Shenzhen is located in the south China sea coast, with coconut wind and sea rhyme, fine waves and white sand, and pleasant scenery. It has always been regarded as "the south gate of China, a scenic spot connecting the land". Since the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Shenzhen has played an important role in politics, culture, economy, transportation and coastal defense. Archaeological data prove that as early as five or six thousand years ago in the Neolithic Age, human beings worked, lived and multiplied in this beautiful and rich land of Shenzhen.
Since the Qin Dynasty, Baiyue residents in Shenzhen have been under the control of feudal centralization, and the Han Dynasty set up salt officials in Shenzhen. Tombs of the Han Dynasty have been found in Nantou, Xixiang, Shajing, Dapeng and Lizheng villages in Hong Kong. Judging from the funeral and unearthed cultural relics, the advanced Central Plains culture had been integrated at that time.
The Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties lasted for more than 250 years, which was the heyday of Shenzhen. Located in Dongguan County, it leads to six counties such as Baoan and Xingning. Its jurisdiction covers the Pearl River Delta and Huiyang area. Bao 'an County at that time was probably Dongguan, Shenzhen and Hong Kong today.
In the Tang Dynasty, Shenzhen waters became the hub of maritime traffic. Set up a town in Nantou, with Lingnan soldiers stationed; In the Song Dynasty, the "Sea Patrol Division Camp" was established. Since the Song Dynasty, Shenzhen has become the hub of maritime transportation and trade in southern China, and has made great economic development.
The Ming Dynasty was the ZTE period in the history of Shenzhen. In the twenty-seventh year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1394), Nantou Dongguan was built to defend Qianhu City, and Dapeng was built to defend Qianhu City. Later, Nantouzhai was established to form a military organization, which was called "the garrison outside Humen and the provincial capital Pingfan" to resist foreign invaders such as corona and pirates. In the 16th year of Zhengde in Ming Dynasty (152 1), the soldiers and civilians of Nantou, led by Wang Hong, a sea patrol, annihilated the Portuguese fleet in the waters of Nantou.
By the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty, the number of residents in Xin 'an County had reached 225,979. The population has increased greatly, and agricultural production, fishery and salt industry have developed greatly.
In the second year of the Republic of China (19 13), Xin 'an County was renamed Baoan County, and the administrative office was still located in Nantou City. During the period from the old democratic revolution to the new democratic revolution, the people of Shenzhen wrote an epic chapter for national liberation. In particular, Dongjiang Anti-Japanese Guerrilla Column is active in Huidong and Baodi, cracking down on Japanese invaders and escorting cultural figures trapped in Hong Kong to the liberated areas, which has made great contributions to China's cultural undertakings.
Shenzhen has a long history, developed culture, rich cultural relics and numerous scenic spots, such as the Golden Rooster with Garden Temple in Jin and Sui Dynasties, Guang Hai Temple in Tang Dynasty, Huaidu Temple in South Tang Dynasty in Ling Du Temple, Tianhou Palace in Chiwan in Song Dynasty, Eight Scenes in Xin 'an in Ming and Qing Dynasties, Ding Ling, Longqiao 'ao and Qiniang Mountain.
In 1980s, after Shenzhen was designated as the first special economic zone in China, the tourism industry developed very rapidly, and the newly-built tourist attractions and facilities were unique, enjoying a good reputation at home and abroad with their novel, unique and unusual styles.
Respondent: Shuijuren Level 4 10-5 12:20.
According to historical records, as early as 1600 years ago, there was an immigration tide in Shenzhen, and mainlanders made great contributions to the development of Xin 'an. Among the six counties under the jurisdiction of Dongguan County, Bao 'an County is the first one. County governance and county governance are in the same place, and it is an important transportation hub for rivers and seas and a military town for coastal defense. Xin 'an Old Town has created the source of Shenzhen's urban development and become the center of Shenzhen's political, economic and cultural life. Historical changes are often manifested as "long separation, long separation". So is the development and change of Xin 'an Old Town. In the sixth year of Jian 'an (507), Dongguan County was changed to Dongguan County, and Chenqian County was located in Zengcheng. In the second year from Tang Suzong to Germany (757), the name of Baoan County was changed to Dongguan, and the county administration moved from Nantou to Dongguan. By the Five Dynasties, after the Song and Yuan Dynasties, some changes had taken place in the administrative subordination of Shenzhen. The Nantou City we see today is the "Dongguan Shouqianhu City" built by Cui Hao, a thousand households in Guangzhou, in the 27th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1394). In the first year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1573), Xin 'an County was established in Dongguan County, and this city was the county seat. According to archaeological discoveries in recent years, Shenzhen has a history of 6000 years. According to the data of underground archaeological excavations and ancient sites on the ground, Shenzhen has a long history. The pottery and stone tools found in the ruins of Dahuangsha and Dameisha dunes show that human beings lived in this beautiful and rich land as early as the Neolithic Age five or six thousand years ago. Created the glorious history and culture of Shenzhen. At present, it has been identified that there are cultural sites 103, 234 ancient tombs, 68 ancient buildings and historical memorial buildings, 97 modern historical sites and revolutionary memorial buildings, and old customs stations and boundary pillars 12 in Shenzhen. After screening, the municipal government announced 36 cultural relics protection units in three batches. Among them, Dapeng City and the boundary pillar of Zhongying Street were recognized as provincial cultural relics protection units by the provincial government on 1989.
According to historical documents, the history of Shenzhen can be divided into four periods:
Accessories age
Baiyue tribe living in Shenzhen area of Xia-Shang Dynasty four or five thousand years ago (that is, before the county was established independently, prehistoric-A.D. 1573) was called "Nanyue tribe". Qin Shihuang unified China, set up Nanhai, Guilin and Xiang Jun counties in Lingnan, and immigrated 500,000 people for development. At this time, Shenzhen, which belongs to Nanhai County, was incorporated into the territory of China and integrated with the culture of the Central Plains. In the sixth year of Xianhe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Dongguan County governed six counties, covering the Pearl River Delta and the resurgence area, and the county was in Baoan County. /kloc-When the Sui Dynasty opened the emperor in 0/0, Dongguan County was abolished and Baoan County was changed to Guangzhou. In the second year of Tang Zhide, Baoan County was renamed Dongguan County, and the county governance was moved from Nantou to Dongguan. During the Song Dynasty, Shenzhen was not only an important hub of South China Sea trade in China, but also a salt producing area, and its spices were also famous. By the Yuan Dynasty, the pearls produced here were already very famous. In the twenty-seventh year of Ming Hongwu, a defensive health organization was established in Shenzhen. Later, Nantou Village was established in Nanshan Peninsula, which was "the guardian outside Humen and the screen fan of the provincial capital". As a huge military institution, China sent a mission to Nanyang. Before sailing, the fleet must go to the Tianhou Palace in Chiwan, Shenzhen to offer sacrifices and pray.
Jianxian era
During the period of establishing the county (A.D. 1573- 184 1), in the first year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty, the court expanded the base area of Dongguan to defend thousands of households and established Xin 'an county governance with the theme of "renovating the old and turning the crisis into safety". The scope includes Shenzhen and Hong Kong today. Economically, it mainly produces salt, grows tea, spices and rice. In the early Qing Dynasty, in order to prevent Zheng Chenggong and Ming Dynasty adherents from carrying out anti-Qing activities in coastal areas, the coastal provinces were moved 50 miles inland. Two-thirds of the land in Xin 'an County was once merged into Dongguan County, and it was not restored until the 23rd year of Kangxi.
County boundary division era
The era of dividing county boundaries (1842- 1898), that is, on February 24th, China and Britain signed the unequal treaty of nanking, which made Hong Kong Island in Xin 'an County occupied by Britain. In AD 1860, namely Xianfeng101year, the Kowloon Peninsula in Xin 'an County was also forced to be ceded to Britain because of the Beijing Treaty. In 1898, that is, on April 2 1 24, Guangxu, the Qing government and Britain signed the "Special Provisions on Expanding the Border of Hong Kong" and leased the New Territories to Britain for 99 years. Since then, the original Xin 'an County has governed 3076 counties, and the county governance is still in the south. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, Nantou fell, and the Baoan county government moved to Dongguan county. At that time, although Shenzhen became a Japanese-ruled area, there was a Dongjiang guerrilla group, which was a great shock to southern Xinjiang. 1953, after the national liberation, Baoan County moved to Shenzhen market because of its connection with Guangzhou-Kowloon Railway, convenient transportation, large population living area and prosperous industry and commerce. Shenzhen was built in the ruins of the early Qing Dynasty. Shui Ze is densely covered in this area, and there is a big ditch beside the field, hence the name Shenzhou.
Urban construction period
1February, 979, the State Council issued document No.38, proposing to build Shenzhen into a production base of export commodities with a fairly high level of industrial and agricultural integration in a few years; Build it into a tourist area to attract tourists from Hong Kong and Macao; Build it into a new border city. In March, the Central Committee and the Guangdong Provincial Party Committee decided to change Baoan County into Shenzhen City, which was under the dual leadership of Huiyang District and the Provincial Party Committee. 165438+ 10 In October, the Guangdong Provincial Party Committee decided to change Shenzhen into a prefecture-level provincial city directly under the provincial leadership. 1In May, 1980, the document No.41of the Central Office and the State Council clearly pointed out that we should actively and steadily improve the construction of special zones and turn "export special zones" into "special economic zones". Since then, Shenzhen has been officially designated as a "special economic zone". In August of the same year, the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) issued the Regulations on Guangdong Special Economic Zones, announcing that "Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Shantou should set aside certain areas and set up special economic zones". In June+10, 5438, the Guangdong Provincial Party Committee announced the restoration of the organizational system of Baoan County, and announced that Shenzhen had the same political treatment as Guangzhou. 1988165438+10, the State Council officially approved the implementation of separate national plans, including financial plans, and endowed them with provincial-level economic management authority.
1In July, 1992, the 26th meeting of the 7th the NPC Standing Committee passed a resolution, granting the Shenzhen Municipal People's Congress and its Standing Committee and the Shenzhen Municipal People's Government the power to make laws and regulations.
1992 The organizational system of Baoan County was abolished, and two municipal districts of Shenzhen Baoan and Longgang were established, which were officially listed 1993, 1. Yantian District was established 1998 and put into operation on March 30th.
Luohu, Futian, Bao 'an, Longgang, Yantian and Nanshan, 6 administrative districts, 24 sub-district offices, 19 towns. Futian District is located in the middle of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone. It is the seat of the people's government. 1990 65438+/kloc-0 established the district on October 4th, and the district people's government was established on October 7th in the same year. The district government is located in Tianmian, Shennan Middle Road. The total area of the region is 78.8 square kilometers. The administrative region connects Luohu District in the east, Chegongmiao Industrial Zone and Nanshan District in the west, Shenzhen River in the south and Hong Kong in the north. Jurisdiction over Yuanling, Nanyuan, Futian, Shatou, Meilin, Huafu and Xiangmihu 7 sub-district offices. The total population is 677,200, of which the registered population is 258,000.
luohu district
Located in the middle of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone. It is the early commercial center of the SAR city. 1established the district on June 4, 990, and the district people's government was established on September 2 1 of the same year. The district government is located in Jinwen Middle Road. The total area of the region is 74.2 square kilometers. The administrative region connects Yantian District in the east, Hongling Road and Futian District in the west, Luohu Bridge in the south and Hong Kong in the north. It has six sub-district offices in Huang Bei, Jiaohu, Nanhu, Guiyuan, Cuizhu and Sungang. The total population is 570,000, of which the registered population is 279,900.
Nanshan District
Located in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone. The District was established on June 4th, 1990, and the District People's Government was established on September 24th of the same year. The district government is located in Nantou. The total area of the whole region is 150.79 km2, of which the second line is19.4 km2, and the outer side of the second line is 310.39 km2 (including Neilingding Island and Dachan Island). The administrative area is connected with Futian District in the east, Lingdingyang in the west and Yang Tai and Baoan in the north. It has jurisdiction over 7 sub-district offices in Shahe, Xili, Nantou, Nanshan, Yuehai, China Merchants and Shekou. The total population is 447,000, of which the registered population is 6.5438+0.08 million.
Yantian district
Located in the east of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone. This area was approved by the State Council 1997+00. The district government is located in Sha Tau Kok Town. The total area of the region is 67.36 square kilometers. The administrative area starts from Beizaijiao, Dapeng Bay in the east, connects with Longgang District, reaches Luohu District in the west, reaches the New Territories in Hong Kong in the south and reaches Longgang District in the north. Jurisdiction over Sha Tau Kok Town, Meisha and Yantian Sub-district Offices. The total population is 6.5438+200,000, including 26,000 registered residents.
Baoan District
Located in the northwest of Shenzhen. The district was established in1992165438+10/month1. The district government is located in Xin 'an (formerly Baoan County). The total area of this area is 733 square kilometers. The administrative area borders Longgang District in the east, Nanshan District and Futian District in the south, Lingdingyang in the west and Dongguan in the north. Shenzhen airport is within the jurisdiction of this area. The whole region has jurisdiction over eight towns, namely Xixiang, Fuyong, Shajing, Songgang, Gong Ming, Shiyan, Longhua and Guanlan, and two sub-district offices, Xin 'an and Guangming, with a total population of 6,543.8+0.246 million, including 242,000 registered residents.
Longgang District
Located in the east of Shenzhen. The district was established in June1992165438+1October1and Baoan district. The district government is located in Longgang, with a total area of 940.9 square kilometers. The administrative area borders Daya Bay, Mirs Bay, Luohu District, Yantian District and Hong Kong in the east, Baoan District in the west, Huizhou City and Dongguan City in the north. Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station is within the jurisdiction of this area. The whole region governs Buji, Pinghu, Henggang, Longgang, Pingshan, Pingdi, Kengzi, Kwai Chung, Dapeng, Nan 'ao 10. The total population of the region is 984,000, of which the registered population is 6.5438+0.68 million.
After twenty years of reform, the old city of Shenzhen has disappeared without a trace. Instead, there are extraordinary "land kings", dense high-rise buildings, crowds in the streets and shopping malls, and dazzling neon lights when the lights are just turned on ... a scene of prosperity and glory reveals vitality everywhere. Even the pioneers who witnessed the development of the SAR were deeply moved by this miracle.
Compared with Shenzhen, a special economic zone today, Shenzhen in the past was just a sparsely populated border town. At that time, there were basically only two kinds of housing structures, namely, vertical houses and large bungalows. Most of the houses of local people (Cantonese speakers) are vertical, with the kitchen in the porch, the patio below, the main hall outside the patio, the bedroom behind the hall, and the bedroom with the porch. Well-off residential buildings are equipped with patios, and halls are built in front of the patios. The former is called vertical binary and the latter is called ternary. Most of the building materials are concrete (yellow mud, sand, lime), and the light on the roof is extremely dark. Most Hakka houses are big-headed, with a hall at the entrance, wings on both sides, as bedrooms and kitchens, and a small window against the wall to expose tiles for lighting. The light is insufficient, and the building materials are the same as those of the locals. In Hakka area, there is a kind of enclosed house, which is called one of the five characteristics of Han folk houses by the architectural community. The paddock is generally square and castle-shaped, with high walls on all sides, pavilions at four corners, and holes under the walls and pavilions. There is a street in the enclosure. Many houses have patios. For example, Da Wang Shiju in Pingshan, Longtian Shiju in Kengzi and Luoruihe in Longgang are all famous Hakka enclosed houses in Baoan. Among them, Da Wang Shiju, with double-layer composite structure and nine days and eighteen wells, is the most prominent, and it is a key cultural relics protection unit in Shenzhen. Fishermen usually take boats as their homes, while many villains build huts in higher places along the coast. Building materials are made of bamboo and wood, with thatched walls and roofs, which can barely shelter from the wind and rain and are often destroyed by typhoons.
After the reform and opening up, the traditional housing structure was eliminated, and all rural houses were built with more than two or three floors, with unique style, bright colors, good air circulation and good lighting, as well as carefully cultivated small gardens. Residential buildings in urban areas are new buildings with five or six floors or more, and there are several unit suites (two bedrooms and one living room, three bedrooms and two living rooms, and four bedrooms and one living room). The old tile house no longer exists.
Before the founding of New China, the clothes and fabrics worn by Shenzhen residents were woven and dyed by themselves, which were durable and the colors were mostly black, blue and crimson. Clothing styles are casual clothes in the Tang Dynasty. Men's shirts are open-chested, with four bags for seven buttons or two bags for five buttons. The right side of this shirt is buttoned. Men's and women's trousers are the same, with wide trousers and wide feet, tied with belts. A few teachers, students, government workers and some city residents wear tunic suits, suits, shirts and trousers, while a few female teachers and students wear skirts. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, people gradually changed into Chinese tunic suits, and young people wore youth clothes, but the old peasants did not change much. The cloth is mainly cotton, with khaki and woolen cloth in the middle. After the 1980s, suits and various styles prevailed.
In the early years of the Republic of China, men cut their braids and shaved their heads, and then gradually adopted flat-topped or dome-shaped hairstyles. Later, Western hairstyles became popular. Women have been tying their feet and braiding their hair since childhood. In the early years of the Republic of China, it was forbidden to tie feet, girls wore braids, and married women wore buns. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Western hairstyles and toula are still popular among men. Women's hair and short braids are very popular in Qi Mei. After 80s, both men and women like perming, and women also have hairstyles such as waves, flowing clouds and chrysanthemums.
In terms of decoration, old Shenzhen people wear simple clothes and change with customs. Women's headscarves, aprons and cool hats of Hakka women are quite distinctive. Toupa, commonly known as "winter skirt" or "baotouzi", is a thin black cloth three feet long and one foot wide with white patterns embroidered on the edge. Lace, white embroidered lace for unmarried women, red embroidered lace for married young women, and blue or black lace for middle-aged and above. Women like to add a plain apron to their tops, unmarried women wear white skirts, and married women wear cyan or red ones. In Buji area, unmarried women use red aprons and married women use cyan or black aprons. The cool hat is woven into a flat circle with bamboo strips, with an empty hat frame on it and a black hat skirt on the side. Women make their own shoes. Unmarried women use white laces, married young women use red laces, and middle-aged women use cyan or black laces. Before the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), when people went out to get together, men wore cloth shoes, women wore the cloth flower shoes and men, women and children wore clogs at home. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, there are many kinds of shoes, including cloth shoes, leather shoes, rubber shoes and artificial leather shoes. There are many styles and brands, and traditional clogs almost disappear.
In addition, before the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), women wore a bun on their heads and decorated it with hairpins, earrings, bracelets, rings and necklaces. Hakka women like to wear silver earrings and bracelets after marriage. The old woman wears a life bracelet engraved with "Long life and wealth". The child hung a silver lock on his chest. After the founding of New China, women wore less jewelry, which almost disappeared in 1960s and 1970s, but gradually men and women wore watches. After 1980s, women began to wear earrings, rings and necklaces, while men generally wore rings.
Looking back on the history of Pengcheng, the ancient mainland immigrants came here to create the ancient civilization of Pengcheng, and the modern mainland immigrants came to Shenzhen to recreate the glory of Shenzhen. From this perspective, the new Shenzhen should be the continuation and innovation of the old Shenzhen, and history cannot be forgotten. The innovation of national culture is inseparable from the profound accumulation of traditional culture.