1. The result of the battle of Yiling: The battle of Yiling was a war fought by Wu Dong (Sun Quan) and Han Shu (Liu Bei) for five strategic counties (Nanjun, Changsha, Lingling, Guiyang and Wuling) in the southern part of Jingzhou in the history of the Three Kingdoms, and it was also a famous successful case of active defense in the history of ancient wars in China. The battle of Yiling was one of the three major battles in the history of the Three Kingdoms at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and it was also the last of the three major battles. So what happened in this war?
The battle of Yiling can be said to be the turning point of Shu Han from prosperity to decline. First of all, the battle of Yiling is not a question of whether Shu Han should fight, but for the whole strategic planning of Shu Han, this battle must be fought and Jingzhou must be taken back. As for the general saying that this war is an emotional war launched by Liu Bei to avenge Guan Yu, I am afraid this is the remarks of novelists, not the thoughts of politicians.
Jingzhou has been a strategic place since ancient times. Zhuge Liang made a strategic plan for Liu Bei in Longzhong. He also made it very clear: "If it is advantageous, and its rock resistance is guaranteed, and the west and Nanchang are prosperous, Sun Quan is established outside, and the world politics has changed, then a general will be ordered to transfer the army of Jingzhou to Wan and Luo, and the general will lead the people of Yizhou out of Qinchuan. Who dares the people? " If so, hegemony can be realized and the Han family can flourish. "This clearly shows that Shu Han will keep Jingzhou and Yizhou in the future. When there was any chaos in the Cao Wei regime in the north, the soldiers were divided into two ways. Send troops all the way to Hanzhong, cross the Qinling Mountains and seize Chang 'an.
3. All the way is from Jingzhou to the north, and the soldiers are divided into Kyoto and Luoyang. In this way, Cao Wei couldn't take care of each other from beginning to end. Because of Guan Yu's conceit, Jingzhou was captured by Dongwu and fell into the hands of others.
There is only Yizhou in Shu Han, which makes the country weak and the people weak, and may be destroyed at any time. And Liu Bei also knows that it is impossible to destroy Cao Wei only by relying on the military forces from Qinchuan. Yizhou is originally a place that is easy to enter but difficult to get out. It is easy to fight a defensive war, but it is difficult to send troops to attack others. This can be seen from Zhuge Liang's going out to pray for God and worship the mountain without occupying an inch of land. Finally, in July of 22 1 year, a large-scale military war was launched against Wu Dong. In history, it is also called the Battle of Yiling Station or Xiaoting.
The battle of Yiling ended in Liu Bei's fiasco. First of all, how did Liu Bei command this war? In 2 19 AD, Guan Yu defeated Maicheng, Jingzhou fell, and Guan Yu was captured and beheaded, which was a great loss for Liu Bei. It stands to reason that Liu Bei should calm down at this moment, learn a lesson from it, and prepare for the troops in order to fight back. He didn't. In April of 22 1 year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in a hurry. In June, he began to dispatch troops, and in July, he used his personal expedition to Wu Dong. On the eve of the war, Liu Bei ordered Zhang Fei stationed in Langzhong to meet the enemy in Jiangzhou (now Chongqing), but before Zhang Fei could leave, he was killed by his men and sent his head to Soochow.
The death of Zhang Fei is another great loss for Liu Beijun. What is the situation of the generals on Liu Bei's side now? The so-called five tiger generals, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and Huang Zhong, are all gone. (Note: Huang Zhong died of illness) Zhao Yun was not trusted, because Zhao Yun opposed Liu Bei's launching this war and was arranged to escort food and grass in the rear. Wei Yan and Ma Chao should be stationed in the north to prevent Cao Wei and Xiqiang. As for the adviser, Pang Tong is long gone, and Fazheng has died of illness, leaving Zhuge Liang, but Zhuge Liang has to guard Chengdu and cannot leave. Therefore, there are no decent people on both sides of Liu Bei's army in this war. In this war, Liu Bei first started badly and lacked generals. The army of Shu and Han went all the way eastward, hand in hand with land and water, and won dozens of battles in Wu Dong, even Wu Dong's valiant soldier Gan Ning died in battle. But when the army came to Yiling, it was blocked by Wu Dong General Lu Xun.
6. Through careful analysis of the forces, morale and terrain conditions of both sides, Lu Xun pointed out that Liu Beibing was strong, well-defended, aggressive and eager to win. Wu Jun should temporarily avoid the edge of the Shu army, wait for the opportunity to break the enemy, and patiently persuade Wu Jun generals to give up the requirement of an immediate decisive battle. Decisively implement the strategic retreat, and always retreat to a front line (now Yidu, Hubei Province) and Xiaoting (now Gubei, Yidu, Hubei Province). Then stop retreating and turn to defense to curb the continued invasion of Shu army. And concentrate our forces and prepare for the camera war. In this way, Wu Jun completely withdrew from the mountainous area, leaving hundreds of miles of mountains that were difficult to deploy to the Shu army. Because Lu Xun knows that Yiling is the throat of the country, if we lose Yiling, we will not only lose a place, but also put the whole Jingzhou front in crisis. At this time, it has been nearly a year since the Shu-Han army arrived here in the autumn of the first year of Zhangwu, and the front line is long and the supply is inconvenient.
7. Lu Xun kept the risk and passed everywhere. Make the Shu and Han armies stagnate. From the beginning of enlistment, I have become a tired soldier now. At this time, Lu Xun still didn't take the initiative and didn't fight, indicating that what tracing the cause wanted was not a small victory, but a big victory. From 1 month to June, the two armies were still at loggerheads. In order to fight Wu Jun quickly, Liu Bei frequently sent people to the front to insult the challenge, but Lu Xun ignored it. The soldiers of the Shu army gradually lost their fighting spirit and their dominant position. Jiangnan in June is in the heat season, and the heat is pressing, and the soldiers of the Shu army are miserable. Liu Bei was helpless, so he had to transfer the navy ship to land, set up a military camp in the deep mountain forest, rely on the stream, station troops to rest, and prepare to wait until autumn to attack.
8. As the Shu army is located on a rugged mountain road 200-300 kilometers away from the rear area, logistical support is difficult. In addition, Liu Bei's battalion is within a hundred miles and his troops are scattered, which provides an opportunity for Lu Xun to carry out strategic counterattack.
At that time, the news reached Wei, and Cao Xiao Pi and Liu Bei, the monarchs of Wei, refused to lead troops to fight. How could he have a 700-mile camp against the enemy? And it is surrounded by mountains and forests. If it is attacked by fire, how to rescue it? Indeed, Lu Xun also saw the mistakes made by Liu Bei and thought that the time had finally come. In the summer of June, the second year of Zhangwu, Lu Xun ordered Wu Dong's army to gather in Xiao Ting, Yi Dao, and began a comprehensive counterattack against Shu Han. At that time, Lu Xun ordered the sergeant to hold a torch in his hand and light them one by one.
9. At that time, the Shu army was in chaos, and Liu Bei was caught off guard by this sudden counterattack. Wu Jun set fire to the downwind, and the Shu camp immediately burned into a sea of fire. Wu Jun set fire to everyone, everyone killed the enemy, and pulled out 40 barracks in Shu Han. The Shu-Han army collapsed across the board. Unable to attack at all, Liu Bei had to flee hastily under the protection of human death, and Wu Jun's various military forces pursued the defeated Shu Han all the way, forcing him to withdraw westward. Seeing the whole line collapse, Liu Bei fled to Ma 'anshan, northwest of Yiling, and ordered the Shu army to defend itself around the mountain. Lu Xun concentrated his forces and was besieged on all sides, annihilating tens of thousands of Shu soldiers. At this time, the Shu army was in flight, most of the casualties fled, and military supplies such as cars and boats were lost.
10. Liu Bei fled overnight and arrived at Shimen Mountain (now northeast of Badong, Hubei). He was chased by general Wu, almost captured, and Fu Tong, the general of the guard, was killed. Later, relying on the postmen to burn the equipment abandoned by the defeated soldiers and block the mountain road, they were able to get rid of the pursuers and escape into Yong 'an City (also known as Bai Di City, now Fengjie East, Sichuan).
In the battle of Yiling, Liu Bei was defeated by leaving the ship because of carelessness, underestimating the enemy and not observing the geographical position. Bring the army into a rugged mountain road that is difficult to expand for two or three hundred kilometers; At the same time, in the face of Wu Jun's stubborn resistance, he didn't know how to change the operational deployment in time, but adopted the wrong camping method that didn't put everything first, and finally fell into a passive position, leading to a fiasco and suffering the consequences of "destroying the army and killing the generals". Lu Xun wins by being calm, commanding and bearing the burden of humiliation. Be good at correctly analyzing the enemy's situation, boldly retreat from the enemy to lure him in, concentrate his forces and strike at the enemy's rear. Successfully created a successful example of changing from defense to counterattack.