1840 in June, the British invaders voted on the appropriation for this war in April of the same year on the pretext of protecting the so-called opium trade. As a result, the money was passed by 27 1 vote to 262 votes, which contributed to this war, known as the Opium War in history. Relying on its powerful guns, it launched the opium war against China. British troops successively captured Zhoushan, Humen, Xiamen, Ningbo, Wusong, Zhenjiang and other places, and occupied Hong Kong Island. 1842 In July, British ships 100, with about 9,000 officers and men, returned to Jiangxi from Wusongkou. Attack Zhenjiang at the intersection of the Yangtze River and the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. It is intended to cut off north-south traffic and prevent water transport. 1500 Eight Banners soldiers stationed in Zhenjiang engaged in fierce street fighting with the British army, causing heavy casualties, and the whole city was burned and robbed, in ruins. On the other side of Yangzhou, the gentry businessmen were frightened and gave the British 500 thousand in exchange for not taking it. Daoguang then decided to accept the British peace conditions. 1842 (twenty years of Daoguang in Nanjing) On August 4th, British warships arrived at Xiaguan River in Nanjing, advanced on Nanjing and demanded a ransom of three million yuan. The Qing government was forced to negotiate with the British government in Jinghai Temple, and the two sides discussed it about four times in the temple. 1842 On August 29th (July 24th, 22nd, Daoguang), the Qing court officially signed "China-Britain treaty of nanking" on behalf of the imperial envoy Jiao Ying and Bu, and the British representative Pu Dingcha. Jinghai Temple thus became a symbol of the starting point of China's modern history. The Qing Dynasty, which was defeated militarily, was represented by Niu Jian, an imperial envoy and governor of the two rivers, and Jian Ying, deputy commander-in-chief of Zhapu, who negotiated with the British side. Sino-British peace treaty negotiations began. Subsequently, the United States and France forced the Qing government to sign the Sino-American Wang Xia Treaty and the Sino-French Huangpu Treaty respectively. The original copy was originally kept in the constant temperature and humidity warehouse of Shuangxi Palace Museum on the outskirts of Taipei, and the other copy was kept by the British government.

Appointment date: July 24, 2002, Daoguang.

Treaty of nanking was signed.

Abolish extraterritorial jurisdiction: 1943.

In the Sino-British Jiangning Treaty, Nanjing at this time was actually Jiangning, and later it was commonly known as treaty of nanking. The national emblem of the British Empire was printed on the red wax of the representatives of the two countries (British imperial envoy Ying Ying and British plenipotentiary Sir Henry Pottenger).

Because the great emperor of the Qing Dynasty and the British monarch wanted to explain the recent discord and stop the dispute, they agreed to establish a permanent peace treaty. It is based on the Qing emperor's special envoy, Prince Shao Bao, an honest minister, guarding the imperial clan of Guangdong and Guangxi and wearing a red ribbon. Britain, Ireland and other countries' monarch envoys plenipotentiary, Britain's third-class general in India and other places, hereditary baron Pudingcha; It is good to read the imperial edicts to each other and grant them full authority. Even if the provisions are put forward, they are also displayed on the left:

1. Later, the great emperor of the Qing Dynasty and the great monarch of Britain lived in peace forever. China and Britain belong to each other, and people living in other countries will be blessed by that country.

2. From then on, the Great Emperor allowed the British and their families to live in five ports along the coast of the Qing Dynasty, such as Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Shanghai, with no obstacles to trade; Moreover, the great British monarch also sent consuls, butlers and other officials to the five cities to deal with merchant affairs and communicate with local officials. The British are required to pay goods tax, paper money and other expenses in accordance with the following terms.

Three, because the British merchant ships have traveled long distances to the ocean, they often need to be repaired, so they should be given a place along the coast to repair their ships and keep the materials used. Today, the great emperor, Brigadier General Hong Kong Island, gave the great British monarch and later the hereditary throne, Chang Yuan, to take charge of the master's palm and let it be governed by legislation.

4. Because Daxian, the imperial envoy of Qing Dynasty, was equal to Daoguang in February of 19th year, British consular officers and civilians were forced to stay in Guangdong, scared to death, and demanded opium for their lives. Today, the Great Emperor must pay the original price of six million silver dollars.

Five, all British businessmen who trade in Guangdong, the cause of action is owned by the hong merchants, also known as contractors. Today, the great emperor must take a warning, and he does not have to follow suit in the future. However, all British businessmen who go to the port to do trade, no matter what business they do, listen to it; Take the number of Hong Kong businessmen as an example, and so on. Many people owe money to British businessmen and have no way to pay it back. Today, it was decided to use three million silver dollars as the amount owed by the merchants, which was allowed to be repaid by the China authorities.

6. Because the imperial edict of the ministers of the Qing Dynasty was unfair to British officials and people, it was necessary to send soldiers to beg for an extension. Today, it is decided that the navy and the army will each give12 million silver dollars, and the great emperor will make up for it. However, since June 5, 200 1 year, Britain began to accept the amount of silver redeemed from the city, and the British plenipotentiary was the monarch, which could be deducted according to the amount.

Seven, the above three disposable silver dollar * * * listed on the left side of the twenty-one million silver dollar should be paid in installments:

At this time, pay six million silver dollars;

In the year of Guimao, silver was three million in June, three million in December and six million in * * *;

In June of Chen Jianian, the bank paid 2.5 million silver dollars,1February, and the bank paid 2.5 million silver dollars and * * * silver dollars;

Pay two million silver dollars in June, two million silver dollars in December and four million silver dollars in * * *;

From the year of Renyin to the year of Yisi, a total of 210 million silver dollars was paid in four years.

If it is not paid in full and on time, it is appropriate to raise interest rate by five silver dollars per 100 member every year.

Eight, all British people, regardless of their own country, their own soldiers and civilians, etc. All the places under the jurisdiction of China were banned, and the Qing Emperor would immediately release them.

Nine, all China people, former residents of the city where the British lived, or people who had contacts with the British, or people who followed and waited for British officials, were copied by the Great Emperor and completely exempted from punishment; In addition, all China victims imprisoned for British affairs will also be released with grace.

10. Article 2 above states that the five places where British businessmen live and trade, such as Guangzhou, should pay import and export goods tax and reimbursement fee, and it is stipulated that fair negotiation should be conducted, and the Ministry will issue instructions to let British businessmen pay according to the regulations; Today, it is also agreed that after British goods are taxed in a certain port, China businessmen are allowed to transport them to all parts of the world, and the tax regulations passed on the way must not be aggravated, only according to the valuation regulations, and the tax increase is not excessive every two.

1 1. Agree that the correspondence between the officials in charge of the British residence in China and the ministers of the Qing Dynasty, whether in Beijing or outside Beijing, should have the word "note"; British membership, with the words "Chen Shen"; The minister replied that Zahang members of these two countries must exchange notes in parallel. If the businessmen of the two countries reach an official charter, it will not be discussed, and the word "Ming Ming" will still be used.

Twelve, the Qing emperor allowed to carry out the terms of the contract, and allowed to pay six million silver dollars at this time. The British amphibious sergeant immediately withdrew from the rivers in Jiangning and Jingkou, and stopped obstructing the trade of businessmen in China provinces. Zhaobaoshan in Zhenhai Town will also give in. Only Zhoushan Island in Dinghai County and Gulangyu Island in Xiamen Hall are temporarily stationed by British troops. After all the foreign exchange and foreign exchange are paid off and all the seaports are open to British trade, the sergeant stationed in the second place will quit and no longer occupy it.

Thirteen, the above matters are related to the proposal, and the ministers and other officials should explain the use of the Qing emperor and the British monarch respectively? After personal approval, we will meet soon so that the two countries can share a book to show their commitment; But the two countries are far apart and can't get there once. Two copies will be prepared. First, the imperial envoys of the Qing Dynasty, the ministers who handle affairs cheaply, and the British ministers who are plenipotentiaries make decisions for the monarch, and each copy is subject to the seal of the customs, so that the implementation is carried out in accordance with the terms of the peace treaty. Someone who wants to make peace.

Daoguang died on July 24th, 22nd.

On August 29th, one thousand eight hundred and forty-two, Jiangning entered the provincial capital.

British monarch Hua Khan bells on guard.

Beijing Treaty:

/kloc-in the middle of the 0/9th century, the industries of western capitalist countries have developed greatly. In order to meet the needs of the development of the world market economy under the Beijing Treaty between China and Russia, they turned their aggression against China. 1856, the western capitalist countries headed by Britain launched the second opium war against China, which forced the Qing government to sign the unequal Tianjin Treaty in 1858, and further seized a lot of privileges. 1859, Britain, France and the United States sent ambassadors to China respectively to lead the fleet to exchange contracts in China. The Qing government strengthened the defense of Tianjin and Dagu, and prepared to exchange contracts with British and French ministers in Shanghai to prevent them from entering Beijing. Britain and France refused to change the contract in Shanghai and went north to Dagukou, Tianjin on June 1859. They did not take the route designated by the Qing side to change the contract in Beijing and forcibly entered Dagu. The result was defeated by the Qing army. Britain and France decided to organize allied forces to launch a large-scale war of aggression against China again. Because of the incompetence of the Qing court, the inevitability of the Beijing Treaty came into being.

From 65438 to 860, Yi signed the Beijing Treaty under the coercion and inducement of Britain and France. On September 1 1 day (65438+1October 24th), Minister Yi of the Qing Dynasty exchanged the Sino-British Treaty of Tianjin with Erjin, the British Plenipotentiary, and signed the Sino-British Treaty of Beijing. On September 12 (65438+125), Yi, an imperial envoy of the Qing Dynasty, exchanged the Tianjin Treaty with Gro, the French plenipotentiary, and signed the Sino-French Beijing Treaty. After Britain and France signed the Beijing Treaty, they expressed their support for the Qing government to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the Westernization School to carry out politics. The British and French allied forces withdrew from Beijing on September 19 and the second day of September 10, because their demands for aggression were basically met temporarily. On the second day of October in the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860165438+1October 14), Minister Yi of the Qing Dynasty and the Russian ambassador to China signed the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty in Beijing, recognizing the Sino-Russian Aihui Treaty, which had been refused to be ratified. Because of the outbreak of the civil war in China, when the British and French allied forces landed in Beitang, the American envoys were recalled to China, but they did not fish in troubled waters. However, many new colonial privileges were still seized under the pretext of "benefit sharing" clause afterwards.

Xin Chou Treaty:

/kloc-At the end of 0/9, the imperialist powers fought for and carved up China, which caused an unprecedented national crisis in China. This sense of crisis contributed to people's awakening, and saving the country became the most urgent requirement at that time. 1898, the bourgeois reformists failed in their reform movement, 1900, a vigorous anti-imperialist patriotic boxer movement with farmers as the main body broke out. The Boxer Rebellion started in Shandong and quickly spread to Zhili, Tianjin and Beijing, causing panic among imperialist powers. They decided to send troops to suppress the Boxer Rebellion themselves. Britain, the United States, Japan, Russia, France, Germany, Italy and Austria organized a coalition to invade China and invaded Beijing in August. 190 1 year, the Qing government was forced to sign an unequal treaty. Because this year is the year of happiness and ugliness in China's old calendar, this treaty is called "the treaty of happiness and ugliness". Empress Dowager Cixi fled to xi 'an with Emperor Guangxu and his cronies. The Qing Dynasty was forced to make peace with imperialism.

After Eight-Nation Alliance captured Beijing, he forced the Qing government in China to sign a slavery treaty that humiliated China. Also known as the peace treaty or protocol between Xin and Chou. 190 1 (in the 27th year of Guangxu) On September 7th, representatives of the Qing government, Yi Kuang and Li Hongzhang, signed an agreement with representatives of Germany, Austria, Belgium, Japan, the United States, France, Britain, Italy, Russia, Spain and the Netherlands in Beijing.

Treaty * * * has 65,438+02 texts and 65,438+09 annexes. The main contents are as follows:

(1) China paid an indemnity of 450 million taels of silver, guaranteed by customs duties, salt taxes and customs duties, and paid off in 39 years, with an annual interest of 4% and principal and interest of * * * 980 million taels.

(2) Set up an embassy district in Dongjiaominxiang, Beijing, guarded by garrisons from various countries, and China people are not allowed to live.

(3) Demolition of Dagu Fort and Jinghai Channel Fort; China's troops may not be stationed within 20 miles around Tianjin, but the powers may send guards to defend the embassy in Beijing and station troops at important locations along the Jingyu Railway 12, including Shanhaiguan; China was banned from importing weapons and materials for weapons manufacturing for at least two years.

(4) China people are prohibited from organizing or joining "being enemies with other countries" forever, and offenders will be put to death; Provincial officials must protect the safety of foreigners, otherwise they will be dismissed and never used; Punish the "first offender" who sponsored the boxer movement and "stop the civil and military examination for five years" in places where foreigners were "killed and abused"

⑤ China changed the Foreign Affairs Office of the Prime Minister to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and appointed the Royal Family as Foreign Minister.

1900, the Boxer Rebellion against imperialist powers broke out in China. In order to suppress the Boxer Rebellion and further strengthen the invasion and plunder of China, Britain, the United States, Japan, Russia, France, Germany, Italy and Austria launched a war of aggression against China in June of the same year and captured Beijing in August (see "The War against Eight-Nation Alliance"). 1 1 On February 22nd, the above-mentioned 1 national ministerial delegation put forward the so-called "Twelve Articles of the Outline of Peace Negotiations", which the Qing government was forced to accept. However, the powers quarreled on the issues of "punishing the fierce" and "compensation", and the treaty was formally signed in September of the following year. This treaty is another slavery treaty imposed on China by imperialist powers. Its signing further strengthened the imperialists' comprehensive control and plunder of China, and marked that China had completely become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

Treaty of shimonoseki:

It was a treaty signed by the Qing government and the Japanese government in Shimonoseki, Japan (now Shimonoseki) on April 1895 (March 23rd, 21st year of Guangxu reign), formerly known as Shimonoseki New Testament, which Japan called Shimonoseki Treaty or Nissin Peace Treaty. The signing of treaty of shimonoseki marked the end of the Sino-Japanese War. Li Hongzhang and Li were the representatives of the Qing Dynasty, and Ito Bowen and Lu Aozongguang were the representatives of Japan. This treaty is the most vicious unequal treaty imposed on China by the invaders since the Beijing Treaty, which has benefited Japan greatly and adapted to the desire of imperialist countries to export capital to China. After the signing of the treaty, due to the interference of Russia, Germany and France, Japan returned Liaodong Peninsula to China, and China "rewarded" Japan with 32 million taels of silver.