All kinds of problems in the tourism of ancient villages and towns, including some of its possible future drawbacks, the root cause of which lies in the following several unsolved problems. Limited to space, this paper can not be one in-depth analysis, I would like to put forward, for those who have the knowledge to think about.
1, the protection of objects, protection of funds and protection mechanism
(1) the protection of residential buildings
Ancient architecture is the value of ancient villages and towns of outstanding performance, but also an important object of protection. Most of the ancient houses in the ancient villages and towns belong to private property: 126 of the 134 ancient houses in the whole village of Hongcun are the private property of the villagers; about 40% of the total property in the stores in the ancient town of Zhouzhuang is in the public domain (owned by the collective), and about 60% of the total property is privately owned; about 30% of the total property in the residential houses is in the public domain (owned by the collective), and about 70% of the total property is privately owned. As we all know, the repair and maintenance costs of ancient buildings are quite high, and residents with property rights often lack sufficient funds and motivation to protect and maintain these ancient buildings, the number of protection funds at all levels of government and the scope of issuance, the way is extremely limited (in accordance with the "People's Republic of China *** and the State Cultural Relics Protection Law", the repair of privately owned cultural relics and buildings are not in principle arranged for the financial subsidies, the number of funds issued by the government at all levels of protection) Limited, and only for the buildings that have been included in the cultural relics protection units), so in many places the phenomenon of the collapse of ancient houses in disrepair.
For a long time, for the ancient dwellings in many ancient villages and towns, the source of protection funds and the establishment of protection mechanisms have been a problem. Some places to explore a variety of ways, such as the concentration of ancient villages and towns of Huangshan City] has implemented a different classification of protection: blocks and villages as a whole protection (such as Xidi, Hongcun, Nanping, etc.); scattered ancient buildings in a centralized protection (such as submerged in the mouth of the residence, Xiuning Ancient Rock); social sponsorship (such as the Japanese Toyota Foundation sponsorship of the old streets of Tuen Mun, etc.); public welfare adoption, etc. In 2007, but also introduced the "Ancient Houses of South Anhui Adoption and Protection Measures", the first batch of 106 ancient villages, individuals at home and abroad can adopt the protection of ancient villages and homes and get a certain time limit of the right to live (ownership remains unchanged), with a view to solving the problem of the protection of the ancient dwellings as the people's private homes rather than the national cultural relics protection object. However, it is reported that since the launch of the program, very few people responded.
For a large number of listed as well as unlisted units of cultural relics of the ancient houses, the protection of funds? Is it government-led conservation, or resident-led conservation, or even community-funded conservation? How to encourage the participation of different social actors in the protection of ancient dwellings? What kind of conservation system and mechanism can solve the real problems and be effective in the long run? How to establish a reasonable basis for different conservation methods in law? All these need researchers and government departments to answer as soon as possible.
(2) Protection of Cultural Space
As mentioned earlier, the ultimate goal of protecting ancient villages and towns is to protect a cultural space, a living cultural muscle. People pay more attention to the material cultural carriers (from emphasizing the protection of single ancient buildings and neglecting the protection of the entire ancient village landscape to the simultaneous protection of cultural relics, street space, village form, vernacular architecture and the transformation of the idyllic environment), but the protection of intangible cultural heritage such as rural culture, neighborly relations, village and town characteristics, behavioral landscapes, customs and so on, is not only lacking in attention, there is no relevant law, and there is also no specialized There is not only a lack of attention to the protection of intangible cultural heritage such as village culture, neighborhood relationship, behavioral landscape and customs, but also a lack of relevant laws, as well as a lack of specialized institutions and mechanisms. Compared with the protection of tangible cultural relics, the protection of cultural space is even more difficult.
2, the ownership of property rights and related institutional arrangements
The ownership of ancient villages and traditional houses is a complex issue, which is also mixed with historical factors that are difficult to sort out. Even if the property rights of the ancient buildings, such as the ancient houses, but also the lack of relevant institutional arrangements. On the one hand, most of the ancient dwellings are private property, and on the other hand, for the ancient villages and dwellings that have become cultural relics protection units, their owners must protect them in accordance with the law on cultural relics while enjoying the right of ownership. That is to say, as a cultural relics of the ancient houses, its property rights and related institutional arrangements, neither as general state-owned assets, nor simply as private property disposal. For the ownership, disposal, distribution and operation of such assets, how are they stipulated in the law and how are the relevant institutional arrangements determined? These are the fundamental issues affecting the protection of ancient villages and towns and tourism development.
3, the management mode and benefit distribution mechanism
As mentioned earlier, around the formation of different ancient villages and towns development and management mode and benefit distribution pattern, whether it is the villagers' autonomy, or the government-led, or even the main business, a variety of modes have certain advantages and disadvantages. Here, the key question is, as the ancient village tourism development in the core of several stakeholders, their respective duties should be performed, respectively, have what rights and interests? What should be the basis for determining their duties and interests - property rights, amount of investment, amount of assets, administrative rights or others? Which development and management model is legally and institutionally reasonable and feasible in real operation? What kind of benefit distribution mechanism can realize the protection and sustainable development of ancient villages and towns? In this regard, I am afraid that we can not use "existence is reasonable" such simple logic to judge, but should put forward persuasive basis, and from the perspective of system construction to put forward practical solutions.
4, heritage conservation and new rural construction
Theoretically, there is no inevitable contradiction between new rural construction and cultural heritage preservation, but in reality, many places understand new rural construction as new village construction, and large-scale demolition, demolishing some precious traditional vernacular architecture. At the same time, due to the withdrawal of townships and the migration of population to the center of townships, the decline of ancient villages is inevitable. How to deal with the relationship between the old and the new, the traditional and the modern, the demolition and the preservation, the protection of cultural relics and the utilization and development, the protection of special characteristics and the standards of the new rural construction, how to avoid the one-sidedness of thousands of villages in the "Thousands of villages renovation, ten thousand villages demonstration" activities, not only to create a good habitat, but also to inherit the excellent national cultural heritage and cultural traditions? How to avoid repeating the mistakes made in China's urbanization in the countryside? These are the problems that test the grassroots government and relevant departments. Firstly, combining Xiangfen urban development and tourism planning and development of two major clues and strategic analysis, we put forward the development strategy concept of "Big Ding Village" for Ding Village Cultural and Rural Tourism Area, respecting and jumping out of the spatial development limitations of the two national treasures of Ding Village Residence and Ding Village Ruins, respectively, with the Ming and Qing Dynasty ancient villages in Ding Village as the core of Ding Village Residence and with Ding Village Ruins as the core of Ding Village People Ruins, The two core driving projects are Dingcun National Heritage Theme Park with Dingcun Village Residence as the core and Dingcun People's Ruins as the core, promoting the construction of other tourism theme areas in the surrounding areas, including Hot Springs Tourism Village (New Dingcun), Dingcun Hot Springs Recreation and Resort, Fenhe Ancient Culture and Ecological Agriculture Recreation Belt, and Dingcun People's Expo, etc., and constructing a tourism scenic spot featuring cultural and ecological tourism and services and hospitality together. --Dingcun Cultural and Leisure Tourism Area, and planning for tourism including visitor service centers, parking lots and other services exclusive functional gate area.
Secondly, in order to meet the demands of Xiangfen city's spatial development, industrial restructuring and cultural excavation, we continue to amplify the spatial integration of "Dacun", and propose that in the eastern part of Dacun Culture and Leisure Tourism Zone, i.e., in the location of the tourist highway near Danyun Road, based on the construction land on both sides of the existing road, we will promote the new urban culture zone--Dacun Culture and Leisure Tourism Zone, which is a new cultural zone of the city. Promote the construction of Dingcun Cultural and Creative Industry Park, a new urban cultural district, and form a foreign investment system including Jinnan Ming and Qing Dynasty Furniture City, Dingcun International Conference and Exchange Center, Jinnan Folk Crafts Educational Base, Traditional Chinese Medicine Market, Jinnan Gourmet Base and Residential Communities, etc., and attract foreign investment under the brand name of "Big Dingcun". Under the brand name of "Dacheng Village", it increases local investment hotspots and promotes local economy and urban development. Considering the good location advantage of this area, there is an image gate area planned on the side adjacent to Danyun Road, including the image gate, parking lot and multi-functional cultural plaza that can provide large-scale activities and gatherings, etc., which can be used to serve both the Dingcun Cultural and Leisure Tourism Area and the Dingcun Cultural and Creative Tourism Planning Industrial Park.
Thirdly, in order to strengthen the transportation links between this area and the outside in the future, and to provide a sustainable spatial development framework, we propose to build a cultural and creative leisure landscape green corridor on top of the existing tourist highway, and plan to build an exclusive road connecting the Hot Spring Tourist Village (New Dingcun) with National Highway 108, to complement the large-scale construction of the Hot Spring Recreation Resort featuring hot springs recreation and traditional Chinese medicine, etc. In the long term, this road will be gradually built into a hot spring resort area. In the long term, the road will be gradually built into a landscape green corridor for recreation and entertainment. As a result, the above two landscape green corridors can become the main tourism corridors into the Dingcun cultural tourism area in the future, as an important support for the development strategy of "Big Dingcun".
Fourthly, considering the protection needs of "double national treasures" in Dingcun Cultural and Leisure Tourism Zone, we have planned the ecological buffer zone of agricultural and forestry landscape to create the required rural rural ecological environment with the Fenhe Ancient Culture Ecological Agricultural and Leisure Belt, so as to prevent over-expansion of Dingcun Cultural and Creative Industrial Park as a new urban area in the future. prevent the over-expansion of the future Dingcun Cultural and Creative Industrial Park as a new urban area.
Fifthly, for the core rural tourism project - the tourism development of Ding Village's Ming and Qing Dynasty ancient villages with Ding villagers' residence as the core, the development strategy concept of "living Ding Village" is proposed. On the one hand, the Ding villagers' residence is used as the carrier, and the folk art and folk culture of Ding Village is used as the filler content, and the internal products are revitalized by dynamic performances and tourists' participation, so as to inject vitality into the content of the display. On the other hand, on the premise of respecting the history and protecting the heritage, avoiding rigid and compulsory governmental overall demolition and unified transformation, establishing and guiding the development direction of each block with the division of functional blocks, reasonably preserving the vitality of the natural mechanism within the village, the living humanistic group and the soul of the village, and realizing the true meaning of the Ding Village through the bottom-up folk protection, not the top-down governmental transformation. Protection and self-renewal of Ding Village. Through the organic combination of these two aspects, the village will be able to demonstrate the vibrant charm of the 500-year old "living Ding Village". Fujun Mountain is located in the north of Chengguan Town, Jixian County, as a city park and the background of the city's ecological landscape design, is an important part of Jixian County's urban tourism construction of the key areas of tourism planning and urban tourism. Before the Ming Dynasty, Fujun Mountain was called Kongdong Mountain, and "Kongdong snow" was one of the eight scenic spots in ancient Yuyang, which was written in Jijing of Ming Dynasty, Kangxi of Qing Dynasty, Daoguang of Qing Dynasty, and Jizhou Zhi of Republic of China period and Qinding Panshan Zhi of the Republic of China period, and there were the records that Huang Di climbed to this mountain to ask Guangchengzi. After the Ming Dynasty, there was a temple of Cui Fujun built on the mountain, so it was renamed as Fujun Mountain.
Fujun Mountain, as an important rural tourism resource in the urban area of Jixian County, has a good ecological environment and convenient transportation, and its main tourism resources are characterized by its Taoist cultural heritage and its status as the "window" and "gateway" to the Jixian National Geopark. Its main tourism resources are characterized by its Taoist cultural heritage and its status as the "window" and "gateway" to the Jixian National Geopark. The allusion to Xuanyuan Huangdi, the first ancestor of Chinese humanities, is widely spread. According to Zhuangzi, in the nineteenth year of Emperor Huangdi's reign, he went to Kongdong Mountain to see Guangchengzi, the founder of Taoism, and asked for the way to govern the country and cultivate his body. He was ridiculed by Guang Cheng Zi. When Huang Di returned, he abandoned the world, built a separate room, and after three months of idleness and contemplation, he went to see Guang Cheng Zi again, who received him.
Fujun Mountain, also known as the Endless Mountain, Kongdong Mountain, according to evidence, Guangchengzi that practice in this place, but also the blessing of its path to immortality, and the Yellow Emperor asked Guangchengzi also happened here. Historically, Fugun Mountain has Guangchengzi Temple, Fugun Tower and other Taoist buildings, it can be said that Fugun Mountain is one of the famous mountains of Taoism in China, and Guangchengzi as the originator of Taoism, Taoism is one of the roots of Chinese culture, so it can also be said that the Fugun Mountain is one of the birthplaces of Chinese culture.
Tourism planning expert Dr. Li Shuping's analysis: Tianjin Jixian National Geopark covers almost all the contents of Jixian's geo-tourism planning landscape, it is the only national geopark in China that has recorded the geological history of the earth's evolution in the Middle and Upper Yuanguo Boundary, and its scope extends from the top of Jiu Mountain in the north to Fujun Mountain in the south, and from Baxian Mountain in the east to Panshan Mountain in the west, with a total area of 348 square kilometers. It preserves a large number of extremely precious geological relics and geological landscapes with typical, complete, systematic, rare and scientific connotations, recording the geological history, geological events and formation process of the earth, showing the world the charm of the profound nature, recording the geological history, geological events and formation process of the earth, which is a rare and precious natural heritage.
Fujun Mountain, as an important part of it, is known as the "Geological Tectonic Remains Scenic Spot of Fujun Mountain in Tianjin Jixian National Geopark". At the same time, Fujun Mountain, represented by the National Geopark Square at the bottom of the mountain, is also the first gateway and important window of Jixian National Geopark to the outside market.
Xijingyu at the northeast foot of Fujun Mountain has certain architectural features, the village has stone courtyard, stone houses, stone hutongs, stone roads, surrounded by terraced stone dams, cliffs and gullies, steep slopes of bare stones, elephant-shaped peaks, etc., the development of rural tourism tourism planning has been initially successful as a photography and film and television filming locations, known as the folklore photography village. Xijingyu is planned to be built as a characteristic art creation base and folklore tourist resort, becoming an important representative of rural tourist spots in Jixian County.
In addition to the above tourism planning features, Fujun Mountain also has the ruins of the Dou Clan, which was celebrated in the Three Character Classic, an ancient Chinese textbook, as "Five Sons Enrolling in the Imperial College". Three Character Classic" wrote "Dou Yanshan, there is a righteous party, teaching five children, the name of the club Yang." This is the story of Dou Yujun, who taught his sons well during the Five Dynasties period. Dou Yujun, also known as Dou Yanshan, was a native of Yuyang County, i.e. Jixian County, and served as the right counselor. He taught his sons well, and all five of his sons were imperial officials. The five sons of the Dou family were praised by the people of the time as the "Five Dragons of the Dou Family". Feng Menglong, a writer in the Ming Dynasty, also told the story of Dou Yujun, who picked up 30 taels of gold and 200 taels of silver without leaving them behind. Two tombs of Dou Yujun are still preserved in Jixian County, one of which is in Fujun Mountain. In the rural reform, the land system is undoubtedly a very important part.
I. Discussion of land transfer policy
The right to use rural land is mainly manifested in the right to land contracting and management, and land transfer refers to the act of transferring the limited right of use from the contractor to another person and charging a certain transfer fee under the premise that the contracting relationship between the farmer and the collective does not change.
1, the development of rural land reform
Since the founding of new China, rural land has implemented three relatively large reforms: the first is the rural land reform in the early years of the founding of the country, the land will be allocated to the farmers to own, so that for the first time, farmers really have property rights to the land, the formation of decentralized management, small-scale production of the basic pattern; the second is the people's commune of the period of rural land Collective ownership stage. During this period, rural land was returned to the collective ownership of rural areas, and the land realized the transition from decentralized farming to centralized management, forming the prototype of large-scale operation; the third was the stage of the family contract management system for rural land. This mode of operation was in line with the objective reality of China's rural areas at that time, and had a strong vitality, which led to an unprecedented increase in agricultural productivity, unprecedented development of the rural economy, and an unprecedented improvement in the living standards of peasants.
2, the necessity of rural land transfer
The current business model of the family contracting system has been in effect for more than 30 years, and over the past 30 years, the standard of living, the economic base, the population and the amount of arable land in the rural areas have undergone great changes. While promoting the increase of agricultural productivity, the family contract management system has also hindered the process of large-scale agricultural management to a certain extent, and objectively inhibited the timely adjustment and rationalization of the flow of rural land. The land transfer policy in the new period is based on the family contract management system, the adjustment of land management right, is the rural labor force transfer and safeguard the interests of farmers need, related to the national economy and people's livelihood.
Two, land reform and rural tourism development
1, the current state of development of rural tourism in China
20 years over the years, the development of rural tourism in China has achieved certain results, but is still in the initial stage of development. Overall is that China's rural tourism has not yet formed an industrial scale, has not been deepened. The main reasons are reflected in the following points:
(1) Due to the impact of land dispersion in rural areas, the industrialization of rural tourism and scale development is limited, the deepening of rural tourism development by the bottleneck of the land system.
(2)At present, China's rural tourism lacks the overall planning and spatial control of the province and the city-wide regional scope, and many areas are blindly developed or duplicated development, resulting in a rush, product duplication of the situation. This not only causes a huge waste of resources, financial, human and material resources, but also due to the lack of unified planning for the whole region, the differences are small, reducing the attractiveness of tourists.
(3) Single product, lack of innovation, most of the rural tourism operators only for economic benefits without regard to the characteristics of the product and cultural taste, the development of a thousand products. And brand awareness is not strong, sales system, there is no complete set of booking and sales system. Coupled with the lack of tourism planning, management, operation, marketing, planning and design professionals, the product is difficult to form a lasting attraction.
2, land reform for the industrialization of rural tourism development opportunities (1) the scale of rural tourism
Land transfer policy is implemented, the land operation from scattered to concentrated, land resources to form a contiguous professional scale operation. Relying on the land contract management right of rural tourism resources can be aggregated from the current small piece of the split structure into a large piece of the structure, the aggregation of resources and factors of production is conducive to the investment of large capital, making rural tourism to the direction of scale development. Scale rural tourism development, will be able to form a rural tourism destination, drive the regional rural development, the formation of the new rural construction of the overall promotion. At the same time the formation of the basis of scale, for the domestic tourism industry capital, real estate industry capital, industrial capital, international investment capital and so on into China's rural areas, provides the basis.
(2)Capitalization of Rural Tourism Resources
Currently, China's tourism resources do not have capital attributes. After the implementation of the land transfer policy, its contractual right to operate can be transferred, then the value of capital can be measured, and the formation of land contractual right to operate the capital from the individual personal dependence into a new form that can be aggregated, can be transferred, can be mortgaged. Depending on the land contract management right of rural tourism resources, also transformed into an aggregable, transferable, mortgageable capital. The capitalization of tourism resources will be extremely attractive to the investment community.
(3) The growth of rural leisure industry
After the land transfer policy is introduced, the rural residence base can be centralized, which brings the greatest opportunity for the development of rural leisure industry. The depth of the experience of rural tourism, urban people on the rural environment space repurchase, urban people living in the countryside, will become a reality, which will certainly bring the transformation of industrial development and upgrading, bring the growth of rural leisure industry.
Three, the development of rural tourism industrialization road
With the increase in the variety of tourists on rural tourism, content richness and experience of the difference between the requirements of rural tourism, rural tourism should be changed, quality upgrade, in the "new countryside, new tourism, new experiences, new styles," under the leadership of the idea of rural tourism should embark on the road of industrialization development. Under the guidance of the idea of "new countryside, new tourism, new experience, new style", rural tourism should embark on the road of industrialized development. Rural tourism also has the characteristics of high labor-intensity, strong relevance, low employment threshold, flexible employment, especially the introduction of land transfer policy, which makes rural tourism has the conditions for industrialized development. In the specific implementation of the industrialization of the development of the road in the process, should pay attention to the following points:
1, seize the opportunity, awareness-raising is a prerequisite for the country's economic and tourism development, the construction of a new socialist countryside and urban-rural integration of the implementation of the development policy, the introduction of the policy of land transfer, etc., have made the current opportunities for the development of China's rural tourism than at any previous time better. At the same time should also raise awareness of the importance of the industrialization of rural tourism, only to make rural tourism "bigger, livelier, stronger", in order to take the road of sustainable development.
2, strengthen scientific planning and management mechanism is the key
To expand the scale of development of rural tourism, from the investment of funds, the establishment of rural tourism standards, infrastructure construction to the training of practitioners and other aspects are inseparable from the scientific planning and a sound management mechanism, the rural tourism to carry out a reasonable co-ordination, scientific planning, rural tourism can be reduced to reduce waste of investment, avoid disorderly development and duplication of construction. Avoid disorderly development and repeated construction; sound management mechanism can promote the healthy and stable development of rural tourism.
3, to take the cooperative development model is to ensure
Government, enterprises, farmers and other subjects in the process of participating in the development of rural tourism, will inevitably form a certain relationship of interest, the economic interests of its pursuit of the **** the same goal. Government, enterprises, farmers to join together to take the road of cooperative development, the use of agricultural industrialization practices such as contract system, shareholding system, profit return and other forms of interest distribution, can make the main body to form the interests of the **** the same body, is conducive to the development of rural tourism industrialization. At the same time, rural tourism should also be united with agriculture, industry and service industry to establish an industrial development chain, to give full play to the multiplier effect and pull function of rural tourism, and to accelerate the industrialization process. First, from the resource background [1], there are the following **** between the villages in Huangshan City: the background support elements are basically the same - all the beautiful ecological environment as a grand background, the unity of man and nature of the village site selection and layout as an important foundation, with distinctive symbols of Huizhou-style architecture as an important explicit carrier, and the charm of the Huizhou culture as an important implicit carrier and soul. Huizhou culture is the important hidden carrier and soul. The differences are reflected in the detailed level, such as: folk customs, local specialties, special rural cuisine, the specific environment around the village (e.g., mountain-based? Water-oriented? Surrounded by bamboo? Surrounded by farms?) The village's landscape, the layout of the village, the humanistic background and so on.
Secondly, from the rural tourism product level, the theme of the village **** is: have the basic functions of tourist destinations (such as, accommodation and reception functions, sightseeing functions, food and beverage service functions), but only different ratios, different emphasis. Its personality lies in the different themes refined on the basis of combining the reality of the countryside. Through the personality of the theme to effectively get rid of homogenization competition, the city of Huangshan to carry out the depth of rural tourism, rural tourism through the pull of the local economic development of the important support.
Thirdly, we focus on sorting out and excavating the personality elements of villages with rich development potential, combining with the market demand, in-depth packaging, strengthening the personality selling points, highlighting the distinctive themes of the villages and product personality, so as to form a personalized theme that can be widely understood and accepted by the travel wholesalers (intermediary business) and the end consumers - tourists, and successfully stimulate the market desire to consume, thus creating a personalized theme and product personality. Stimulate market consumption desire, personalized rural theme tourism product clusters, so that the rational project becomes a rural tourism product system that is easy to consume in the market. This will shape the overall brand of rural tourism in Huangshan City, and construct a time-space continuum of tourism that is more personalized with the convergence and integration of various types of products and diversified product combinations.