1. Surface of fruits, vegetables and food
There are mainly Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella, Aspergillus Niger, Penicillium and so on.
2. Kitchen knives, chopping boards and tableware mainly include Escherichia coli, Salmonella, hepatitis virus, mold and Shigella.
3. Household appliances
Such as drinking fountains, refrigerator walls, air conditioning filters and other household appliances. , will be contaminated by gastroenteritis virus, adenovirus, salmonella, tuberculosis, hepatitis virus, Escherichia coli and so on. After long-term use.
4. Indoor air
Contains mycobacterium tuberculosis, hemolytic streptococcus, streptococcus pneumoniae, Bacillus, pigment bacteria and other bacteria.
5. People's clothes, skin and other surfaces
There are mainly Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Propionibacterium sores and Corynebacterium diphtheriae-like bacteria.
Second, the common methods of household disinfection
1. Ventilation equipment
Indoor air should be kept fresh, avoid smoking, and often open the window for ventilation. It is best to do it at noon in the morning and at night 1 time, each time 15 ~ 20 minutes. Especially in winter, open the window for ventilation every day 10 ~ 30 minutes.
boiling
Boiling can coagulate and denature the protein of bacteria. Disinfection time should be calculated from the time when water boils. After boiling 15 ~ 20 minutes, general bacteria can be killed. This method is suitable for disinfecting patients' tableware or cotton cloth.
3. sunshine
Ultraviolet radiation is often used for air disinfection. Sunlight contains ultraviolet rays and infrared rays, which can meet the disinfection requirements after 3 ~ 6 hours of irradiation. The patient's bedding, clothes and articles can be exposed to the sun for disinfection.
4. medicine
3% Lysol solution can be used to disinfect children's toys, and it can be soaked for 2 hours. Can also be wiped with 0.5% peracetic acid; Generally, 75% alcohol can kill common bacteria in 10 second, but it can't kill hepatitis virus; Chlorine-containing chemicals, such as bleaching powder, detergent, sodium hypochlorite, excellent chlorine, etc., also have good disinfection effect.
Third, the correct use of household disinfectants
1. Follow the instructions strictly.
Read the instructions carefully and strictly follow the instructions.
2. Concentrated preparation
The concentration should be accurately prepared according to the instructions. Especially for skin, fabrics and metal objects, excessive disinfectant will cause harm, and insufficient concentration will be ineffective.
Prepare for disinfection
At the beginning of disinfection, the items to be disinfected should be washed with clear water or detergent to remove dirt on the surface, and then soaked with the prepared disinfectant. The advantage of this is that the disinfectant can directly contact microorganisms and enhance its bactericidal ability.
Immerse yourself in it
Disinfected articles must be completely soaked or soaked by disinfectant within the specified time to achieve disinfection effect.
Remove residue
After disinfection, some people think that direct placement can inhibit germs, which is wrong. Especially after food disinfection, it must be washed repeatedly to remove residues.
Fourth, the cleaning method of furniture
1. The rag should be clean.
When cleaning and maintaining, be sure to use a clean rag.
2. The correct use of rags
After cleaning or wiping off dust, it must be turned over or replaced with a clean cloth before use. Don't reuse the dirty side, and don't leave the wet cloth on the surface of wooden furniture for a long time, so as to avoid water infiltrating into the wood and destroying the bright surface of the furniture.
In addition, after using the wiping cloth, remember to wash it and dry it.
Step 3 clean with detergent and maintenance agent
For furniture made of fabric materials, such as fabric sofas, a cleaning and maintenance agent for cleaning carpets can be used. When in use, first use a vacuum cleaner to absorb dust, and then spray a small amount of carpet cleaner on the wet cloth to wipe it.
4. Disinfect furniture, such as tables, chairs, beds, cabinets and boxes.
Furniture can be placed indoors, drawers and doors can be opened, doors and windows can be closed, and fumigation and spray disinfection can be used indoors.
Or disinfection alone, scrubbing or spraying household furniture with 1% bleach solution, scrubbing furniture with 0.2% peracetic acid solution and scrubbing furniture with 0.5% benzalkonium bromide solution.
Five, the common methods of tableware disinfection
1. Boil for disinfection
Cooking utensils is the most reliable and simple method. Immerse the appliance in the water after the water is boiled 10 minute. If the tableware is used by hepatitis patients, it should be boiled and disinfected 10 minute. Take it out, wash it and cook it for 10 ~ 15 minutes. Leftover food should be boiled for 30 minutes before being poured out.
2. Steam disinfection
You can add a steamer to the pot for disinfection, commonly known as waterproof steaming, and rely on the steam generated after the water in the pot boils to sterilize. This method is not effective until the water boils and continues to burn for 10 minutes.
3. Drug disinfection
There are many drugs that can be used for tableware disinfection, so you must choose the one with the approval number of the health department. Disinfectant can be prepared according to the proportion in the instructions. Appropriate amount of water is needed to soak the tableware to be disinfected, and the disinfection soaking time is about 5 minutes.
4. Dishwasher disinfection
Dishwasher is a kind of cleaning and disinfecting machine, which is convenient and practical. It must be noted that the water temperature should generally be kept at about 85℃, and the washing and disinfection time should be 40 seconds, so as to ensure the disinfection effect.
5. Disinfection cabinet disinfection
The disinfection cabinet includes ozone and far infrared rays. Put the tableware into the disinfection cabinet, turn on the button, 15 ~ 20 minutes later, turn off the cooling.
Six, the disinfection of kitchen utensils
1. Chopping board disinfection
Scrubbing the chopping block once a day with a hard brush and clean water can reduce one-third of germs, and if it is scalded with boiling water, the effect will be better.
Scrape the residue and juice off the cutting board after each use, and keep sprinkling salt on the cutting board once a week.
The chopping block exposed to the sun for more than 30 minutes has a certain disinfection effect.
Add 50ml of benzalkonium bromide into1000g of water, then soak the chopping board in it for about15min, and then rinse it with clean water. Good disinfection effect.
Disinfection rag
Soaking the rag in water and boiling it for 30 minutes can completely kill microorganisms. If alkaline water is used, the effect is better.
Soak the rag in disinfectant (0.05% clean disinfectant, 0.5% bleach supernatant, 0.5% benzalkonium bromide solution, etc.). ) About 30 minutes.
Fold the rag and irradiate it with 650 watts of power for 5 minutes to achieve disinfection effect.
Disinfect the rag in ozone disinfection cabinet for 30 minutes.
Seven, how to clean and disinfect toys
1. Cleaning and disinfection methods
Add detergent to hot water to clean toys, brush gaps with a brush, and finally wash the detergent with clean water, so that most microorganisms can be washed away.
However, toys for children with infectious diseases need further disinfection.
2. Disinfectant spraying or wiping method
General toys can be treated with 75% alcohol, 0. 1% benzalkonium bromide solution and 0. 1% chlorhexidine solution. For toys that are not afraid of corrosion and contamination such as plastics, disinfectants such as 0. 1% potassium permanganate solution, iodine wine and 3% hydrogen peroxide can also be used.
The action time of disinfectant is usually more than 30 minutes. After disinfectant treatment, it must be completely removed with clean water.
3. Ozone fumigation disinfection method
Ozone disinfection cabinet and disinfection box can also be used to disinfect toys. This method is very simple to operate. Just put the toy in the disinfection cabinet and turn on the power. The general fumigation time is more than 20 minutes.
Eight, towel disinfection common sense
Towels are frequently used, and the hair is often contaminated with secretions such as nose and phlegm, among which there are many pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, both personal towels and towels used by others should be disinfected.
Healthy personal towel, boiled in boiling water 10 minutes, then washed with soap and dried. Wash the towel, remove stains, fold it, put it in the microwave oven, open it and run it at 650 watts for 5 minutes.
You can also heat the towel in the pressure cooker for about 30 minutes. Or soak the towel in 0. 1% benzalkonium bromide solution 15 minutes or more. Then take out the towel, rinse it with clear water, remove the residual disinfectant and dry it.
Nine, disinfection of daily necessities
1. toothpick disinfection
Most toothpicks that do not meet the hygiene standards will naturally bring contaminated microorganisms into the mouth during the production and sales of toothpicks, and may cause diseases.
Therefore, before using toothpicks, it is best to unpack the purchased toothpicks, divide them into small packages, wrap them in paper, cook them in a steamer for more than 20 minutes, take them out to dry and put them in a clean place. When using them, open one pack and use one pack as soon as possible.
2. Focus on disinfection
Most people don't have the habit of cleaning and disinfecting keys. In fact, most keys contain pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and fungi.
At noon on a sunny day, most bacteria can be killed by ultraviolet rays in the sun when the key is placed in the sun; Or washing with tap water and brushing with a hard brush 1 time can reduce the number of bacteria in 1/3; Almost all bacteria on the key can be killed if scalded with boiling water once.
Step 3 sterilize coins
Paper money circulating for a period of time is contaminated by various pathogenic bacteria and viruses, such as paper money contaminated by a small amount of blood and saliva containing hepatitis B virus, which may still be contagious after 30 days.
The most important thing to protect banknotes from microbial contamination is to develop good hygiene habits. Wash your hands immediately after touching money. You can wash your hands repeatedly with soap and rinse with running water.
Besides, don't dip your fingers in saliva to count money! At home, coins should be stored in plastic bags to minimize contact with the environment.
Coins can generally be disinfected by ultraviolet lamp irradiation, ozone generator or fumigation with other chemical disinfectants (such as formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde).
X. How to disinfect dental appliances
When brushing your teeth, the toothbrush will attach a lot of food residues and various microorganisms to it. Toothbrushes and braces are often in a dark and humid environment, and food residues become a good medium for microorganisms, which will make many microorganisms grow and multiply rapidly, causing intestinal diseases, gastric ulcers, oral ulcers and other diseases.
You can cook the dental appliance, or rinse it with boiling water for 10 ~ 20 minutes (this can't completely destroy microorganisms, and often deform the toothbrush bristles).
Or soak in 0. 1% potassium permanganate solution for more than 30 minutes (put the tooth cylinder and toothbrush into a solution made by dissolving 1g potassium permanganate in 1l water).
You can also soak the toothbrush and braces with 0.02% chlorhexidine solution all the year round, which can keep the toothbrush and braces clean all the year round. Sterilizing dental instruments with ozone disinfection cabinet for 15 minutes can also achieve the same effect.
Eleven, bedding disinfection instructions
1. exposure
The main disinfection method of bedding is sun exposure. Sunlight can heat and dry bedding, and ultraviolet rays in sunlight have a strong killing effect on bacteria.
Generally speaking, direct sunlight for 3 ~ 6 hours can kill most pathogenic bacteria with weak resistance, such as typhoid Bacillus, streptococcus, diphtheria Bacillus and hemolytic streptococcus.
However, pathogenic microorganisms with strong resistance, such as hepatitis virus, need to be exposed for several days to kill.
Take out and clean.
For family patients (especially hepatitis patients), the bedding should be removed and washed frequently, the cotton inside should be exposed to the sun for several days, and the removed quilts and sheets should be soaked and disinfected with disinfectant.
Twelve, common sense of clothing disinfection
1. Clean
That is, washing clothes with soap and washing powder. This can wash away some microorganisms, but it can't kill bacteria and viruses. Therefore, before washing clothes, it is best to soak clothes in alkaline water for dozens of minutes.
Materials that can be heated, such as cotton cloth. It can also be sterilized by cooking, then washed normally, and finally dried and ironed.
2. Exposure method
For clothes that can't be washed with water, such as leather clothes and fur clothes, the method of exposure to the sun can be used for disinfection. Spread out the clothes and expose them to direct sunlight for more than 6 hours. Always turn when exposed to the sun to ensure that all parts can get the sun.
For the clothing of special professionals such as hospitals and the clothing of sick family members, as it is an important medium leading to contact diseases, stricter disinfection methods should be adopted, which will not be explained here.
Thirteen, how to disinfect diapers
1. Disinfect with disinfectant
It is best to soak the changed diaper in disinfectant (diluted by 500 times with washing disinfectant) for more than 10 minute, then wash the dirt and disinfectant with washing powder and expose it to the sun until it is dry. This treatment has a good effect.
2. Cooking disinfection method
You can first clean the stains on diapers with detergent, wring them out, and then cook them in a pot. After the water boils, keep it at 10 minutes or more, rinse it with clear water, and then dry it in the sun.
3. Microwave disinfection method
Wrap the washed diapers in cotton cloth, put them in a microwave oven and sterilize at 650 watts for 8 minutes, which can achieve good disinfection effect.
Such disinfection can not only kill harmful microorganisms, but also make diapers soft and comfortable.
Fourteen, household medical supplies disinfection knowledge
For some common household standby medical supplies such as syringes, injection needles, gauze, dressings, bandages, cotton balls, cotton swabs, acupuncture needles, cupping, thermometers, etc. Strict disinfection must be carried out before use.
1. High pressure steam disinfection method
The medical supplies to be disinfected are wrapped in cotton cloth and heated in a pot until boiling. After steaming for about 10 minute, tighten the pressure valve, keep it for 30 ~ 40 minutes, and take it out after cooling. Unsealed items should be used up at one time, and the rest should be disinfected before use.
2. Boiling disinfection method
Wrap the goods in cloth, put them in a clean rice cooker or lunch box, immerse them in water, heat them to boil, and keep them for more than 10 minutes after the water boils. This method is not as reliable as high pressure steam disinfection. Only use temporarily when conditions are limited.
3. Alcohol soaking method
For cupping, thermometers, acupuncture needles and other items, this method can be used. Put the goods in 70% ~ 75% alcohol solution for more than 30 minutes.
In case of emergency, clean gauze, cotton balls, etc. It can also be dipped in alcohol solution to wipe the article, but this is only used when there is no time to take other methods.
4. Microwave disinfection method
All kinds of articles can be sterilized by microwave. Pack the goods, put them in the microwave oven and run at 650 watts 15 minutes.
Fifteen, disinfection of infected patients' families
1. Disposal of feces and urine mixture and vomit
Add 1/20 ~ 1/5 parts of bleaching powder to each part of feces and urine mixture or vomit, fully stir, stand for 1 ~ 2 hours and then discard.
2. Tableware
It can be boiled with leftover food for 10 ~ 20 minutes, or soaked and disinfected with 1000 mg/L available chlorine or 0.5% peracetic acid for 0.5 ~ 1 hour.
3. Thermometer
After use, patients can be soaked in 1% peracetic acid or 1000 mg/L available chlorine for 30 minutes, and then cleaned and wiped with alcohol before use.
4. Surface of environmental objects
Including tables and chairs, thermos bottles, handles, switches, floors, toilets, baths, etc. , can be disinfected with 0.5% peracetic acid or 1000 mg/L available chlorine for 30-60 minutes, and then wiped with clean water.
Pay attention to some metal materials, such as household appliances, hardware decoration, etc., which are easy to rust after disinfection. It is best to use a disinfectant that does not corrode objects for disinfection.
5. Clothes and quilts, etc
Cotton cloth and diapers can be boiled 10 ~ 20 minutes for disinfection. Or soak in 0.5% peracetic acid for disinfection for 0.5 ~ 1 hour. For some chemical fiber fabrics, silks and satins, only chemical soaking disinfection method can be used.
6. Books, letters, etc
If you have a microwave oven, you can wrap the sterilized items with a wet cloth and put them in the microwave oven for 4 ~ 8 minutes.
7. Hands
Before and after meals, it is best to soak in 5% iodophor for 2 minutes, or soak in 0.2% peracetic acid for 2 minutes. However, if peracetic acid is often used, it is easy to cause rough skin and discomfort.
Step 8 waste
It can be soaked in 1000 mg/L available chlorine or 0.5% peracetic acid for disinfection 1 ~ 2 hours and then discarded.
Sixteen, hepatitis patients home disinfection knowledge
1. high pressure steam disinfection
Usually, the pressure of 98.066 kPa, 12 1℃ ~ 126℃ temperature10 ~/5 minutes can kill all kinds of hepatitis viruses. In addition, sterilization can also be achieved by using a steamer or a household pressure cooker and waiting for 20 minutes after closing the steam hood valve.
Step 2: Boil and disinfect.
100℃ boiling 1 minute can inactivate viruses B, C, D, E and A, and boiling 15 ~ 20 minutes or more. Can kill all kinds of hepatitis viruses.
Exposure to the sun
This method is used for items that cannot be cooked, and it is generally appropriate to expose them to the sun for more than 6 hours.
4. Incineration
Sundries, disposable medical supplies and garbage (including menstrual paper and toilet paper) polluted and discarded by patients should be burned to achieve the purpose of thorough disinfection.
5. Sodium hypochlorite disinfection
Toilets, toilets and garbage can be disinfected by spraying 3% bleaching powder or 2% sodium hypochlorite supernatant, and toilets need to be soaked 1 hour.
6. Bleaching powder disinfection
The patient's vomit and excrement should be fully mixed with double amount of bleaching powder, left for 2 hours and then thrown away.
7. Peroxyacetic acid disinfection
Floors, doors, windows, furniture, toys, vehicles, etc. The disinfection of houses can be sprayed or wiped with 0.2% ~ 0.5% peracetic acid. Spraying at the ratio of 0.75- 1g/m3, sealing and fumigating for 30 minutes.
The hands of patients' families and contacts can be soaked in 0.2% peracetic acid solution for 2 minutes, or washed repeatedly with soap and tap water for several times.
8. Formaldehyde disinfection
Clothes, bedding, books, newspapers, laboratory sheets, medical records, RMB, etc. All of them can be fumigated with formaldehyde 100 ml/m3 12 ~ 24 hours.
Seventeen, the common sense of correct hand washing.
Wash your hands with running water, so that your wrists, palms and fingers are fully soaked. Put soap or hand sanitizer on it, spread it evenly, and rub out foam, so that your palms, backs of your hands, fingers and fingers are covered. Then rub your hands and wrists repeatedly (not less than 30 seconds), and finally rinse them with running water (no soap bubbles).
Under normal circumstances, this method should be repeated 2 ~ 3 times, and the hands that have been exposed to infectious items should be rubbed at least 5 ~ 6 times.
Remove nails, fingertips, nail seams, knuckles and other parts that are easily contaminated by pathogenic bacteria. Please be sure to remove the dust on it and thoroughly clean the part where you wear the ring.
Clean the faucet at any time, because when you turn on the faucet before washing your hands, your dirty hands have actually polluted the faucet. The faucet switch should also be washed with soap first, and then with clean water.
After washing your hands, be sure to dry them with a clean personal towel, handkerchief or disposable disinfectant paper towel, and change towels frequently. It would be better to have an automatic hand dryer.
Eighteen, baby bottle cleaning and disinfection knowledge
1. necessities
Milk food is an ideal place for bacterial reproduction. Moreover, the newborn baby's resistance is weak, and the stomach is prone to infection, causing diarrhea. So in order to avoid gastroenteritis. Sterilized milk bottles must be used to make milk powder.
2. Time
After the baby eats milk, brush it with detergent, water and brush immediately before the remaining milk in the bottle dries, which will save a lot of effort.
Dishwasher
If the dishwasher can clean the feeding utensils, you can brush them before using the dishwasher, but the pacifier must be brushed by hand.
4. Bottle washing brush
Brush the bottle with a bottle brush, and brush the nipple with a nipple brush. At the same time, poke the hole in the nipple with a needle or toothpick and then soak it in water.
5. Bottle performance
The high temperature disinfection time of bottles should not be too long, so as not to damage the bottles. When purchasing, we should also pay special attention to its high temperature resistance.
Note that it is best to prepare more than 3 bottles and more pacifiers for feeding your baby, so as to achieve the correct "disinfection-use".