abstract
It has been a long time since college graduates started businesses sporadically, but innovation and entrepreneurship education rose quietly in some colleges and universities in the 1990s. 10 years, this work has gradually attracted the attention of colleges and universities. Innovation and entrepreneurship education can be divided into three stages. Before 2002, colleges and universities spontaneously explored. 2002-2065 438+00, multi-exploration stage, guided by the education administrative department. In this regard, the Ministry of Education issued "Opinions of the Ministry of Education on Promoting Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education in Colleges and Universities and College Students' Self-employment", requiring provincial education administrative departments to actively coordinate with relevant departments to introduce local policies and measures to promote college students' self-employment, with emphasis on supporting college students' self-employment. In addition, colleges and universities are required to introduce policies and measures to promote students' self-employment, and effectively support a group of college students to achieve self-employment. This paper will analyze the relevant policies and put forward corresponding solutions;
Keywords: entrepreneurship policy for college students
1 Introduction
1. 1 research object
Relevant policies adopted by the current government towards college graduates.
The road of college students' entrepreneurship is characterized by pioneering, realistic, diverse, arduous and risky. In China, college students start their own businesses several decades later than those in Europe and America. Entrepreneurship, a pioneering work, is the most difficult to teach in life knowledge, and there is no need for advice at all. If we don't stick to traditional concepts and are not conservative, but stick to our stable cognitive system and be good at adopting correct concepts, assumptions, methods and procedures according to the laws of things, then we will find a way that suits us, so we will have diversity; Here, this paper will focus on the analysis of the current situation of college students' entrepreneurship and government policies.
1.2 research objectives
By combing and analyzing the relevant entrepreneurial policies adopted by the government for college graduates at present, we can further understand, study and analyze the relevant policies of college graduates at present, and put forward solutions to the existing problems through relevant contents.
2 the status quo of college students' entrepreneurship
From March 29th to April 20th, 2003 1 day, the National Fair for Employment Exchange and Cooperation of Vocational and Technical Talents was held in Guangzhou. Experts predicted at the meeting that the employment rate of China University graduates will be around 70% in 2003, and 640,000 graduates will be unable to find jobs. By 2004, this number will reach 750 thousand. Professor Xiao Zhuoji, a famous economist, pointed out when attending the 2003 logistics world annual meeting in Guangzhou? In 2003, the unemployment situation showed a new feature, that is, college students were unemployed. ? That is, from this year on, the unemployment problem of college students began to change. Quantitative change? Turn? Qualitative change? It has become a topic of general concern in society.
According to statistics, there were 2.8 million college graduates in 2004, 3.4 million in 2005, 465.43 million in 2006, 4.95 million in 2007 and 5.59 million in 2008. At the end of 2008, it was estimated by Chinese Academy of Social Sciences that 1 10,000 undergraduate graduates will be unemployed after graduation this year.
In 2006, the first batch of graduate students graduated after the state implemented the policy of expanding the enrollment of graduate students. These graduate students joined the employment force, which virtually raised the employment threshold. A large-scale employment expectation survey conducted in Cai Ying. A survey of 2007 master's students, undergraduates and junior college students conducted by com in conjunction with many universities shows that? The employment situation is not good and the employment pressure is high? The proportion is as high as 67%, and 29% of students think? The employment situation is grim, and it is difficult to find employment? . Only 4% of the students think? The employment situation is good, and the employment pressure is not great? Of all the students who participated in the survey, no one thought? The employment situation is good? .
Second, the characteristics of college students' entrepreneurship in China
It has become an unchangeable reality that it is difficult for college students to find jobs and there are many unemployed people. However, most college students who enter the society have to support themselves by themselves. Therefore, it is so urgent to find a job that suits you. In this way, you can't find a job in reality, but you must have a job. How can we solve this almost contradictory situation?
In recent years, college students have started their own businesses. The word "self-employment" has become a common phenomenon. Under such difficult circumstances, some people have begun to learn to start their own businesses. China college students' entrepreneurship originated from the first Tsinghua University Graduate School 1997? Tsinghua University Business Plan Competition? . 1999, the second Tsinghua University Business Plan Competition is even more popular. After that, some universities all over the country also organized their own entrepreneurial competitions. At present, there are well-known business plan competitions in China, such as the campus business competition organized by the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League with Tsinghua University as the representative? Challenge Cup? College students' business plan competition, Zhongguancun? Provincial and municipal business plan competitions and business plan competitions sponsored by network companies such as Netease. As a student association in colleges and universities, entrepreneurial associations also came into being. Especially across the country? Challenge Cup? The Entrepreneurship Competition has been successfully held for nine times, with more than 100 participating organizations. In the continuous entrepreneurial practice, China college students' entrepreneurship has formed its own characteristics:
(A) high enthusiasm, but the actual proportion of entrepreneurship is low
Since college students came into contact with and learned about college students' entrepreneurship, the entrepreneurial passion of college students in China has gradually increased, and the speed and quantity of entrepreneurship have increased rapidly. Chinese college students have a strong desire to start a business, but the actual proportion of participating in entrepreneurship is still very low.
(B) Low conversion rate of science and technology
A large part of domestic entrepreneurial students are engaged in low-tech industries such as tutoring, retail and service industry. Even entrepreneurs who set foot in the network focus on website maintenance that does not require product design, development and production.
(C) the social and cultural foundation of entrepreneurship is weak
College students' entrepreneurship has not been fully recognized and supported by society, families and schools, and there are not many universities and parents who explicitly encourage college students' entrepreneurship. Few college students promote entrepreneurship to the society or entrepreneurs promote entrepreneurship to colleges and universities, which makes the public opinion atmosphere of entrepreneurship not strong.
Objectively speaking, the road of college students' entrepreneurship has the characteristics of originality, reality, diversity, arduousness and risk. In China, college students start their own businesses several decades later than those in Europe and America. Entrepreneurship, a pioneering work, is the most difficult to teach in life knowledge, and there is no need for advice at all. For you, other people's path is only a reference and reference, so it is groundbreaking; It is not enough for entrepreneurs to have the enthusiasm for starting a business. If they want to open up a new world, they must calmly, rationally and objectively analyze all possible realistic factors and explore step by step, so it is realistic. The road to starting a business is your own, and there is only one road that suits you best. As long as we don't stick to traditional ideas and are not conservative,
While adhering to the stable development of our own cognitive system, we are good at adopting correct ideas, assumptions, methods and schemes according to the changing laws of things, then we will find a way that suits us, so we will have diversity; Entrepreneurship is different from employment. Choosing to start a business is choosing a challenge. Entrepreneurship is by no means a straight, broad and unimpeded road before us, so it is hard; There is no effective way to start a business. Therefore, the road to entrepreneurship can't be successful every time, everyone can't be successful, sometimes it may be ineffective, and sometimes it will cause great losses, so the risk is great. 3 Entrepreneurship-related policies The state has issued five policies to help college students find jobs and encourage self-employment.
First, encourage college graduates to work in grassroots and hard areas, and enrich urban communities and rural township grassroots units. Recruit volunteers from college graduates to serve in education, health, agricultural technology, poverty alleviation and other units at the township level in poverty-stricken counties in western China for two years.
Two, encourage all kinds of enterprises and institutions, especially small and medium-sized enterprises and private enterprises to hire college graduates.
Three, encourage college graduates to start their own businesses and flexible employment. Provide tax incentives and small loans, organize entrepreneurship training, entrepreneurship guidance, policy consultation, project demonstration and follow-up counseling and other services.
Fourth, do a good job in employment guidance and services. Establish and improve the information network of college students' employment service, and provide services such as career introduction and career guidance.
Verb (short for verb) implementation? Vocational qualification training program for graduates of higher vocational colleges? Conduct vocational skills training and skill appraisal for fresh graduates of higher vocational colleges who need training.
Measures of Xuzhou Municipality on the Administration of College Students' Venture Loan Guarantee
First, the guarantee object and conditions
(1) The object of fund protection is students in ordinary colleges and universities and students within 5 years after graduation (including junior college students, undergraduates, master students and doctoral students), who have obtained the business license of Xuzhou university students and started their own businesses, and their registration place and tax payment relationship are all in Xuzhou. Focus on supporting enterprises in the College Students Pioneer Park.
(two) college students to apply for loan guarantees should also meet the following conditions:
1 Possess the basic skills required to operate the entrepreneurial project and obtain various licenses and certificates required for the project operation; ② Individuals and their spouses have no bad credit records and economic violations, and no major economic disputes; 3. Financial institutions have no outstanding financial debts due;
4 can provide effective counter-guarantee according to the provisions of college students' entrepreneurial loan guarantee.
II. Amount and duration of guarantee
(1) The guarantee amount of venture loan shall be determined according to the actual capital demand of the venture project, and the loan guarantee amount shall not exceed 800,000 yuan in principle.
(2) The guarantee period is generally 1 year, and the longest is no more than 2 years. In principle, it will not be extended after expiration. If it is really necessary to extend the period, the loan applicant shall apply. On the premise that the loan applicant can repay the principal and interest of the debt in time during the extension period, the cooperative bank may extend the period once, but the longest extension period shall not exceed 65,438+0 years. Measures for granting subsidies for college students' entrepreneurial housing
I. Subsidy Standards and Duration
(a) the housing subsidy standard is 200 yuan per person per month.
(two) the maximum period of housing subsidies shall not exceed three years.
Second, the source of funds.
The housing subsidy funds for self-employed college students are allocated by the municipal finance.
Measures for the implementation of special funds for college students' entrepreneurship in Xuzhou City
The financial department of Xuzhou arranges100,000 yuan every year to help qualified college students start businesses in urban areas.
I. Types of funding
Entrepreneurship funding includes enterprise project free funding, commercial loan discount, tax refund, economic subsidies and pre-entrepreneurship training incentives. Applicants can choose their own funding methods and applications according to their own entrepreneurial requirements. Enterprise project grant and commercial loan discount cannot be applied for repeatedly. Students or graduates who have been funded by municipal and district financial science and technology funds and special funds for cultural industries may not apply for venture capital again. The maximum number of projects funded by the same enterprise without compensation is two.
Second, the enterprise tax rebate subsidy measures
1. Tax refund conditions: (1) The applicant enterprise shall pay taxes in full and on time in accordance with relevant regulations. (2) Enjoy the tax put into storage during the preferential policy year. (3) truthfully declare the tax refund. (4) Anyone who has handled income tax refund and paid taxes in the tax department cannot enjoy the tax refund subsidy.
2. Amount of tax refund subsidy: the local retained portion of various taxes collected by the tax authorities shall be fully returned by the finance at the same level within 5 years from the date of registration.
3. Economic subsidy standard for practical training: During the practical training time, 400 yuan will be given economic subsidy every month. The subsidy period is generally not more than 3 months. Those who have enjoyed employment training subsidies may not enjoy them again. According to the number of practical college students, the training fee subsidy of RMB per person 1000 is given to the training base, which is mainly used for training tutor allowance and training fee subsidy.
In recent years, colleges and universities have taken a series of measures to promote college students' entrepreneurship education, but its development status is not optimistic. In terms of theoretical research, the theoretical research on entrepreneurship education is still scattered and unsystematic, only scattered in the theoretical aspects of all-round development education, subject education, quality education, innovation education, employment and entrepreneurship, and there is a lack of centralized, systematic and comprehensive research on entrepreneurship education. In addition, the theoretical research in colleges and universities is not systematic, lacking in self-entrepreneurship, less contact with enterprises in society and lack of entrepreneurial experience, which directly leads to the defects in education and teaching. Finally, students' lack of entrepreneurship education, weak entrepreneurial awareness and insufficient entrepreneurial ability also lead to less independent entrepreneurship and low success rate.
Entrepreneurship education for college students is not only a problem in the field of education, but also a social-oriented topic, which requires both educational and teaching reform and social management system reform. By increasing entrepreneurship education and improving the entrepreneurial ability of college students, the employment problem of college students can be effectively solved. At the same time, it also needs the cooperation of social management system to create conditions that are conducive to and can promote entrepreneurship and attract students to start businesses. This is of great significance to the country, society and individuals.
Due to the traditional habits in China, most students enjoy the love of their parents and are used to accepting the jobs they get. Due to historical inertia, social complexity and limitations of their own conditions, college students themselves are facing difficulties and risks. However, the times have given them expectations and responsibilities, and to achieve the future, they must break out of their own sky.
New things must have sunshine to thrive. Social support is essential for college students to start their own businesses. The relevant policies of the state and the active encouragement of schools are constantly improving the new entrepreneurial environment and nourishing the immature entrepreneurship of college students? Miao? . I believe that the state's investment in college students' entrepreneurship and the in-depth practice of college students' entrepreneurship education will surely flourish and grow smoothly under the support of this series of solid foundations.
refer to
Wang Xuzhou: China University of Mining and Technology Library, 2007, Entrepreneurship Guidance for College Students.
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