As an integral part of food hygiene laws and regulations, China's food hygiene standards play a vital role in ensuring the smooth implementation of China's Food Hygiene Law. At present, China's Ministry of Health has formulated and implemented nearly 611 food hygiene standards and their inspection methods. The formulation of China's food hygiene standards mainly adheres to the following principles:

The Food Hygiene Law is the legal basis;

Based on scientific research, adhere to the "risk assessment" in the formulation process of various standards;

scientifically and reasonably adopt international standards according to national conditions;

fully mobilize the enthusiasm of grass-roots health technical institutions at all levels, relevant scientific research institutes and universities to participate in the development of standards, and rationally use the existing resources for the development of food hygiene standards in China;

Absorb food production enterprises to participate in the development of standards and solicit opinions, and improve the transparency of standards to domestic enterprises.

Foreign food hygiene management

Health Supervision Center of the Ministry of Health, Zhang Zhiqiang

A global food hygiene situation

According to the latest report of the World Health Organization

1, the number of diarrhea cases in the world is as high as 1.5 billion every year, resulting in the death of 3 million children. 71% of cases are attributed to foods contaminated by pathogenic microorganisms. In Germany, for example, the number of cases infected by pathogenic microorganisms in food has increased from 11/111,111 in 1965 to 193/111,111 now.

2 11% of the global population is threatened by trematode infection;

3 dioxin, mad cow disease, O-157:H7 and other major food hygiene incidents have occurred one after another, causing global panic;

4 Food pollution caused by pesticides and industrial pollutants is still a global food hygiene problem.

Food hygiene legislation and supervision and management in major countries in the world

Major laws and standards of the country

Management organization

Major responsibilities and management scope

United States

1 Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act (Federal Food, Drug, and.

4 Food standards formulated by FDA.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under the Ministry of Health and Welfare

is responsible for the supervision and management of all foods except livestock, poultry meat and egg products (excluding fresh eggs). Its main tasks are:

1 Formulating federal regulations and standards;

2 Food safety evaluation and approval of food additives before production and use;

3 registration of low acidity and acidic canned food;

3 supervision of food quality and loading specifications;

on-site supervision of food production and operation conditions and processes;

management of food labels;

inspection of imported food;

food safety research;

analysis of animal situation and animal residues;

Safety monitoring of edible animal feed.

Meet, Pultry Products, and Egg Products Inspection Acts

Food Safety and Testing Center (FSIS) under the Ministry of Agriculture

is responsible for livestock, poultry meat, Supervision and management of egg products.

Canada

1 Health Protection and Food Laws

2 Food and Drug Act and Regulations

3 Food standards formulated by the Ministry of Health

1 The Ministry of Health and local health bureaus

1 formulate federal regulations and standards;

2 examination and approval of food additives and agricultural chemicals before production and use;

3 approval of new food;

4 to inspect the implementation of laws and standards of various food production enterprises managed by other departments;

3. Supervise the food sales industry.

2. The Ministry of Agriculture

1. Supervise and inspect domestic and imported foods according to the standards set by the Ministry of Health

2. Supervise the use of agricultural chemicals in agricultural production.

3. The Ministry of Fisheries and Ocean

Supervise the aquatic food production industry according to the standards set by the Ministry of Health.

4. The Ministry of Industry

Supervise the food packaging and labeling < Lan

Food Standard Code

The Australian Ministry of Health and the New Zealand Ministry of Health are responsible for the implementation of laws and standards.

The Australia New Zealand Food Authority, which is jointly formed by relevant institutions under the two ministries, is mainly responsible for formulating laws and standards

Japan

Food Hygiene Law

.

2 examination and approval of new foods and food additives before production and use;

3 supervision of food specifications and hygienic quality;

4 on-site supervision of food production and operation conditions and processes;

5 management of food labels;

6 inspection of imported food.

UK

Food Safety Act

Public Health Act

UK Food Standard Agency (formerly the UK Department of Agriculture and Food).

food safety management of food and its production and processing

British Ministry of Health

food retail

Three main trends of food hygiene management abroad

popularization and application of HACCP and hygiene supervision and management of food production process

overview

HACCP is an acronym for English hazard analysis and critical control points. Its basic meaning is: in order to prevent food poisoning or other food-borne diseases, we should systematically and comprehensively analyze all kinds of harmful factors that cause the occurrence or development of food pollution from the whole process of food raw material planting (breeding) to food consumption; On the basis of this analysis, the "critical control points" that can effectively prevent, reduce or eliminate all kinds of hazards are determined, and then the hazard factors that cause the occurrence or development of food pollution are controlled at the "critical control points", and the control effect is monitored at the same time, and the control methods are corrected and supplemented at any time. It is precisely because HACCP emphasizes that the whole process of food production and processing should be continuously, Systematically analyze and control all kinds of harmful factors that cause the occurrence and development of food pollution. Therefore, HACCP method is also called "longitudinal correlation of food safety assurance". Since HACCP was put forward in the United States in the early 1971s, In-depth research and extensive application have been carried out in many developed and developing countries around the world. CAC and the science and technology and management departments of many countries generally believe that HACCP has exactly the same effect as ISO9111 and other quality management systems, and because HACCP focuses on the supervision and management of key points, HACCP is more economical than other management systems.

2 Provisions of international organizations and countries on the popularization and application of HACCP

CAC

CAC has been paying close attention to the research and popularization and application of HACCP, held many expert consultation meetings on the research and application of HACCP, and successively drafted the Outline of Global HACCP Publicity and Training Plan. Popularization and application of HACCP in developing countries and many other documents.

In June, 1997, the Codex Alimentarius Conference held by CAC was discussed and passed, and the HACCP application system and its application guidelines were drafted, and it was once again emphasized that HACCP system should be a guideline to be observed in international food trade. Countries should actively promote its application.

(2) FAO

In the document "Quality Assurance of Aquatic Products" drafted by FAO in 194, it was stipulated that HACCP should be the main requirement for sanitary management of aquatic products enterprises, and the enterprises should be evaluated by using HACCP principle.

(3) The United States

successfully applied HACCP to control the microbial pollution of low-acid canned food in 1972. Since then, the US FDA, The United States Department of Agriculture and other relevant institutions have made a series of regulations on the popularization and application of HACCP, and requested to establish a food safety inspection model based on HACCP. < P > In 1996, FSIS promulgated the "Control of Pathogenic Microorganisms and HACCP Regulations" (61 FR 38815).

Domestic and imported meat food processing enterprises are required to implement HACCP management.

In p>1995, the FDA promulgated the "HACCP Regulations for Aquatic Products" (21 CFR Part 123);

In p>1998, FDA put forward the draft of "Regulations on Supervision and Management of Fruit and Vegetable Juice by HACCP" (63 FR 21486);

The FDA of the United States has also applied HACCP to various management regulations on food retailing and street food.

(4) Britain

Britain can be said to be one of the countries with comprehensive and systematic legislation on the application of HACCP. In its Food Safety Act (1991), Britain clearly stipulated that food production enterprises must establish and implement HACCP. In the form of laws and regulations, the Qualification Standard for Local Officials to Apply HACCP to Management has also been formulated.

(5) The application of HACCP in China and its special significance

In the late 1981s, China's Ministry of Health launched the propaganda and training work on HACCP, and in the early 1991s, the Food Hygiene Supervision and Inspection Institute of the Ministry of Health conducted a pilot study on the application of HACCP to dairy enterprises. Now the Ministry of Health is working on formulating relevant management laws and regulations.

The special significance of popularizing HACCP in China: (1) (2) To meet the requirements of HACCP management in importing countries and promote China's food export trade; (3) Renew the consciousness of quality control of food production enterprises in China and improve the technical level of quality control of food enterprises; (4) Under the condition that China's economic level is still low, the cost of control can be reduced. < P > Supervision and management of biotechnological food (genetically modified food) < P > The production of food by using the recombinant technology of DAN will be beneficial to improve the yield and quality of food. However, some people think that if the application of DNA recombination technology in food production is not managed and controlled, food safety problems will also arise. For example, the sensitization of new food will be increased. New toxic substances or original toxic substances are produced in new foods, which reduces the nutritional quality of new foods, etc. Therefore, biotech foods are a kind of new foods that are generally concerned by governments and most consumers all over the world. At present, most countries in the world have formulated laws and regulations in succession, and implemented food safety management of biotech foods mainly in the following two aspects: (1) food safety and nutritional evaluation before listing; (2) Labeling management of food labels.

1 Edible safety and nutritional evaluation of biotechnological foods

CAC

The International Codex Committee held two consecutive meetings this year, and conducted a special discussion on the edible safety of biotechnological foods and its evaluation and management. At the meeting of the Intergovernmental Task Force on Biotechnology Foods held in Japan, It is proposed that two important documents should be drawn up for all countries in the world: (1) Main Principles of Risk Analysis of Biotechnology Food, Guidelines for Risk Assessment of Biotechnology Food.

OECD

This organization put forward the "Substantial Equivalence)".

(3 principle" which is universally recognized in the evaluation of modern biotechnology food safety.

(3). Major countries that have formulated food safety evaluation regulations for biotech foods

At present, at least 13 countries or regions have formulated mandatory food safety evaluation regulations for biotech foods, including: the European Union, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Japan, Singapore, South Korea and other regions and countries. There are two main forms of regulations. Is stipulated in the laws and regulations on new foods

, The other is the special regulations on biotech foods.

At the beginning of this year, the FDA of the United States revised the voluntary "pre-marketing consultation regulations for biotech foods" into mandatory "safety evaluation regulations for biotech foods".

Labeling management of biotech foods

Although labeling management is largely based on the requirements of consumers, However, it has become the main content of the management of biotechnology food in various countries. Except for the United States and China, all the above countries have formulated laws and regulations on the label management of biotechnology food. Usually, in these laws and regulations, it is stipulated that if the amount of biotechnology food in the final food product exceeds a certain limit, It must be clearly marked on the label as "This product is processed from biotechnology food" or similar label statement.

Application of "Risk Assessment" in the formulation of food standards and regulations

The so-called "risk assessment" refers to the scientific analysis and research on the adverse effects harmful to human health in food, which consists of the following steps: (1) Identification of hazards; (2) Description of hazard characteristics; (3) Investigation and evaluation of the intake of hazardous substances; (4) description of risk characteristics.

"risk assessment" is applicable to the assessment of various risk factors in food, including: food additives, chemical pollutants, pesticides, veterinary drugs, microorganisms and other biological pollutants.

WTO stipulated in its draft Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade that countries should only protect national security, prevent fraud, protect personal health and safety, and protect the lives and health of animals and plants. It can be seen that the WTO has limited the content of food standards and regulations to the technical requirements related to "protecting personal health and safety", otherwise it will be regarded as a technical barrier. How to formulate food standards, The WTO also stipulates in its Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) that member countries should ensure that their food standards are formulated based on the results of the assessment of their national health by the risk assessment methods stipulated by relevant international organizations. In recent years, CAC has repeatedly emphasized the importance of the application of "risk assessment" in international food standards and national food standards, and formulated a series of working principles for this purpose. Applying the concept and method of "risk assessment" to formulate food standards is the duty that WTO members should perform, and at the same time, it is also the basic means to effectively protect the health of their own people and maintain the normal import and export trade of their own food.