The garbage family has three brothers: Big Brother's industrial solid waste, Second Brother's urban solid waste, and Little Brother's dangerous waste. However, you can't despise your younger brother, which is very harmful.
Industrial solid waste: solid waste generated in industry, transportation and other production activities; Mining solid waste metallurgical industry solid waste energy solid waste other solid waste. Urban solid waste: solid waste generated in urban daily life or activities providing services for urban daily life and solid waste regarded as urban solid waste according to laws and administrative regulations; Municipal maintenance and management of residents' lives, businesses, institutions, schools and offices. Hazardous waste: waste with hazardous characteristics listed in the national hazardous waste list or identified according to the national standards and methods for hazardous waste identification. The so-called hazardous characteristics refer to the characteristics of chemical reactivity, toxicity, corrosiveness, explosiveness, flammability or injury. Hazardous wastes in daily life include all kinds of waste drugs, positive and negative films, waste fluorescent lamps, waste water silver thermometers, and waste batteries containing mercury, cadmium, nickel and lead.
Utilization of garbage
Helsinki, the capital of Finland, has 3 15 kg of domestic garbage per capita every year. The effective classification and recovery of municipal waste is not only beneficial to maintaining the urban environment, but also can turn waste into treasure. According to Finland's garbage law (1994), garbage makers must sort the garbage, and then send it to the garbage treatment plant by garbage trucks for sorting and recycling. According to the Waste Law, the Capital Waste Management Bureau has formulated specific regulations: for apartment buildings, office buildings, shops and restaurants that produce more than 50 kilograms of waste paper and cardboard every week, waste paper and cardboard must be classified and put into special garbage bins; If there are more than 10 households in residential buildings that produce more than 50 kilograms of biological waste every week, special biological garbage bins must be set up. Biological waste refers to degradable organic compounds, such as leftover food, weeds and plants. The booklet "Guide to Domestic Waste" printed by the Waste Management Bureau specifically guides residents on how to sort and recycle garbage.
In residential areas and shopping centers of various towns in Finland, there are garbage sorting and recycling bins with different colors. Finns are used to putting old newspapers, empty glass bottles and old clothes accumulated at home into sorting and recycling bins when they go out, or sending the garbage directly to the sorting and recycling points of three garbage disposal centers in Helsinki. The recycling point sends metal waste to the metal treatment plant for recycling, glass bottles to the glass factory for raw materials, waste wood to the thermal power plant for fuel, and waste paper and cardboard to be reused by the paper mill. For harmful waste, such as waste oil, sulfuric acid, batteries, medicines, etc., the waste management bureau sends a special car to recycle them in spring and autumn every year, and then sends them to a factory specializing in harmful waste for special incineration, and uses the heat generated by incineration to generate electricity.
Take it from the people and use it for the people. The cost of treating urban garbage comes from the garbage disposal fee paid by residents, and the amount of the fee is determined according to the capacity of the garbage bin and the dumping times. In order to encourage residents to sort garbage, the fees for sorting garbage are generally much lower than those for mixed garbage.
Relevant departments in Finland attach great importance to environmental protection in the process of garbage disposal. Aimersoo garbage disposal center, 25 kilometers from Helsinki, the capital, is the largest garbage disposal center in Northern Europe. Built in 1987, * * * has 30 employees and covers an area of 190 hectares. In 200 1 year, the garbage disposal capacity of the center reached 680,000 tons, of which 36,543,800 tons were recovered.
In August this year, a newly designed garbage sorting and recycling station was put into use in this center. Residents and enterprises in the nearby area can directly drive to the garbage sorting platform of the recycling station and put the garbage into the corresponding recycling trailer box according to the signs on the sorting signs.
There is also a biological waste decomposition plant in the center, which specializes in degrading biological waste and finally making it into fertilizer soil. In 200 1 year, the high-quality garden fertile soil produced by this factory reached10.5 million cubic meters.
After all kinds of garbage are classified and recycled, a considerable amount of mixed garbage is still dumped in the landfill. In order to further reduce the amount of garbage dumped into the landfill, the center plans to build a new mixed garbage treatment plant in 2005, reclassify the remaining mixed garbage, and finally transport only the unrecoverable garbage (such as plastics) to the landfill. This not only greatly reduces the land area of the landfill, but also does not produce odor to pollute the air because the biological waste is completely separated. In addition, the mixed waste treatment plant will separate nearly 200,000 tons of combustible waste every year, which can generate 600,000 kWh of energy.
In recent years, the center has paid special attention to improving environmental protection measures to minimize the impact on the surrounding environment. The center monitors the air quality and underground seepage in the surrounding areas, collects the seepage generated by garbage disposal in temporary reservoirs and introduces it to nearby sewage treatment plants for treatment. At the same time, advanced equipment will be installed in landfill sites to recover biogas, and biogas power stations will be built for residents in surrounding areas.
According to the planning of relevant departments, by 2007, the traditional way of dumping and burying garbage will be completely abandoned, all kinds of garbage will be used to the maximum extent, and the remaining garbage will also be used as fuel to generate heat energy.
In recent years, waste reduction has become the starting point of urban waste treatment in Finland. On August 14 this year, the Finnish government adopted a plan to nearly double the garbage tax within three years to reduce the amount of garbage in the country.
In order to reduce the amount of garbage as soon as possible and improve the utilization rate of garbage, the Finnish government will also take other effective measures. For example, impose certain restrictions on the biological waste dumped into the garbage dump; Increase the responsibility of product manufacturers and importers in dealing with their related garbage and so on. In addition, relevant government departments will further participate in and promote the development of garbage disposal industry and strengthen scientific research and training on garbage disposal.
Items that can be recycled as resources:
After the paper is transported to the paper mill, the ink is removed, dissolved and treated, and then new paper is made from pulp. Six large milk cartons can produce 1 package of toilet paper.
After distinguishing colors, break or dissolve them and make a new bottle. Glass bottles can be cleaned and reused.
(cloth) can be used to cover the machines in the factory. If it is disassembled into threads, it can be made into blankets, thick cloth, cotton gloves and so on.
After dissolution, it can be reduced to the original raw material-aluminum. The energy used to make a new aluminum can can be made into 33 recycled aluminum cans.
refuse disposal
Garbage that has instantaneous, short-term or long-term harm to human and animal and plant life is called hazardous garbage. Including dry batteries, fluorescent tubes, thermometers and other chemical and biological dangerous goods, flammable and explosive goods, waste containing radioactive substances. Generally, this kind of garbage can't be mixed with ordinary garbage, so it should be removed separately. At present, there are many methods to treat domestic garbage. The common methods to treat domestic garbage are:
1 sanitary landfill
This method is widely used at present. The basic operation is to spread a layer of garbage for compaction, then spread a layer of soil, and then spread garbage and soil layer by layer, thus forming a sandwich structure. It has small investment and simple operation. However, there are still many problems with this method. For example, there is a lack of landfills around many big cities, which can't solve the site problem and can't be landfilled. Moreover, the buried garbage is mixed with many harmful and toxic substances, which can not be naturally transformed and disappeared after being buried in the soil, which is toxic to the soil, destroys the soil and hinders the growth of crops. Harmful substances may also enter groundwater, causing water pollution. Statistics show that the degradation cycle of general plastics in nature is 200~400 years. Therefore, sanitary landfill is not an ideal method.
2 waste incineration
Incineration is the burning of garbage at high temperature, which converts combustible garbage into carbon dioxide and water. The residual ash after incineration is only less than 5% of the original volume of garbage, thus greatly reducing the amount of solid garbage, eliminating various pathogens, transforming some toxic and harmful substances into harmless substances, and recovering heat energy. This method also solves the problem of lack of landfill sites in big cities. For example, there is a garbage incineration center in Taipa Island, Macao, which has a beautiful environment, basically no noise and little pollution. There are three incinerators in this center, which can handle 900 tons of garbage every day. The whole process of garbage incineration is completed by mechanization and computer control center. Burning garbage does not pollute the environment, the waste gas removal rate reaches 95%, and the ash treatment rate reaches 9.89%, realizing the maximum recovery of resources-the generated heat is used for power generation, which can generate 200,000 kWh per day; 3800 tons of metallic iron can be recovered from burning slag every year, and the remaining small amount of slag can be used for recovery. However, there are also problems in garbage incineration. Because the garbage has not been carefully classified, a small amount of garbage will also produce waste gas and harmful substances during incineration.
3 Comprehensive utilization
Comprehensive utilization means recycling garbage and resources, so this method is also called recycling method. This method is to treat garbage and then convert it into usable raw materials, which is in line with sustainable development. American scientists believe that all kinds of waste paper, waste wood fiber and waste wood thrown in the garbage dump are a new type of "forest". The following is a comparison table of the energy required to make the same product using recycled materials. Therefore, it is more economical to make products with recycled materials. Today, the United States, Japan and some developed countries in western Europe are also vigorously carrying out this work. The United States even revised the original solid waste treatment law, promulgated the resource recycling law, and encouraged and supported the research of garbage recycling technology through laws. It can be seen that some developed countries have taken the lead in this respect, and there are many methods worth learning, which will also become a trend of garbage disposal. Of course, the cost of comprehensive utilization is relatively high, which must be supplemented by landfill and incineration, and the problem of garbage sorting and recycling should also be considered.
(3) Suggestions on domestic waste treatment
The existing garbage disposal methods need to be improved, and garbage disposal must be valued and supported by all parties. First of all, people should establish a correct view of garbage. Garbage is actually a kind of resource, an economical and renewable resource that conforms to sustainable development. The recycling of garbage conforms to the strategy of sustainable development, so that garbage resources are not wasted. In the existing treatment methods, landfill can undoubtedly not recycle garbage resources; Incineration is still at a low level of resource recovery; Only comprehensive utilization and multi-pronged approach can maximize the recycling of garbage resources. Therefore, whether garbage resources are fully utilized has become one of the symbols to measure whether a society is civilized. Secondly, to realize the comprehensive utilization of garbage, we must first collect it by classification. Classified collection refers to the collection of different types of garbage according to different requirements of garbage disposal or recycling. Classified collection is generally carried out by setting containers of different shapes and colors or specifying specific garbage collectors. This will surely become the main method of garbage collection in the future. According to the experience of some areas, the classified collection of garbage can be based on a residential area. Set up three kinds of trash cans with different colors in the community. One color dustbin contains food waste, one color dustbin contains ordinary waste and another color dustbin contains dangerous waste. Due to the perishable nature of kitchen waste, garbage removal should be more frequent and faster, and it is more appropriate to take half a day or a day as a unit; The removal frequency of ordinary garbage and hazardous garbage can be determined according to their respective output, and the output of hazardous garbage is small, so it is recommended to clean it every 2~4 days. Garbage sorting and transportation to the disposal site can generally be carried out by special departments (or communities with relatively complete conditions). After inspection, these institutions send food waste, ordinary waste and hazardous waste to different treatment sites for final treatment. Among them, kitchen waste can be fermented to produce combustible gas and fertilizer. In ordinary garbage, paper and wood are renewable paper products; Glass and metal can be melted to make new products; Plastics and rubber can also be melted and recycled. Hazardous waste is specially treated to remove its toxicity. This is the development of comprehensive utilization of garbage disposal methods. Finally, all government departments should pay attention to the problem of garbage disposal and make necessary investments. As a government, it is necessary to give some financial and material support at an appropriate time to maintain the funds and equipment needed for the initial recovery of garbage resources. At the same time, the propaganda of "garbage is a kind of resource" has been strengthened, so that the viewpoint of garbage reuse is deeply rooted in people's hearts. In this way, garbage recycling can develop more smoothly, quickly and effectively, and truly implement the sustainable development strategy.