The vocabulary of dialects is ever-changing, and it is difficult to generalize the rules. Only some words are listed here, which will be found in life.
just as water and soil support one person, so water and soil support one language. Xuzhou dialect is closely related to Xuzhou's geographical relationship. Xuzhou is in a position of neither south nor north nor east nor west. Xuzhou people are northerners in the eyes of southerners and southerners in the eyes of northerners.
Xuzhou has been a battleground for military strategists since ancient times, so Xuzhou dialect is often full of "gunpowder smell" or "war culture". Just give one or two examples: when playing poker, southerners are used to saying "play 81 points", while Xuzhou people often say "play to upgrade"; Southerners say "change the master", while Xuzhou people throw two cards on the table and say "reverse". Besides drinking, southerners often meet in advance. At the wine table, several friends talk while drinking. There is no pressure to persuade them to drink, and there is no pain of having to drink. The atmosphere is harmonious, and the wine comes to the table and leaves slightly drunk, saving time and effort. Old Xuzhou, especially young people, is different. There is a saying that "feelings are deep and stuffy". Old friends can't show their feelings if they don't drink well when they meet again. Drinking should be popular and lively, and friends are often called on the wine table. It is common to have a banquet later than the scheduled time, and it is a fine to be late. Like the customs in other places, the first three glasses of wine must be finished, and then "free activities" are held. Everyone expresses their wishes, respects each other and serves wine. Some old Xuzhou, where the folk customs are still the same, will also play tricks to add fun. If there is bravado, some people will come forward: "You all rest first, and I will' do it' for them all"; The other party did not show weakness, and offered to "wear" nine fists. In the long run, those who originally planned to drink two kilograms of wine often doubled. (Of course, this kind of scene is only seen in small restaurants in the countryside now, and no one wants to go there.)
Some people say that Xuzhou is male, and male is extensive, which is reflected in the language. Xuzhou dialect is generous, direct and simple. Someone's performance is not good, so he commented in Xuzhou dialect: This person is going straight to be laid off! When someone is extraordinary and outstanding in something, Xuzhou people simply say, "He is crazy today!" " ; Finish this cup of wine, southerners say, you can finish this cup of wine, and Xuzhou dialect only uses two words: "It's thorough!" " ; Drinking too much, Xuzhou said "drinking too much"; When someone hesitates about something, others will persuade him to say, "What a big deal? ！” When showing that they are fully capable of doing something well, Xuzhou people blurted out: "Don't ask! Give it to me. " Friends please help yourself, "in a word!" Or just one word "tube!" .
The common features of all dialects can often express their meanings more vividly and vividly, which is one reason why all local dialects have been preserved and continued. For example, when we say that someone is quick in doing things and quick in response, we praise him for thinking deeply and going on the road. Otherwise, we say that he means "real meat" and "not going on the road". As for Zhang San's "little whiny ghost" and Li Si's "clumsy", it goes without saying that Xuzhou people immediately understood what kind of people Zhang San and Li Si are. "Faulty hair" means messy and messy, and describes "hairy head" (hair inch), some of which can only be understood. When you don't understand each other no matter how you say it, and you can't learn it no matter how you teach them, Xuzhou people will say humorously, "You are really worried about me!" " These languages with strong local colors are often difficult to find the corresponding components in Putonghua. With the frequent communication between people, various languages are communicating with each other, and more and more people are speaking Mandarin in Xuzhou.
Jiangsu dialects are basically called Sunan Dialect and Subei Dialect. The dialect in Sunan is mainly Wu Dialect, and the language in Wuxi, Suzhou is dominant. From Changzhou to Danyang, dramatic changes have taken place. The dialects here are very difficult to understand, especially in the countryside, and they are very close to Subei Dialect when they arrive in Zhenjiang. From Yangzhou to Huai 'an, the main body of Subei dialect was formed. Therefore, Xuzhou dialect is actually an area where Subei dialect has changed to Shandong dialect, so many difficult words have been formed. Everyone in Xuzhou knows that Xuzhou dialect has undergone this change from Suining to Suqian. From a small area, the dialects of these two places are quite different from those of Xuzhou and Huai 'an.
Great changes have taken place in Xuzhou dialect today. With the development of the times and frequent exchanges and exchanges, many dialect words have begun to disappear. The reason for their disappearance is that these words are really hard to understand. Today, only elderly people in Xuzhou still use these words. For example: "Huang Zi", "What Huang Zi?" Outsiders simply don't understand that "Huangzi" is the "thing" in Putonghua; "What yellow son?" It is "what is it?" in Mandarin. "sai", "It's time to race" and "Sai Mao". "Race" means "good"; "Great" means "great" and "Saimao" means "great". There is a verb that no one can understand: "Siwei". This "Siwei" is not "thinking", but it means repairing. For example, this car should be used by the company. Some dialect words, especially nouns, are also very interesting: "Guo Guo", Xuzhou people say: "You Zi"; "On the ground", Xuzhou people say: "Slip the ground"; "Cicada", Xuzhou people say: "die, turtle"; "Dragonfly", Xuzhou people say: "light dragonfly"; "Slippers" Xuzhou people said: "Shoes are his son;" Very good, "Xuzhou people said:" Do four ",and so on. Many verbs in Xuzhou dialect are also difficult to understand. For example, "rou" is pronounced in the first sound, which is not yet replaceable in Chinese, meaning to ignore, and is used in negative sentences. For example, I don't rou you. It means I ignore you. Another example: the first sound of "ai" means folding, for example, it is better than "AI" this newspaper. It means: you fold this newspaper.
There is also a word used in verbs, which has different uses in different occasions. One meaning of "gram" kei is "eat" (only used to express eating melon seeds), and of course many such words can be said. However, there are some special cases in the process of language development: "going home" in Putonghua is a sentence without a subject, "Hui" is a verb, a predicate and "home" is an object. Old Xuzhou people also said "going home" according to this grammar, but now Xuzhou people say that the predicate and object of "going home" are inverted.
In fact, Xuzhou dialect was also influenced by foreign dialects in its development. For example, in the Sui Dynasty, a large number of immigrants moved to Peixian county in the north of Xuzhou from Laostoro, Shanxi, so the dialects here were also influenced by Shanxi dialect. Peixian county is 81 kilometers north of Xuzhou. There are many differences in vocabulary and pronunciation between Peixian dialect and Xuzhou dialect, which is related to a large number of Shanxi immigrants. Professor Li Shen of Xu Normal University, through the analysis of lexical features, speculated that Lan Ling Xiaoxiaosheng, the author of Jin Ping Mei, and Wang Cai, the owner of Sanquan, were the authors of Jin Ping Mei, while Wang Cai was the judge of Xuzhou in the book. In this way, Jin Ping Mei and The Journey to the West, etc. all use false pretenses and pretexts. By praising the bottle and belittling the gold, they really take "Li Pinger" as the protagonist and focus on economic and power corruption, and their expression is the main purpose of "anti-prostitution and corruption" and "exposing corruption". When you think about it, Journey to the West is full of monsters and ghosts, and it becomes a masterpiece because the theme of the article is to fight against feudal society. From this point of view, Jin Pingmei and Journey to the West have something in common. In addition, Li Hongzheng, president of the research of Jin Ping Mei, also believes that Jin Ping Mei has an inseparable "iron triangle" relationship with Xuzhou and the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. These interpretations and evidences not only vindicate a banned book and a sexological work "Jin Ping Mei", but also provide a clever solution to infer the author and the place of the incident through vocabulary. This undoubtedly reflects the important role of vocabulary from the side.
The vocabulary display of Xuzhou dialect also shows the dialect features of the intersection of Sulu, Henan and Anhui. Professor Li Shen of Xu Normal University has done a lot of comparison and valuable academic research on the evolution of these dialects. Since 1981, his Xuzhou Dialect Annals has been published, and Jin Ping Mei Dictionary has been published by Beijing Normal University Press in March, 1992. Li Shen's interest in Jin Ping Mei is entirely from the perspective of dialect research. One of his essays on the interpretation of words in modern Chinese is particularly interesting to read, and one of them, Explaining Three Words in Jin Ping Mei-A Discussion with Mr. Wei Ziyun of Taiwan Province, reflects the concern of scholars on both sides of the strait about dialect vocabulary in Jin Ping Mei. This essay involves "wiping your mouth", "beating melon seeds" and "getting sunnier and sunnier", among which the most interesting is the debate about "beating melon seeds". Mr. Wei Ziyun said: "Guagua" is the common name of "big melon". Today, people still love to eat melon seeds, that is, this kind of' big melon'. Su, a native of the Central Plains, called it' playing melons'. "
Li Shen's view on this is: playing melon seeds, that is, hitting the opponent with his hand, is a way to punish the loser when he wins or loses in gambling. There is another cloud in Tong Hui's story: "That Xiaoyu put the jade flute under her head and said with a smile,' Thief and whore, you won't let me fight if you lose the melon seeds." "melon seeds" and "beating" are said separately, and Mr. Wei may not have noticed it. Yes, the seventy-fifth story of "Awakening Marriage" says: "I won the melon seeds with you, and I lost, so I will give you a money; You lost and hit you with a melon seed. " Insert "you" and "one" between "hit" and "melon seeds". Both cases can prove that "beating melon seeds" is "beating melon seeds", not "beating melon seeds". Xuzhou means that hitting people's heads with your hands folded (with a gap in the middle) (which is not painful but the sound is crisp) is called "starting to scratch", and it is also called "hitting melon seeds" (scratching) with your hands as a knife, which can be used to participate in politics.
Scholars on both sides of the strait are so serious about the dialect of Jin Ping Mei. In fact, domestic scholars, including Professor Li Shen, think that the real author of Jin Ping Mei is the people at the junction of Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan and Anhui, because there are too many Xuzhou dialects in the language leucorrhea of Jin Ping Mei. Professor Li Shen's "Illustration of Words in Jin Ping Mei" is particularly strong for Xuzhou people to read. For example, it's a bit hard to say the exact meaning of "stirring" in Xuzhou. This is the "stirring fruit" in Jin Ping Mei, which means spending. For example, the mother said to the child, "How much do you want to wrap up a month?" It is to ask children how much they spend a month. Besides spending, there is another meaning that is waste. The general meaning of this word is that "abnormal and wasteful spending" is not limited to money spending; Another example is "big". Xuzhou people often call their father "big", saying: I am big, but also saying: I am big. What's more interesting is that some people call their mother "Da". If so, then their father is my uncle. This kind of address has been changed in Xuzhou. There is a principle for changing the name, that is, the father is the largest among the brothers, so after changing the name, the uncle is often called father again.
When living in Xuzhou, I don't think the language of this land is magical. If we compare it, we will find that the occurrence and development of the language is related to the economic development and the turmoil of amateur wars. The social turmoil and people's migration have also changed the language. Since the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, Chinese has entered a new period, and traditional Chinese opera novels, a folk literary form, came into being. Northern dialects are the mainstream in some traditional Chinese operas and novels, among which dialects in the border areas of Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan and Anhui, especially Xuzhou dialect, also play a very important role.