Incomplete skin and mucosa, people who come into contact with the above substances must take protective measures. Its basic characteristics are:
(1) Prevent the spread of blood-borne diseases and non-blood-borne diseases;
(2) Emphasis on two-way protection, which not only prevents diseases from spreading from patients to medical staff, but also prevents diseases from spreading from medical staff to patients;
(3) According to the main transmission route of the disease, take corresponding isolation measures, including contact isolation, air isolation and particle isolation.
In the specific operating procedures, it is:
1. Hand washing: When it may be contaminated after contact with blood, body fluids, excreta and secretions, wash your hands after taking off gloves or use quick hand disinfectant.
2. Gloves: gloves should be worn when contacting blood, body fluids, excreta, secretions and damaged skin mucosa; Gloves can prevent the possibility that medical staff will transmit the flora on their hands to patients; Gloves can prevent medical personnel from becoming a medium of infection with microorganisms, that is, prevent medical personnel from spreading pathogens contaminated from patients or the environment among people. Always change gloves between two patients; Gloves can't replace hand washing.
3. Masks, goggles and masks: Wearing masks and goggles can also reduce the splashing of infectious substances such as body fluids, blood and secretions of patients on the eyes, mouth and nasal mucosa of medical staff.
4. isolation gown: It is only used when passing through isolation gown, so as to prevent it from being polluted by infectious blood, secretions, exudates, splashing water and a large number of infectious substances. Wash your hands immediately after taking off isolation gown to avoid polluting other patients and the environment.
5. Reusable equipment:
(1) Reusable medical supplies and medical equipment shall be disinfected or sterilized as required when used for the next patient.
(2) When dealing with instruments and equipment contaminated by blood, body fluids, secretions and excreta, it is necessary to prevent the skin and mucous membrane exposure of staff and the pollution of work clothes, so that pathogenic microorganisms can spread to patients and pollute the environment.
(3) Sharps that need to be reused should be placed in stab-resistant containers for transportation, handling and prevention of stab wounds.
(4) Disposable sharp tools, such as needles, are placed in stab-proof and leakage-proof containers for harmless treatment.
6. Disinfection of surfaces, environment, clothes and tableware.
(1) Clean the environment and surfaces of articles in general wards of hospitals, including bed bars, bedside tables, chairs, door handles, etc., and disinfect them at any time if there is any pollution.
(2) When handling and transporting clothes contaminated by blood, body fluids, secretions and excreta, it is necessary to prevent medical personnel from exposing their skin and polluting work clothes and the environment.
(3) Reusable tableware should be cleaned and disinfected before use, and patients should be isolated to use disposable tableware as much as possible.
(4) Reuse clothes are put into special bags and transported to designated places for cleaning and disinfection to prevent pollution during transportation.
7, emergency places may need resuscitation, with simple breathing bag (resuscitation bag) or other ventilation device instead of mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration.
8. Medical wastes shall be treated harmlessly in accordance with the Regulations on the Management of Medical Wastes promulgated by the state and relevant laws and regulations. Contact isolation contact transmission refers to diseases transmitted through contact. Contact transmission is the main and common transmission route of hospital infection, which generally includes direct transmission and indirect transmission. On the basis of standard prevention, patients who are diagnosed or suspected to be infected with intestinal infection, multi-drug resistant bacteria infection, skin infection and other contact-spread pathogenic microorganisms should also take contact-spread isolation prevention. Isolation of patients
(1) Patients are arranged in a separate isolation room, and patients infected with the same pathogen can be arranged in one room if conditions permit.
(2) Limiting the patient's range of activities.
(3) Reduce transshipment. If transshipment is necessary, minimize pollution to other patients and environmental surfaces.
Contact isolation protection isolation
(1) Wear gloves when touching patients, including blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions and other substances.
(2) Before leaving the isolation ward, take off gloves, wash hands and/or disinfect your hands after touching the contaminated items.
(3) Wear isolation gown when entering the ward and engaging in operations that may pollute work clothes; Before leaving the ward, take off the isolation gown and hang it as required, or use disposable isolation gown, and dispose of it according to the requirements of medical waste management after use.
(4) Isolation signs should be set up in the isolation room to limit personnel access. Air-isolated air transmission refers to the way in which pathogenic microorganisms spread through aerosols (particle size less than 5um) suspended in the air. This kind of particles can be suspended in the air for a long time, and can float far away with the airflow, so it can cause many infections and even lead to the outbreak of hospital infection. Therefore, the patient's environment needs shielding, and a single room, special air handling system and ventilation equipment can be used to prevent air transmission. Medical personnel and people entering the environment should use respiratory protection devices. If the patient is diagnosed or suspected of being infected with airborne diseases, such as tuberculosis, epidemic meningitis, mumps, chickenpox, measles, pneumonic plague, pulmonary hemorrhagic fever, etc. On the basis of standard prevention, air-borne isolation prevention should be adopted, and the following isolation measures should be taken:
Isolation of patients
(1) The patient should be placed in a single room, and the ventilation should be strengthened, paying attention to the wind direction.
(2) Unconditionally, patients infected by the same pathogenic microorganism can live in the same room.
(3) Transfer to the infectious disease hospital or the hospital designated by the health administrative department for treatment as soon as possible, and pay attention to the protection of medical personnel during the transfer process; Medical protective masks should be worn when the patient's condition permits.
(4) limiting the range of activities of infectious patients.
(5) Do a good job of air disinfection.
Air isolation protection isolation
(1) Medical personnel should wear hats and medical protective masks when entering the rooms of patients with confirmed or suspected infectious diseases.
(2) isolation gown should be worn during the diagnosis and treatment operation that may produce splash.
(3) Wear gloves when contacting patients and their blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions and other substances. Droplet isolation droplet transmission refers to the disease transmitted by larger droplets aerosol particles (particle size greater than 5um). The suspension time in the air is not long, and the spraying distance is only about1m.