bionic design

bionic design, also known as Design Bionics, is a new frontier discipline developed on the basis of bionics and design science, which mainly involves mathematics, biology, electronics, physics, cybernetics, information theory, ergonomics, psychology, materials science, mechanics, dynamics, engineering, economics, and so on.

Bionic design is different from the old application of bionics. It takes the shape, color, sound, function and structure of everything in nature as the research object, and selectively applies these characteristic principles in the design process. At the same time, it combines the research results of bionics to provide new ideas, new principles, new methods and new ways for design. In a sense, bionic design can be said to be the continuation and development of bionics, and it is the reflection of the research results of bionics in the way of human existence.

Bionic design, as the joint of human social production activities and nature, has achieved a high degree of unity in social and natural, and is gradually becoming a new bright spot in the process of design development.

since ancient times, nature has been the source of various scientific and technological principles and major inventions of mankind. There are many kinds of animals, plants and substances in the biological world. In the long process of evolution, in order to survive and develop, they gradually have the ability to adapt to the changes in nature. Human beings live in nature and are "neighbors" with the surrounding creatures. These creatures' various strange abilities attract people to imagine and imitate. Using their abilities of observation, thinking and design, human beings began to imitate creatures, and made simple tools through creative labor, which enhanced their ability and ability to fight against nature.

The first tools used by human beings-wooden sticks and stone axes are undoubtedly natural wooden sticks and natural stones. The use of bone needles is undoubtedly the imitation of fishbone ... The creation and lifestyle choice of all these tools can't be said to be imagined by human beings out of thin air, but can only be said to be a direct simulation of the substances and some forms existing in nature. It is the primary creation stage of human beings, and it can also be said to be the origin and embryonic form of bionic design. Although they are rough and superficial, they are the basis for our development today.

in China, there have been examples of imitating creatures for a long time. According to legend, in more than 3,111 years BC, our ancestor Youchao imitated birds to nest in trees to prevent the harm of wild animals. More than 4,111 years ago, our ancestors "turned to be cars when they saw erigeron", that is, they invented wheels when they saw erigeron rotating with the wind and made cars with wheels. The construction of the mountain gate in front of the main hall in ancient temples is quite like an elephant's posture in terms of its architectural structure. The columns are round and thick, as if they were like elephant's legs.

The industrious and brave working people in ancient China have long had all kinds of wonderful fantasies about the beautiful sky and the soaring goshawk. According to the historical records of Qin and Han dynasties, more than two thousand years ago, our people invented kites and applied them to military liaison. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Lu Ban, a craftsman of the State of Lu, first began to develop flying wooden birds. And he was inspired by a toothed blade of grass that could cut the skin and invented the saw. According to Du Yang Miscellaneous Editions, there was a Han Zhihe in the Tang Dynasty, who said, "He is good at carving wood into the shape of a phoenix, a crane, a crow and a magpie. When he drinks and pecks, it is no different from the truth. When he puts it in his abdomen, he can fly in the air, but it can be as high as 31 feet to 121 feet, and then he starts to descend." During the Western Han Dynasty, some people made wings out of bird feathers and flew down from a high platform in an attempt to imitate the flight of birds. The above cases are enough to show that the working people in ancient China have carefully observed and studied the flapping and flying of birds, which is also one of the earliest bionic design activities. The invention of a rocket weapon "Flying Crow with Divine Fire" in Ming Dynasty also reflects people's desire to learn from birds.

The imitation of aquatic animals-fish by working people in ancient China was also fruitful. By imitating fish living in the water, the ancients cut trees and chiseled boats, made fish-shaped hulls out of wood, and made sculls and paddles out of fish's pectoral fins and caudal fins, thus gaining the freedom of water transportation. Later, with the improvement of production level, the dragon boat appeared, which was influenced by many animal shapes. The rocket weapon "Fire Dragon Out of the Water" used in ancient water wars somewhat imitated the meaning of animals. The above examples show that the early bionic design activities of working people in ancient China have created extraordinary achievements for developing China's splendid ancient civilization.

in the history of foreign civilization, it has experienced a similar process. In ancient Greek mythology, which contains rich production knowledge, some people made wings out of feathers and wax and escaped from the maze; And Thiel invented the saw, which is said to have been inspired by the shape of the back bone of fish and the palate bone of snake. In the 15th century, German astronomer Miller made an iron fly and a mechanical eagle and performed an air show.

around оο, Kelly, a British scientist and one of the founders of aerodynamics, imitated the spindle shape of trout and woodchuck and found a streamlined structure with low resistance. Kelly also designed a kind of wing curve imitating bird wings, which greatly promoted the birth of aviation technology. At the same time, a French physiologist, Maret, made a careful study on the flight of birds. In his book Animal Machine, he introduced the relationship between the weight of birds and the wing area. Helmholtz, a German, also found from studying flying animals that the weight of flying animals is directly proportional to the cubic of the body's linearity. Helmholtz's research pointed out the limitations of the body size of flying objects. Through the detailed study and careful imitation of bird flying organs, according to the principle of bird flying mechanism, people finally made a glider capable of manned flight.

Later, the designer designed the boom of the excavator according to the crane's posture. During World War I, people got inspiration from the wild boar who survived the gas war and designed a gas mask by imitating the nose of the wild boar. What principles are used by submarines that float and sink flexibly in the ocean? Although we have no evidence to investigate whether the submarine designer consulted the biological world when designing the submarine, it is not difficult to imagine that the designer must know that the swim bladder is an important organ used by fish to change the proportion of the body with the water so that it can rise and fall in the water. Frog is an amphibious animal. Sports workers have carefully studied the frog's movement posture in the water and summed up a set of labor-saving and fast swimming movements-breaststroke. In addition, the fins made for divers are almost completely made according to the shape of frog's hind limbs, which greatly improves the diver's ability to move in the water.

second, the history of bionic design

since ancient times, nature has been the source of various scientific and technological principles and major inventions of mankind. There are many kinds of animals, plants and substances in the biological world. In the long process of evolution, in order to survive and develop, they gradually have the ability to adapt to the changes in nature. Human beings live in nature and are "neighbors" with the surrounding creatures. These creatures' various strange abilities attract people to imagine and imitate. Using their abilities of observation, thinking and design, human beings began to imitate creatures, and made simple tools through creative labor, which enhanced their ability and ability to fight against nature.

The first tools used by human beings-wooden sticks and stone axes are undoubtedly natural wooden sticks and natural stones. The use of bone needles is undoubtedly the imitation of fishbone ... The creation and lifestyle choice of all these tools can't be said to be imagined by human beings out of thin air, but can only be said to be a direct simulation of the substances and some forms existing in nature. It is the primary creation stage of human beings, and it can also be said to be the origin and embryonic form of bionic design. Although they are rough and superficial, they are the basis for our development today.

in China, there have been examples of imitating creatures for a long time. According to legend, in more than 3,111 years BC, our ancestor Youchao imitated birds to nest in trees to prevent the harm of wild animals. More than 4,111 years ago, our ancestors "turned to be cars when they saw erigeron", that is, they invented wheels when they saw erigeron rotating with the wind and made cars with wheels. The construction of the mountain gate in front of the main hall in ancient temples is quite like an elephant's posture in terms of its architectural structure. The columns are round and thick, as if they were like elephant's legs.

The industrious and brave working people in ancient China have long had all kinds of wonderful fantasies about the beautiful sky and the soaring goshawk. According to the historical records of Qin and Han dynasties, more than two thousand years ago, our people invented kites and applied them to military liaison. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Lu Ban, a craftsman of the State of Lu, first began to develop flying wooden birds. And he was inspired by a toothed blade of grass that could cut the skin and invented the saw. According to Du Yang Miscellaneous Editions, there was a Han Zhihe in the Tang Dynasty, who said, "He is good at carving wood into the shape of a phoenix, a crane, a crow and a magpie. When he drinks and pecks, it is no different from the truth. When he puts it in his abdomen, he can fly in the air, but it can be as high as 31 feet to 121 feet, and then he starts to descend." During the Western Han Dynasty, some people made wings out of bird feathers and flew down from a high platform in an attempt to imitate the flight of birds. The above cases are enough to show that the working people in ancient China have carefully observed and studied the flapping and flying of birds, which is also one of the earliest bionic design activities. The invention of a rocket weapon "Flying Crow with Divine Fire" in Ming Dynasty also reflects people's desire to learn from birds.

The imitation of aquatic animals-fish by working people in ancient China was also fruitful. By imitating fish living in the water, the ancients cut trees and chiseled boats, made fish-shaped hulls out of wood, and made sculls and paddles out of fish's pectoral fins and caudal fins, thus gaining the freedom of water transportation. Later, with the improvement of production level, the dragon boat appeared, which was influenced by many animal shapes. The rocket weapon "Fire Dragon Out of the Water" used in ancient water wars somewhat imitated the meaning of animals. The above examples show that the early bionic design activities of working people in ancient China have created extraordinary achievements for developing China's splendid ancient civilization.

in the history of foreign civilization, it has experienced a similar process. In ancient Greek mythology, which contains rich production knowledge, some people made wings out of feathers and wax and escaped from the maze; And Thiel invented the saw, which is said to have been inspired by the shape of the back bone of fish and the palate bone of snake. In the 15th century, German astronomer Miller made an iron fly and a mechanical eagle and performed an air show.

around оο, Kelly, a British scientist and one of the founders of aerodynamics, imitated the spindle shape of trout and woodchuck and found a streamlined structure with low resistance. Kelly also designed a kind of wing curve imitating bird wings, which greatly promoted the birth of aviation technology. At the same time, a French physiologist, Maret, made a careful study on the flight of birds. In his book Animal Machine, he introduced the relationship between the weight of birds and the wing area. Helmholtz, a German, also found from studying flying animals that the weight of flying animals is directly proportional to the cubic of the body's linearity. Helmholtz's research pointed out the limitations of the body size of flying objects. Through the detailed study and careful imitation of bird flying organs, according to the principle of bird flying mechanism, people finally made a glider capable of manned flight.

Later, the designer designed the boom of the excavator according to the crane's posture. During World War I, people got inspiration from the wild boar who survived the gas war and designed a gas mask by imitating the nose of the wild boar. What principles are used by submarines that float and sink flexibly in the ocean? Although we have no evidence to investigate whether the submarine designer consulted the biological world when designing the submarine, it is not difficult to imagine that the designer must know that the swim bladder is an important organ used by fish to change the proportion of the body with the water so that it can rise and fall in the water. Frog is an amphibious animal. Sports workers have carefully studied the frog's movement posture in the water and summed up a set of labor-saving and fast swimming movements-breaststroke. In addition, the fins made for divers are almost completely made according to the shape of frog's hind limbs, which greatly improves the diver's ability to move in the water.

Third, the development of bionic design

In modern times, the development of biology, electronics, dynamics and other disciplines also promoted the development of bionic design. Take the emergence of airplanes as an example:

After numerous failures in imitating birds' flight, people finally found out the reason why birds can fly: the wings of birds bend flat, and when flying, the air flow above them is faster than that below, resulting in greater pressure below them, so the wings generate vertical upward lift, and the faster they fly, the greater the lift.

In p>1852, Frenchman Jifaer invented the balloon spaceship. In 1871, the German Otto Lilienthal made the first glider. Lilienthal was a fearless and adventurous man at the end of the 19th century. He watched the storks in his hometown of Pomerania fly over his roof with clumsy wings, and he firmly believed that people could fly. In 1891, he began to develop a single-wing glider with curved rib bat wings, and he also conducted a test flight himself; In the following five years, he made more than 2111 gliding flights and made a comparative study with birds, which provided valuable information. It is proved that the distance of airflow passing through the upper curved surface of the wing is longer than that of airflow passing through the lower flat surface of the wing, so it is also faster, so as to ensure the convergence of airflow at the trailing edge of the wing. Because the upper airflow travels faster, it is thinner, thus generating strong suction, accounting for about two-thirds of the lift of the wing; The rest of the lift comes from the pressure of the airflow under the wing on the wing.

at the end of p>19, the appearance of internal combustion engine gave mankind what it has always dreamed of: wings. Needless to say, this kind of wing is clumsy, primitive and unreliable, but it is the wing that enables human beings to fly with birds in the wind.

The Wright brothers invented the real airplane. In the process of aircraft design and manufacture, how to make the aircraft turn and how to make it stable has been puzzling them. To this end, the Wright brothers also studied the flight of birds. For example, they study how to make a wing fall and keep balance by turning the falling wing; How does the increased pressure on this wing keep the fish stable and balanced? The two men fitted their glider with wingtip ailerons to carry out these experiments, which were controlled by people on the ground with ropes to make it turn or bend. Their second successful experiment was to control the direction of the plane by manipulating a rotatable rudder at the back of the plane, and make the plane turn left or right through the rudder.

Later, with the continuous development of airplanes, they gradually lost their original heavy and ugly shapes, and they became simpler and more practical. Both the fuselage and the single curved wing show natural lines like seashells, fish and stones washed by waves. The efficiency of the plane has increased, flying faster and higher than before. In modern times, science is highly developed, but the environment is destroyed, the ecology is unbalanced and the energy is exhausted. Human beings realize the high sense of urgency to re-understand nature and explore a more harmonious way of life with nature, and also realize the importance of bionic design to human future development. Especially in the autumn of 1996, the first symposium on bionics was held in Ohio, USA, which became the official birth date of bionics.

Since then, bionic technology has made great progress and been widely used. Bionic design has also developed by leaps and bounds, and a large number of bionic design works such as intelligent robots, radars, sonar, artificial organs, automatic controllers, automatic navigators and so on have emerged.

in modern times, scientists studied frog eyes according to their special structures.