Yang Wuju

I. The Modal Characteristics of Practical Writing "Shuowen" explains: mode, law is also. Law, method, way also. From this, mode can be understood as a model or paradigm, which can be imitated and followed. As far as writing is concerned, most of the articles in the same mode have the same or similar layout and writing style, and have generally uniform requirements. Practical writing is a kind of "business" for the purpose of standardized writing, writing method has obvious pattern characteristics. Practical writing mode, mainly refers to the writing process can draw on the standard style and need to follow the rules required. It is south of the external manifestations and internal structure of the two parts of the model, it is the internal scale of practical writing, is a concise summary of the law of practical writing. Education and training we often practical writing of the external mode is simply understood as the surface format, that is, the combination of elements of practical writing style. In fact, the external pattern of practical writing is not equal to the general sense of the format, program. From the occurrence of science, the format mainly from the authority of the mandatory provisions, but in addition, the pattern also comes from the customary norms agreed upon in the practice of writing, the pattern of the extension is much larger than the format. The external manifestations of practical documents mainly include the format and customary discourse application. The external pattern of legal documents is mainly manifested in the format of the surface, and the external pattern of unofficial documents commonly used in life is more the result of the natural accumulation of long-term writing practice. Any format specification is not static, they are in the historical evolution of the continuous generation, demise, as well as perfect. Such as the Han Dynasty to the emperor's paperwork, generally to "I am not dead words" at the beginning of the end of the "kowtow kowtow, fearful, death penalty, death penalty," to show respect for imperial power and fear, these with the feudal hierarchy of the format of the modern civil service has long been abolished.

The internal structural pattern of practical writing mainly refers to the layout and logical relationship paradigm of the chapter level of practical writing. Relative to the external form, the internal structure mode is much more stable, it is a kind of norms hidden behind the appearance of binding. This norm is formed in long-term writing practice, and once it is formed, "it remains stable and unchanging in a fairly long historical period, without the need to constantly break through the existing paradigm and create new paradigms." ① The formation of the internal structural pattern is a product of the development of practical writing to a relatively mature stage. Pleadings are a kind of pleading instrument for ancient people and officials to present their complaints to the government offices or their superiors.2 They appeared in the Han Dynasty, and gradually evolved into specialized judicial instruments after the Song Dynasty, and were called endowments in the Qing Dynasty. Mr. Wang Ming in the book "selected reading of public documents" in the selection of a report "Hu Kunshan accusing Zhang Xianwu domicile occupation of the ancestral tombs of" ③. Two this endowment structure is complete, divided into three parts: the first part is the original endowment, was endowed, bookworms, collusion, interference in the name, address; the second part is the main part of the instrument, divided into three sub-parts: first of all, explain the endowment of the name, address, age, and what is the matter, followed by an overview of the incident, and finally endowed request; the third part of the instrument is the two annexes, that is, the outcome of the incident "closing pleadings". Modern indictment generally consists of the plaintiff, the defendant's basic situation, litigation requirements, facts and reasons and other parts of the composition, it and the main part of the endowment's internal structure is very similar, there is a relationship of inheritance between the two, which is a regular embodiment of the development of the internal structure of the internal structure mode of the pleadings.

Practical writing pattern is characterized by its instrumental decision. Practical writing and literary creation is different, literary creation to "people" as the center, pay attention to originality and personalization, and strive to break through the constraints of rules and regulations, try to use different ways to express life, in order to meet the different aesthetic needs of the readers; Practical writing is a kind of standardization of writing, to "things" as the center, in order to solve the problem of "things" as the center, to solve the problem of "things" as the center, in order to solve the problem of "things" as the center. " as the center, to solve public and private affairs for the purpose of pursuing the functionality and practicality of writing. Achieving the model of writing is conducive to the production, reading and processing of practical writing, and is conducive to the direct and understandable expression of the intent of practical writing, and is conducive to maximizing the role of practical writing as a tool.

The timeliness of practical writing is an important factor affecting the modeling of writing. Practical writing exists in order to solve the social life of various public and private affairs, and dealing with public and private affairs is a time requirement. Achieving schematization of writing helps to complete the work in the shortest possible time. For example, a unit in order to deal with emergencies need to convene an emergency meeting, the secretarial staff in the shortest possible time to notify the participants, but also need to prepare the leader's speech in advance. At this time, it is required to realize the notice and speech model writing, the only way, secretaries can complete the task on time, quality.

To achieve the mode of writing is practical management and retrieval of the need for the 21st century is the information age, with the computer, the Internet, multimedia technology and other high-end technology promotion and popularity, office automation has become a trend to achieve the standardization of the writing and modeling helps to archive the management of practical documents and automatic retrieval.

Two, practical writing mode classification

Practical style as an important part of the family of styles, it involves a very diverse range of styles, to be clear about the mode of writing each type of writing is really a very difficult thing, to solve this problem, we only have to be explored in its own category. On the classification of the mode of practical style has always been a diversity of opinions, to solve the status quo, only from the composition of the practical style of manpower. One thing is clear, the practical style of writing by the different types of style, each type of writing has a different category, each category of articles and has a unique writing method, the practical style of writing by the type of writing - category - article of the combination of three levels. In view of this, we divide the mode of practical style into three categories: mode of genre, mode of category and mode of article.

(A) genre mode

Genre, is an abbreviation of genre type. Each genre in the practical genre is unique, and it is this uniqueness that constitutes the mode of writing that distinguishes this genre from the other. Thus, the pattern of the genre can be understood as the formatting norms and writing techniques that are specific to a particular genre. The characteristics of the genre itself forms a pattern of norms, that is, the genre itself is the mode, different genres represent different writing mode.

Practical style covers hundreds of types of style, it can be divided into two categories of public and private, according to the specific content can be divided into legal documents, affairs style, economic style, judicial style, news style, daily practical style and other different types. Combined with the characteristics of the mode of writing, these different types of writing style for the specific model of the overall and classification, for us to intuitively understand the mode of practical writing style has some help. According to the similarity and closeness of the format and writing method between the types of documents, statutory documents can be divided into directives, notices, reports, instructions, regulations and other different modes, business instruments can be divided into plans, summaries, reports, briefs and other different modes, economic instruments can be divided into reports, contracts, advertisements, and other different modes, the judicial instruments are mainly divided into pleadings, pleading, arbitration, notarization, and other different modes, news texts can be divided into reports, contracts, advertisements, and other different modes. And other different modes, the news genre can be divided into news, newsletters, commentaries and other different modes, the daily practical genre can be divided into letters and telegrams, biographies, benediction, notes, enlightenment and other different modes. Among them, each mode can be divided into multiple modes of writing? Such as economic style of report, can be divided into market research reports, market forecast reports, audit reports and other different types; judicial style of pleadings, can be divided into L pleadings, indictment, complaint, defense and other different modes of categories.

(B) category mode

In the face of complex and changing social life, each type of writing is often derived from different categories to cope with different situations, in the long term writing practice, each category of writing has formed a distinction between the other categories of unique writing and behavioral norms. These unique writing style and behavioral norms constitute the category pattern of practical writing.

Each genre has a different category mode. For example, there are many specific categories for notices, reports, requests, letters, and opinions in official documents, letters in daily applications, and contracts in professional documents. The following is an example of a notification to see the differences in category patterns:

The Measures for the Handling of Official Documents of State Administrative Organs (Guofa (2000) No. 23) defines the purpose of a notification as "approving and forwarding the official documents of subordinate organs, forwarding the official documents of superior organs and organs not subordinate to each other, conveying the requirements for subordinate organs to deal with and the need for the relevant units to know or carry out the matter , appoint and remove personnel." In the specific practice of communication, the function of notice realizes the differentiation, and produces different categories of notice, there are approval class notice, executive notice, weekly notice, meeting notice, etc. These different categories of notice are different in the specific writing style. Approval class notice is an important type of notice, it generally adopts the structure pattern of "B has been agreed or passed by A, now approved or forwarded to you, please conscientiously carry out the implementation". (A on behalf of the higher departments or meetings, etc. B on behalf of the document name) For example:

People's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, the State Council ministries and commissions, and agencies directly under the central government:

×× correcting the unhealthy industry Office of the "implementation of the views on the corrective work of the wind has been x x x agreed to be hereby forwarded to you, please take into account the actual situation, and conscientiously carry out the implementation of the.

(Attachment omitted)

××Office

2OO×Year×Month×

Unlike the approval type of notification, the meeting notification often adopts the structural pattern:

According to××, for the sake of××, the unit of×× has decided to convene the××. The specific matters are notified as follows:

I. Content of the meeting (omitted)

II. Schedule of the meeting (omitted)

III. Personnel, time and place of the meeting (omitted)

IV. Requirements of the meeting (omitted)

V. Contact information (omitted)

VI. Precautions (omitted)

By comparing the two types of notices, we can distinctly feel the differences between the different categories of models. This requires us to strictly follow the requirements of the category mode in our specific writing practice, to think carefully and comprehensively, and to scientifically choose the mode of writing that best expresses the main idea.

(C) Article mode

Article mode, that is, the specific writing pattern of a particular article. The article pattern is more directional than the genre pattern or category pattern. It is the lowest level of writing pattern. Such as meeting notification as a category of education and training notification, in the choice of mode is subordinate to the category mode, but specific to a meeting of the writing method and requirements should belong to the scope of the article mode.

The article mode of practical writing consists of two parts: the external structure mode and internal structure mode. Among them, the external structural pattern mainly comes from the mandatory provisions of the relevant national documents and the customary norms agreed upon in the long-term writing, these formats and norms are objective and fixed; the internal structural pattern mainly refers to the layout and logical structural arrangement of the paper's beginning and ending. For the internal structure of the classification and summary of the mode, the academic community has made a lot of research a r = work, the results are very rich, in general, generally contains three components: the cause, the main body, the end,

1. Internal structure

The cause of the part of the main introduction of the basis of the text, the reasons for the purpose, etc., to start, bring up the following. Combined with the actual situation, the cause of the writing mode are mainly the following: (1) cited. Commonly used "based on", "according to", "in accordance with", "in accordance with", "In accordance with" and other words at the beginning, using "based on ...... special as follows ......" mode to guide, mainly Account for the legal, regulatory and policy basis for the line of communication. (2) purpose. That is, to explain the intention of the article, commonly used "for (in order to) ...... special as follows ......" mode of guidance. (3) Reason. To "based on", "in view of", "due to" and other words to start, explain the background of the line of work, explain the reasons for the line of work. (4) Overview. At the beginning of the article briefly describe the basic situation of the event, summarize the significance and necessity of the line. Commonly used in briefings, reports and other types of literature.

The main part of the matter of the instrument part, it belongs to the core part of the instrument. This part is mainly around the intention of the text, the main content of the events, analyze the problem, summarize the reasons, Hj requirements, to find a solution to the problem.

The end of the practical part of the paper is mainly to put forward the hope and requirements, with a certain tendency. Common ways of ending are: (1) hope. At the end of the text issued a call to arms, put forward hopes and requirements, with the nature of the whip, encouragement. (2) emphasize. For the important matters in the text, views, significance, etc. to highlight, in order to attract the attention of the receiving organ. (3) matters. At the end of the text to put forward the event handling issues that need attention, methods and opinions, etc., to guide the receiving organization to complete the task of quality and quantity. (4) customary. That is, in the end of the text to use the usual end of the map education and training bundle language, such as "hereby notify", "hereby notice", "when or not, please approve" and so on.

In fact, in the specific hierarchical arrangement, do not have to fully comply with the "cause - the main body - the end of the" structural model, there can be a variety of options. (l) chapter in one type. This model is relatively simple, only contains the part of the matter of the instrument, without hierarchy, in the form of only one paragraph. Commonly used in some batch type notice, simple notice, order, etc.. (2) two-tier structure mode. This model is generally used in the form of "cause + body" or "body + end", some of the end of the instrument is directly implied in the main part, do not need to write a single end; some instruments do not need to write the cause, only matters and the end, such as some of the simple appointments and removals, meeting notices. . (3) three-layer structure mode. This "cause - the main - end" complete structure mode in the most common instrument writing, more examples, no need to repeat. It should be noted that different types of documents have different logical structure requirements. Instruments. The internal logical structure of the form of causal, juxtaposition, progressive, such as regulations generally use the juxtaposition structure, reflecting the situation of the report is generally used to elaborate the problem, analyze the problem, solve the problem of the progressive structure.

2. External structure mode

External structure mode mainly refers to the expression of the elements of the practical text? It is formally standardized on the article, has a strong objectivity, can not be changed at will.

In our daily lives, we often use letters, although the letter has a thank you letter, condolence letter, self-recommendation letter, cover letter and other different forms, but their external format is largely the same. In the beginning of the letter, usually first write the name of the recipient, and then write the body, at the end of the letter often also indicate the name of the letter writer, as well as the time and other elements.

The external format of legal documents consists of the number of copies of the serial number of the document, the level of secrecy and confidentiality, the degree of urgency, the identity of the issuing authority, the text number, the issuer, the title of the document, the main sending organ, the main text, annexes, the date of the document, the entry into force of the logo, notes, subject matter, copying the organ, the issuing authority and the date of issuance, etc. CBT9704-1999, "the format of the official documents of the state administrative organs". These external formats are explained in detail, and there are clear provisions on what kind of fonts to use for each part, what number of fonts to use, and what position to put them in, etc. These formats bind the official documents to be used in the same document. These formats constrain the official documents in the same mode of operation, it is not only conducive to improve the speed of production of documents, but also conducive to improve the efficiency of reading and processing of documents, but also to facilitate the final archiving and management.

We should see that different types of documents have different article mode; at the same time, it should also be clear that even the same category of documents, their article mode there will be differences. The same letter of condolence, the recipient's situation is very different, in the specific writing, we should combine the actual situation of flexible use of different modes. The choice of article mode is different from the choice of text type and category mode, it is more practical and specific, and the situation faced is more complex, which requires us to live and learn to use the mode, do not let the mode become a constraint on writing. Practical writing is ultimately the writing of practical articles, understanding the article mode of practical writing will help us improve the quality of writing.

Three, practical writing mode selection and its basis

(a) practical writing mode selection

practical writing mode, category mode, article mode, there is a logical relationship between the three from large to small, from wide to narrow, this logical relationship conforms to the human cognitive law from the surface to the inside, from general to individual thinking. Therefore, in the choice of mode, we generally follow the "mode - category mode - article mode" procedure.

For example, in order to summarize the achievements and shortcomings of a year's work, a unit is scheduled to be held at a certain time of the year-end summary of the General Assembly, the Secretary of the Department of the production and distribution of documents to inform the majority of members of the Din, the secretarial staff at this time is faced with a mode of choice. To solve this problem, generally divided into the following steps: First, clear writing intention, choose the appropriate type of text. The intention of this event that the relevant meeting matters to inform you, this is a routine matter within the organization, so you can choose a simple downward notice, rather than a wider range of circulars, announcements. Secondly, to clarify the content of the matter, choose the appropriate category. Obviously, this matter should belong to the scope of application of notice of meeting. Third, choose the appropriate mode of writing. Meeting notices are written in a variety of ways, some only account for the time and place of the meeting, and some have to account for the reason for holding the meeting. For a unit, the year-end summary of the General Assembly is a very important meeting, so in the specific writing can be more specific, more detailed, the reason for the meeting, matters and hopes need to be expressed.

(B) the basis of practical writing mode

In the specific writing practice, we can not arbitrarily choose the writing mode, we need to carefully consider the intention of the instrument, the relationship between the line, the style characteristics of many factors.

1. Writing intention is the core factor affecting the choice of mode

The so-called intention, that is, the initial motivation for writing, for practical writing, is the theme of practical articles expressed in the content of the ideas and values. It is the core factor that determines the choice of writing mode.

The intention of practical writing stems from the needs of social life. In the specific process of writing, the intention may be a task or a request, may be to regulate a certain behavior or to disseminate a certain experience. The diversity of intentions determines the complexity of expression. There are many practical types of writing, different types of writing have different scopes of application, choose to use what kind of style, the key to look at the author to express what kind of intention. To send blessings to distant relatives and friends, we can choose letters; cooperation between two enterprises, the need to sign a contract; the government to convey a certain spirit, the need to use statutory instruments. Even if the expression of the same intention, nuances in the choice of mode will be different. The same is to mention the problem I Ye { opinions and methods, the use of opinions and decisions will be different. Opinions focus on recommendations, the decision is more emphasis on directives, the use of decisions than opinions better reflect the sender's concern for the issue.

2. The relationship between the author and the reader is an important basis for influencing the choice of mode

Practical writing is widely used in social practice, it is like an invisible net, connecting people at different levels, different occupations, and different geographical areas, and the resulting formation of a complex and diverse social relations. According to different division criteria, these social relations can be divided into different categories. According to the nature, it can be divided into personal relationship and working relationship; according to the content, it can be divided into affiliation and non-affiliation, of which affiliation is divided into administrative affiliation, business affiliation, etc., and non-affiliation can be divided into cooperative relationship, kinship relationship, etc.. The relationship between the author of the article and the reader is different, the choice of practical writing mode is different.

For example, a city education bureau in order to expand the staff building, need to separately to the municipal government, the municipal finance bureau and other units. Municipal government and the municipal education bureau between the existence of administrative affiliation, is its superior organ, this time to use the instructions line; Education Bureau and the Finance Bureau does not exist in the administrative affiliation, the general use of the letter to line. For legal documents, if the issuing authority and the recipient organ of administrative affiliation, then they should choose to use the statutory upper or lower education and training line; if the two do not exist in administrative affiliation, choose to use the parallel text.

3. The stylistic features are objective norms for the choice of mode.

Each of the practical style of writing is unique, they have unique qualities that distinguish them from other styles of writing, therefore, in the choice of writing mode, but also consider the characteristics of the style itself. For example, the announcement is used to announce to the domestic and foreign important matters or legal matters, in dealing with foreign matters, we can only choose to use the announcement, and can not use the same nature of the notification, notice, etc., which is determined by their stylistic characteristics.

See, the choice of mode is not a simple matter. We not only have to consider the intention of the issue, the relationship between the line -, stylistic features and other factors, sometimes, but also take into account the writer's habits of thought, the recipient of the cultural training, psychological needs and many other elements. In short, we must oppose the rigid, learn to choose and use the model of flexibility. Note:

①Shen Guofang, on the intrinsic mode of statutory administrative documents [J]. Journal of Radio and Television University, I999(2).

②Liang Qingzhi, Ancient and Modern Official Documents [M]. Sichuan University Press, 1992. ③ Wang Ming, selected reading of official documents [M]. Liaoning University Press, 2000. (Author's unit: Nanjing Normal University)