The general name of merchants or merchant groups in the old Huizhou government. Also known as "Xin 'an Merchants", commonly known as "Hui Gang". Huizhou merchants were born in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, grew up in the Tang and Song Dynasties, flourished in the Ming Dynasty and declined in the late Qing Dynasty. According to the Book of Jin, Huizhou people are fond of "parting" and often go out for business. During the Qi and Liang Dynasties, Cao Lao, a native of Xiuning, often traveled between rivers and lakes and worked as a dealer in Jia. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, in addition to the transportation and marketing of local products such as bamboo, wood, porcelain clay and raw lacquer, the advent of commercial tea, inkstone, Hui ink, Chengxin Tang paper and Wang Boli pen further promoted the development of Huizhou merchants. Huizhou merchants refer to Anhui merchants who did business in Huizhou Prefecture of Anhui Province during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Representative: Hu Xueyan, the most famous businessman, is another name for Hutang (word Xueyan), a famous Huizhou merchant in the late Qing Dynasty. Hu Guang Pu donated money and assisted Zuo Zongtang, governor of Shaanxi but Gansu, and the Qing court awarded him the title of Minister of State, wearing coral from the second-class civilian and wearing a yellow jacket. They are called "Red Top Merchants". Levin, a famous contemporary writer in Taiwan Province, published a long historical novel "The Merchant of the Red Top", describing the rise and fall of Hu Guangyong's life, which made the nickname "The Merchant of the Red Top" in Hu Guang a household name. See [Hu Guangyong]. There are also dajia, a Huizhou merchant who called "red-crowned merchants" as all Jia Yiru and took the red-crowned belt. There are others: Huizhou merchants with huge sums of money began to appear in the Southern Song Dynasty. The brothers Cheng Chengjin and Cheng Chenghai of Qimen became rich through business, and they were called "111,111 Dagong" and "112,111 Dagong" respectively, collectively called "Cheng 111,111". Zhu Xi's grandfather Zhuque's shops and inns account for half of Huizhou Prefecture, which is called "Zhubanzhou". Some big businessmen with abundant capital also issued "Huizi" in Huizhou. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Jiang Jia, a businessman from Shexian County, paid usury in Huizhou to reap huge profits. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, the capital of Huizhou merchants was greatly increased compared with that of Song Dynasty. When Zhu Yuanzhang entered Anhui, he was short of money, and Jiang Yuan helped him pay two million yuan at a time. In the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, although some figures of Huizhou merchants, such as Li Zongmei, a salt merchant in yi county, and Cheng Linsheng, a real estate merchant in Shexian County, emerged, they could not save the decline of Huizhou merchants as a whole. In addition to engaging in a variety of commercial and trafficking industries, Huizhou merchants also run industries directly. Zhu Yun, a businessman from Xiuning, was mining iron ore in Fujian, and Ruan Bi, a businessman from Shexian, set up a paper dyeing factory in Wuhu. They produced and sold it, which was a combination of industry and commerce. Huizhou merchants mainly engage in wholesale and long-distance trafficking. Wang Fuguang, a native of Xiuning, is engaged in selling salt between Jianghuai and owns thousands of ships. Some wealthy businessmen and tycoons have also appointed agents and deputies. Huizhou merchants also used slaves to do business. Cheng Tinghao, a native of Xiuning, once drove dozens of slaves and traveled around Jia. Huizhou merchants pay attention to talents in their management, so as to know people well, pay attention to market conditions and implement flexible management. There is one industry that is mainly engaged in other industries; There are business projects that change according to different market conditions and seasons. The Cheng family is a big family in Huizhou. Since their ancestor Liang Zhongzhuang, the satrap of the Jin Dynasty, moved to Huizhou, generations of descendants have multiplied and scattered in Shexian, yi county, Xiuning and other places, with a population of thousands. Because Shexian, yi county and Xiuning are located in mountainous areas, it is not enough to meet the growing population only by a very limited number of agricultural fields, so most of them go out to do business to make a living. Although they are the later generations of scholar-officials, they do not shy away from industry and commerce, and are not ashamed of doing business. Instead, they regard industry and commerce as an industry as important as agriculture. Salt, bamboo, pearl jade, rhinoceros, hawksbill, fruit, cotton cloth and even catering, in short, they do everything according to market demand; They are everywhere in the bustling cities of the world. Many of them have become all-powerful leaders in shopping malls, and Cheng Baian is one of them. Cheng Baian studied under the supervision of his parents when he was a child, so he knew the way of Confucianism well. Later, he went to Suzhou to do business with his fellow villagers. After decades of training in shopping malls, he has become increasingly mature and has become a local businessman leader. However, his leadership style lies not only in his success in business, but also in his Confucianism or the cultural spirit he pursues. Doing business in Suzhou, he went down from the industrial and commercial people to the bureaucratic scholar-officials. Because he behaves and talks like a Confucian, the scholars in Suzhou also like to make friends with him very much. Mr. Du Taifu of Suzhou loves his simplicity, so he wrote an inscription for his residence as "Bai 'an", and he was affectionately called "Bai 'an Weng". As a result, some famous merchant families were formed in Huizhou, such as Wang family, Jiang family, Bao family in Shexian county, Wu family in Xiuning, Zhu family in Wuyuan and so on. This kind of investment and concentration of hundreds of people in the business is rare in other business gangs in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Many of these families are generations after generations, diligent and dedicated, and devoted to business. For example, Ni Guoshu, a businessman in Qimen, once sold wood to Raohe River, but unfortunately drowned in a ferry. His son was still in infancy at that time. When he grew up, he decided to continue his father's ambition, study hard in business, and did not seek rich profits in business. He often took justice as a benefit and became famous far and wide, and finally became a wealthy businessman. In Huizhou's Genealogy of Xu Shi, there is also a more touching "family entrepreneurial history": there is a person named Xu Daoshan in the Xu Shi family. When he was young, he used to do business in Qingyuan, because he was good at business and earned a lot of money, ranking among the local businessmen. Later, when I went home halfway, my business was interrupted, and my family gradually became sleepy. Daoshan watched his sons grow up, so he decided to return to business. He ordered his son Yongjing to take charge of the family affairs and went to Linqing for business alone. Soon, due to riots, Daoshan's funds were exhausted, and he was ill and died in a foreign land. In order to revitalize the family business, his son Yongjing resolutely inherited his father's ambition, bid farewell to his mother, wife and children, and followed his father's footsteps to go out to operate. I didn't expect him to go for decades and finally die in a foreign land. After Yongjing's son grew up, his mother took out her own private money and ordered him to continue to go out to do business and complete the unfinished business of his grandfather and father. As a result, everything comes to him who waits, and the Xu family finally succeeded in business, and the family business was revitalized. There are many such examples among Huizhou merchants.