventually rightfully placed on the canvas of painters. The famous landscape painter Valadon's only son Utrillo, primitive painters such as Henri and Rousseau have depicted it to their heart's content, and the French surrealist poet Apollinaire has also praised it in his poems.

It is indeed a great irony that an engineer, who never thought of art as a starting point, has created the greatest work of art of our time, and that a monumental tower, which was not built for a broadcasting transmitter, is only recognized for its role as a launching pad.

Maintenance of the Eiffel Tower

The Eiffel Tower in Paris, France, has become a symbol of France since its completion in 1889. The 320-meter-high structure is connected by 12,000 metal parts*** using more than 9,000 tons of steel. The French people have a delicate character, they do not call this behemoth "big hero" or "big man" and so on, but it will be intimately known as the "Iron Lady".

The Iron Lady has stood proudly and gracefully for more than a hundred years. Since it is a "lady", it should be bathed and bathed, groomed. But the Parisian lady in 118 years, the total *** only washed 18 times. The shortest two years once, the longest time decades only had a bath. This poor record will not only make the "woman" sad, but also make the "men" tears.

So, "Iron Lady" is how to take a bath? Because of the complexity of the construction of the Eiffel Tower, so far have to use artificial paint. The paint itself is made of specialized materials that last longer than other paints. Because of the Tower's massive frame, the number of laborers can not be too many, usually around 25 people, workers first sandpaper the steel frame, scrape off the aging paint, and brush on the primer.

Subsequently, the workers will be 55 tons of mixed paint a little painted to the tower up, which is an important part of the protection of the Eiffel Tower. Workers have to paint all parts of the tower: the sunny side, the side towards the shade, the top side of the windy side ...... The most difficult is the dead center of the top tower, people can only bend, or tilt their bodies to work. Although they all come with safety ropes, there will not be much danger to life, but according to the words of the workers, "Painting this beautiful pylon is really a tough job."

While painting the tower, it was business as usual. A large number of tourists visit every day, and sometimes the paint drips down on them and a staff member helps remove it. This paint is easy to remove when it's not dry, but when it dries it's as strong as stone.

The key to the "Iron Lady" bath is the paint used on the Eiffel Tower. The color of this paint is very unique, consisting of three different shades of brown, the bottom is dark brown, the top is light brown, it has a special name called "Eiffel Tower tan". In general, people only visit the Tower for the Tower's grandeur of the grandeur of the breathtaking, for her ingenious creativity of the sigh of admiration, the Tower's color in turn, very few people pay attention to. In fact, "Iron Maiden" beauty, in addition to her poise in addition to the physical, her own color and light combination, only to make the Tower appears more radiant, evocative.

The Tower's designer, Mr. Eiffel, said when he first delivered the drawings: "Only with the right paint can we guarantee the longevity of this metal building." This sentence for the maintenance of the Iron Lady is very applicable, it is not at the same time also more suitable for today's people's emotional maintenance: meticulous care, good start and finish, which is where the great beauty of the world.

Painting history

1 Painting and maintenance before 1968

The Eiffel Tower was initially coated with an oil-based iron-red primer and two linseed-oil iron-red paints, plus a thick glossy red varnish, and according to the specifications, the color of the exterior was darkened and lightened from the bottom to the top.

The first recoating in 1892 was done by removing rust and then applying reddish tarnish to the rusted areas, while the rest of the area was flushed and generally cleaned up and then coated with lead white/yellowish-brown refined linseed oil paint, which was required to achieve a 5a warranty repair period.

The 1899 recoating was supplied and applied by Messrs. Georges Hartog & Co. a firm of varnish and enamel painters, with 2 special coats in 5 shades of dark orange to light yellow from the bottom to the top. This repair and recoating began to require a 7-year warranty repair period.

After lead white was banned from paints, the Eiffel Tower was painted in 1907 with mica-iron oxide oil paint. Because of the war, it was not repainted again with the same type of paint until 1924. In 1932, 1939 and 1947, the same paint work, brush the dust-contaminated surfaces, grease cleaning, rusted parts of the hammer and steel wire brush to deal with the rusty parts of the local filler paint, and then unified topcoat, with 35 t of paint, 40 000 h of labor.

1954 maintenance paint, the rusty parts with two linseed oil red paint repair, and then coated with red-brown linseed oil iron red and lead chromate paint. The same paint system was used in 1961 with the only difference being the addition of some phenolic resin to the 15 part dry oil.

2 Painting maintenance in 1968

Starting in 1968, a new phase of painting the Eiffel Tower began. Rusted areas were repaired with raw linseed oil red paint. The topcoat was a mixture of dry oil (92% to 94%) and alkyd resin (6% to 8%).

The warranty period for the paint remained at 7 years, but the gloss and rust ratios were more clearly defined, and for the first time the prescribed level Re3 of the European Rust Code was used. Re3 is equivalent to Ri3 in ISO 4628-3, with a rust percentage of 1%.

The quality assurance level of Re3 for the percentage of corrosion was a very demanding requirement in the days of traditional reddish rust preventive paints and oil/alkyd topcoats. Therefore a number of other mandatory requirements were included in this maintenance painting project, with particular emphasis on quality control of surface preparation:

(1) For rusted areas and low adhesion paint films (cracked, flaked and blistered areas), remove to bare steel surface using shovels, wire brushes and pin hammers. For deeper corrosion spots, hammer and chisel and then vacuum clean.

(2) Pure red dansheng linseed oil paint for local repair.

(3) Pure water rinsing of all sticking dust and grease from elevator operation.

(4) Use the paint approved by the owner and use round head brush for all the work.

(5) Strict transportation and incoming inspection of paints, pre-use inspection and control by paint specialists and owner; periodic inspection of paints.

By 1995, video systems and tools such as photographs were being used for painting projects to assist in corrosion control.

3 Painting Maintenance in 2001

After 112 years, the Eiffel Tower underwent its 18th "beauty" treatment on December 3, 2001, by Jotun Paint. This time is provided by Jotun Paint France, a new lead-free environmentally friendly paint, it will make the surface of the tower has a stronger resistance to rust and corrosion and atmospheric pollution, so that the tower every 7 years to extend the cycle of comprehensive painting to once every 10 years, but the tower of the 1 layer to the 3 layer of the most susceptible to deterioration of the parts of the tower in the future will still be painted once every 5 years. Prior to this, a three-year laboratory and outdoor trial of the products of all the paint companies tendering for the job was carried out, and Jotun Paint's Mammut range of polyurethane-modified alkyd paints was selected. The Mammut system consists of a primer and a topcoat in a one-component package, and can be applied in a thick-film version to a dry film of 100 μm without sagging, whereas typical alkyd enamels are usually applied to a dry film of 50 μm. The system also has low flame spreading properties and has been certified by the relevant specialized testing institutes. The painting of the Eiffel Tower is a difficult and complex project.

Suspended work of the painters first to use high-pressure water spray gun spray wash 200,000 square meters of the tower surface, thoroughly remove the accumulation of bird droppings and other dirt; then, strict inspection of the original condition of the paint, and with a hand hammer, a portable grinding wheel to knock out and sanding has been damaged by corrosion of the paint; and then, the tower on the 2 layer of anti-rust paint; finally, and then coated with a layer of brown topcoat. The whole project*** required 60 tons of paint and was completed by 25 painters. In order to avoid inconvenience to tourists visiting the tower, a safety net covering an area of about 2 hectares was erected on the tower. The painters will also wear uniforms of the same color as the tower when working in the air. The paint system provided is in three slightly different color grades, which are applied to different levels of the tower for a coordinated and more beautiful finish. In addition to providing high quality paint products, Jotun Paint also sent experienced technicians to guide the construction on site throughout the construction process.

Travel Guide

Tickets:

To reach the first floor of the Tower using the elevator, adults and children over 12 years of age, 4.3 euros per person, children under 12 and over 3 years of age, 2.4 euros per person.

Using the elevator to reach the second floor of the Tower, adults and children over 12 years of age, 7.7 euros per person, children under 12 and over 3 years of age, 4.2 euros per person.

Using the elevator to reach the top floor of the Tower, adults and children over 12 years of age, 11 euros per person, children under 12 and over 3 years of age, 6 euros per person.

Using the stairs to reach the first two floors of the Tower is 3.8 euros per adult over 25 years old and 3.0 euros per adult under 25 years old.

All entrance fees are free for children under 3 years old.

Opening hours:

09:30-23:00 (January 1 to June 15 and September 3 to December 31); 09:00-24:00 (June 16 to September 2)

How to get there:

Accessible by buses 42, 69, 72, 82 and 87.

Eating and drinking:

On the first and second floors of the tower, there are restaurants, ALTITUDE 95 (the tower is 95 meters above the ground) and LE JULES VERNE (the tower is 125 meters above the ground), which provide food and drink for visitors, as well as a snack bar and an ice-cream parlor at the entrance to the tower.

Shopping:

Souvenir stores are located at the entrance to the Tower and on the first and second floors of the Tower.

Souvenirs:

It is not recommended to buy small metal models at the Tower. Such models are very expensive, hit to give 5-10 euros for a small iron model. In other places to buy models in the hands of black people, the same quality, one euro can buy six or seven. But souvenir pens, books, erasers, photo frames and the like are recommended to buy on the tower. It is difficult to buy them anywhere else but at the tower.

The Eiffel Tower also has a marvelous point: the tower in the morning to the west of 100 ㎜, at noon the tower to the north of 70 ㎜, and at night with the ground perpendicular. In winter, when it is -10℃, the tower is 17㎝ shorter than that in hot summer. Please guess: What is the reason for this?