Wang Weiping, a special state environmental inspector and a counselor of the Beijing Municipal Government, said that China has been encouraging garbage sorting for many years, but it is still suspected of "putting on a show" or "putting on a show". Because garbage classification is not as simple as it seems, front-end classification needs the cooperation of back-end recycling, utilization and treatment.
This kind of "putting on airs" and "putting on a show" classification obviously cannot solve the problem of waste reduction, treatment and utilization. Recently, the General Office of the State Council issued the Notice on Forwarding the Implementation Plan of Domestic Waste Classification System of the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (hereinafter referred to as the "Plan"), requiring 46 cities to implement compulsory domestic waste classification first, and the domestic waste recovery rate will reach over 35% by the end of 2020.
Organs, enterprises and institutions
46 cities have clearly defined the mandatory classification of responsible persons.
The plan proposes that by the end of 2020, some key cities will first implement mandatory classification of domestic waste in urban areas. These cities are municipalities directly under the central government, provincial capitals and cities with separate plans. This means that Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Chongqing, Dalian, Qingdao and Shenzhen are among them; Second, the first batch of domestic waste classification demonstration cities identified by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, including Handan, Hebei, Suzhou, Jiangsu, Taian, Shandong and Yichang, Hubei.
Party and government organs in cities, institutions such as schools, scientific research, culture, publishing, radio and television, associations, societies and federations, management units in public places such as stations, airports, docks, stadiums and performance venues, and enterprises such as hotels, restaurants, shopping centers, supermarkets, farmers' markets, shops and commercial office buildings are responsible for "compulsory" classification of the generated domestic garbage.
resident
Set up a "green account" to redeem points.
In June, 2000, eight cities, including Beijing, Shanghai and Nanjing, were designated as pilot cities for garbage collection by classification, but after so many years, it seems that the classification has not made great progress.
He Sheng, deputy director of the Environmental Sanitation Management Office of Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, said that the classification of domestic waste must change the habits of residents, either by positive guidance or compulsory punishment. Except for a few cities such as Guangzhou and Nanjing, there are few laws and regulations that punish residents without classification. Even if there are laws and regulations, the classification involves every family, and residents generally have the psychology of "the law does not blame the public", and it is difficult to obtain evidence and execute the actual punishment.
To this end, the "Program" clearly stated that it is necessary to give full play to the role of the market, form an effective incentive and restraint mechanism, and improve the garbage disposal charging system according to the polluter pays principle.
As far as urban residents are concerned, through the establishment of residents' "green accounts" and "environmental protection files", residents who correctly classify and put in garbage will be rewarded with convertible points. Encourage residents and communities to deeply classify "dry garbage" and hand over recyclable materials to recycling enterprises for collection, transportation and disposal. Conditional areas can explore ways to collect and transport garbage at regular and fixed points, guide residents to directly put classified garbage into collection and transportation vehicles, and gradually reduce the number of fixed garbage bins.
Environmental protection enterprise
Encourage social capital to participate in garbage collection and disposal.
In terms of "compulsory classification requirements", the Plan proposes that cities that implement compulsory classification of domestic waste should formulate measures for the introduction before the end of 20 17 in light of local conditions, and refine the requirements for garbage classification, varieties, delivery, collection, transportation and disposal; Among them, harmful waste must be regarded as one of the compulsory classification categories, and then the categories of perishable garbage and recyclables must be selected.
The main types of hazardous waste are waste batteries, waste fluorescent tubes, waste thermometers, waste sphygmomanometers, waste drugs and their packaging, waste paints, waste pesticides and waste films. In the past, there were various disputes about whether waste batteries and waste fluorescent tubes should be included in hazardous waste. According to the plan, these will be listed as "hazardous waste".
local government
Actively explore and promote "two networks integration"
According to the statistics of China Urban Environmental Sanitation Association, the national urban domestic waste exceeds10.50 billion tons every year, and the annual growth rate is 8%- 10%. At present, the cumulative stock of municipal solid waste in China has reached 7 billion tons, covering an area of about 800,000 mu. Among the 688 cities in China, 2/3 of the large and medium-sized cities are surrounded by garbage, and14 of the cities have no suitable places to dump garbage. The annual loss of resources caused by urban garbage in China is worth 25-30 billion yuan.
For garbage sorting, China has adopted more incentives. But up to now, there are not many mature garbage disposal models with China characteristics that can be copied and used for reference, and more experiments and explorations are being carried out in various places. For example, in the first half of this year, Beijing will study and issue the Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Integration of Garbage Classification and Recycling Resources, and the Beijing Urban Management Committee will promote the integration of domestic garbage and recycling resources.
"The integration of renewable resources, or waste recycling and garbage disposal, is an inevitable trend." Liu Jianguo said that in Beijing and other big cities, fewer and fewer people are engaged in waste recycling, and more garbage enters the treatment system, increasing the burden. Promoting the integration of the two networks is actually to admit that waste recycling is garbage classification, and waste utilization is garbage recycling. Waste recycling, which was originally dominated by the market, can justifiably win government financial subsidies and tax incentives, and gradually realize transformation, upgrading and healthy development.
Advice from others
Japan: Detailed Garbage Sorting
Japan's garbage classification is very detailed, and the local government has compiled a detailed garbage classification and dumping manual for the citizens, which is illustrated and easy to understand. Under the general category of combustible, non-combustible and resource-based garbage, it is subdivided into several categories respectively.
For example, resource waste can be divided into mineral water bottles, glass bottles, paper, aluminum cans, iron cans and so on. Every kind of garbage should be placed at the designated collection place according to the specified collection time. The garbage sorting process is also very detailed. Take the mineral water bottle as an example. You have to unscrew the bottle cap, tear off the wrapping paper and throw it away as combustible garbage. You should also clean it, crush it, and put it in a recycling bag and put it in a collection place.
Germany: Take the punishment of "sitting together"
In urging the implementation of domestic waste sorting, Germany adopted the punishment of "sitting together". If the staff of the garbage recycling company find that the garbage in a certain place is often not strictly classified, they will send a warning letter to the property manager and all the residents in the nearby community. If there is no improvement after the warning, the company will not hesitate to increase the garbage cleaning fee in this community. After receiving the warning, the property and residents' self-management committees will organize meetings to check one by one, find the "culprit" and ask them to improve immediately. Even if they dare not admit it, the households who make mistakes will obediently abide by the classification rules in order not to pay higher cleaning fees.