(1) Current situation of canned edible fungi export in China

Canned mushroom is the main export in China, and other varieties and rare varieties have developed to some extent; The export volume and export value have increased steadily, and other varieties and rare varieties will be the new highlights of expanding exports in the future; The export market covers more than 111 countries and regions, and the main markets are the United States, Canada, Europe, Japan and Southeast Asia. Other markets have potential for development (Han Yucai, 2114).

For many years, canned food has been the main export processed food in China, and canned edible fungi is an important product in canned food for export. According to the statistics of the General Administration of Customs, in 2114, China exported 1.7864 million tons of canned food, earning 1.363 billion US dollars in foreign exchange. Among them, 298,411 tons of canned edible fungi were exported, earning 298 million US dollars, accounting for 16.71% and 21.86% respectively. This shows the weight and position of canned edible fungi in China's canned exports.

in recent years, China's edible fungi industry has shown a good development trend, and edible fungi products have become the main products of export agricultural products and food. In 2114, China exported 581,711 tons of edible fungi products and earned 912 million US dollars. Among them, canned edible fungi accounted for 51.31% and 33.14% respectively. Therefore, canned edible fungi is also an important product in China's edible fungi export products.

At present, the main varieties of canned edible fungi exported from China are Agaricus bisporus, Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinus edodes, Flammulina velutipes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus nebrodensis, Boletus, chanterelle, hypsizygus marmoreus and "Assorted Mushrooms" mixed with two or more kinds of edible fungi.

In p>2114, there were three kinds of products in the statistical catalogue of the General Administration of Customs, namely, canned white mushrooms (foreign mushrooms), other Agaricus mushrooms and other canned mushrooms. The export volume, export value and average price of canned edible fungi in China from 2111 to 2114 are shown in Table 1-1, Table 1-2 and Table 1-3.

table 1-1 export volume of canned edible fungi in China from 2111 to 2114 (ten thousand tons)

table 1-2 export value of canned edible fungi in China from 2111 to 2114 (ten thousand dollars)

table 1-3 average export price of canned edible fungi in China from 2111 to 2114 (US dollars/ton)

Note: ".

in p>2114, China's canned edible fungi were exported to 125 countries and regions in the world, and the main market distribution is shown in table 1-4.

Table 1-4 Top 11 countries or regions in terms of export volume and export value of canned edible fungi in 2114

(2) The situation facing the development of canned edible fungi in China

The continuous growth of China's edible fungi industry has promoted the steady development of canned edible fungi. In 2114, the output of canned edible fungi in China was 351,111 ~ 381,111 tons, of which the export volume was nearly 311,111 tons and the internal sales volume was 51,111 ~ 81,111 tons. The product structure is that canned mushrooms account for about 75% ~ 81%, and other canned edible fungi account for about 21% ~ 25%. At present, the situation facing the development of canned edible fungi in China is: the safety problem of canned edible fungi is very serious, and foreign anti-dumping is one after another. However, canned edible fungi have development potential, and the development of rare varieties is more promising. Product processing and new product development are expected to promote consumption and open up the domestic market with broad prospects.

1) The safety problem of canned edible fungi is very serious. In recent two years, canned edible fungi that have been found to be unqualified in the market have been exposed in the media many times, especially in the mainstream media. The unqualified reasons are mainly sulfur dioxide exceeding the standard, adding preservatives and labels that do not meet the requirements. The first two points reflect the safety problem of the product, which seriously damages the reputation of canned edible fungi and makes consumers talk about the color change of canned edible fungi, thus causing doubts and worries about the safety of canned edible fungi.

canned food is preserved by sealing and sterilization technology (or sealing before sterilization, that is, aseptic canning technology). Canned food does not need preservatives and is not allowed to use preservatives. In addition to canned food, many products in the market, such as ham sausage, Tetra Pak packaged pure milk, bottled and Tetra Pak packaged juice, are also processed and produced by canning technology. In economically developed countries, different grades of shopping malls or supermarkets, food counters or shelves are full of canned food; The more economically developed countries, the greater the consumption of canned food. Although there are factors such as consumption level and living habits, there is no doubt that canned food is recognized as a safe, hygienic, nutritious and convenient food in the world.

However, a few small canneries that do not have the production facilities, sanitary conditions and personnel quality to process canned food ignore the safety and health of consumers, and violate the technical requirements and technical regulations of canned food processing. They either use edible mushroom raw materials preserved with preservatives and sulfur dioxide, or use a lot of color fixatives to treat them with poor quality salted raw materials, or add preservatives to try to enhance "safety", prevent cans from bulging and prolong the shelf life, and produce inferior canned edible mushrooms, which should be safe products. Although such black sheep are very few, the impact is very bad. The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine listed canned food as the second batch of products subject to the market access system for food quality and safety. Since 2115, the food production license and QS mark management have been implemented, and the supervision and inspection have been strengthened. For enterprises that do not have production hygiene conditions and management requirements, their products are not allowed to enter the market, which will definitely play a positive role in rectifying the quality of canned edible fungi, effectively ensuring the safety and health of consumers and promoting the healthy development of canned edible fungi.

The problem of pesticide residue is another important problem in the safety of canned edible fungi. Especially in the export trade of canned edible fungi, the "green barrier" of importing countries, especially economically developed countries, will become the main factor restricting the export of canned edible fungi in China, and we should actively take effective preventive measures to deal with it.

2) Anti-dumping has been carried out on canned mushrooms from abroad one after another. Since the United States imposed anti-dumping on canned mushrooms exported to the United States in 1998, the case has not been closed yet. Since then, Australia has imposed anti-dumping on my canned mushrooms. At present, Mexico is conducting an anti-dumping investigation on my canned mushrooms. Except for the United States, Australia and Mexico are not the main producers of canned mushrooms, which shows that in international trade, trade disputes are more complicated and commercial competition is becoming increasingly fierce.

Canned mushrooms account for a considerable amount of foreign exchange earned by the export of edible mushrooms and canned products in China. Once the export of canned mushrooms is blocked, it will not only affect the export of edible mushrooms and canned products in China, but also affect the interests of thousands of mushroom farmers in Qian Qian, the employment of employees in canned processing enterprises and social stability. In 1989, the United States automatically detained the canned mushrooms I exported to the United States on the grounds of "staphylococcal enterotoxin incident in canned mushrooms", which has caused unforgettable losses and impacts on China's mushroom industry. In this regard, relevant industry organizations should actively reflect and appeal to government departments for support and coordinate and guide the industry; We should actively respond to the lawsuit and argue for it; At the same time, we should strengthen enterprise self-discipline and try our best to avoid such incidents.

3) The domestic canned edible fungi consumption market to be explored is the guide for the development of canned edible fungi, and it is also the leading and driving force for the development of edible fungi industry. While consolidating and expanding foreign markets, we should vigorously explore the domestic consumption market of canned edible fungi.

In the international market, canned mushrooms are still the main processed products for mushroom trade and consumption in the future, but the trade and consumption of canned mushrooms are relatively stable, so we should actively explore new markets while maintaining and consolidating the existing market share. Our country is rich in edible mushroom variety resources, and some rare edible mushroom varieties have obtained mature technology and experience in artificial cultivation. It has great growth potential and profit space to actively develop the export of canned rare edible mushrooms.

The domestic market is the main market for canned edible fungi in the future, so we should make great efforts to guide, cultivate and develop the domestic market. Judging from the current situation, canned domestic edible fungi are basically water (salt water) ingredients, and as a product type for cooking dishes in catering and family consumption, it still needs to be developed in the future. However, it is necessary to speed up the development of canned edible fungi such as seasoning and soup, which are suitable for people's tastes and living habits and convenient for direct and rapid consumption, and accelerate the development of the domestic market.

4) The key to the development of canned edible fungi lies in the enterprise, and the key lies in the management. At present, canned edible fungi production enterprises should not only strive to seize the development opportunities, but also actively face severe challenges. It is imperative to implement traceability management, establish HACCP and QS management systems, and effectively ensure the safety of canned edible fungi.

① production facilities and sanitary conditions should be improved according to GB8951—1988 Hygienic Standard for Canning Factory, Hygienic Standard for Registration of Export Canned Processing Enterprises of AQSIQ, Market Access for Food Quality and Safety and relevant requirements of industry management.

② Establish and improve GMP (Good Operating Practices), SSOP (Hygienic Standard Operating Procedures), HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) and QS (Food Quality and Safety Market Access) systems.

③ Strengthen the training of food safety, canned food production technical regulations and key technical jobs, quality system and enterprise management system, and improve the safety and health awareness, production technical quality and quality management level of employees, especially managers.

④ We should implement traceability management, build raw material bases in various forms, actively promote the development of edible mushroom raw materials in a standardized, standardized and intensive way, use pesticides in strict accordance with national regulations, prohibit blind use of inputs, avoid environmental pollution, pay attention to the hygiene of water used for mushroom cultivation, and effectively ensure the safety of edible mushroom raw materials.

⑤ Fresh edible fungus raw materials should be used to process canned food and put into production in time. It is forbidden to use rotten, deteriorated and other unqualified raw materials.

⑥ There should be relatively stable qualified suppliers for the procurement of auxiliary materials and packaging materials, and the files of qualified suppliers should be established. Auxiliary materials and packaging materials shall have inspection certificates.

⑦ use cleaning appliances and vehicles to transport raw and auxiliary materials. The purchased raw and auxiliary materials shall be inspected according to the standards and recorded.

⑧ The food additives used in processing should be the national standards or the types allowed by the competent authorities of the importing country, and used within the prescribed dosage range.

pet-name ruby purchased empty cans should be selected from qualified suppliers with good equipment conditions, strong technical force, complete inspection facilities and good product quality. Empty cans should be strictly accepted after entering the factory, and unqualified empty cans should be returned. Enterprises should establish and improve the quality management system and inspection procedures and facilities for the production of empty cans, and strengthen quality control. Unqualified empty cans shall not be put into production.

⑩ The sealing structure should be inspected and monitored according to the relevant regulations, and the "three rates" of sealing should meet the national standards or the requirements specified by the importing country, and the sealing quality inspection and school bus records should be made well.

the enterprise shall test the heat distribution of the sterilizer, and adopt the sterilization method formulated by the authority of thermal sterilization, and shall not adopt the empirical sterilization method or copy the sterilization method of other enterprises, and shall not arbitrarily change the sterilization method.

in case of sterilization deviation, the technical director of the enterprise shall take appropriate treatment measures according to the actual situation and make records.

The abnormal cans found in commercial aseptic inspection should be further carefully analyzed and traced. In order to find out the reasons and take measures to correct them.

before the product is packaged, it should be inspected visually one by one, and the defective cans should be eliminated.

strictly implement SSOP；; Daily health check should be done before or after work; Conduct process hygiene inspection once a week. On the basis of accumulating a large number of test data, the process hygiene control index of a product of this enterprise is formulated.

all quality records of an enterprise should be true, original and complete. The records of the day shall be reviewed and signed at the latest the next day. In particular, we should carefully review the sealing quality inspection records, automatic sterilization records and corresponding manual records, and the inspection records of residual chlorine content in cooling discharge water. If problems are found, we should find out and deal with them in time.