In the report of 1878 Ouhai Customs, the Deputy Tax Department of Ouhai Customs and Maggie of Britain wrote miscellaneous notes. It can be seen that/kloc-the ancient city of Wenzhou over 0/00 years ago has a long history, picturesque scenery and a water network like Venice in China.

In the writings of the British European Customs, we can not only see their love for this ancient city with beautiful scenery and pleasant climate, but also see the covetousness and greed of the British invaders for Wenzhou at that time.

In the second year of Guangxu (1876), the Qing government signed the Yantai Treaty with Britain, opening four trading ports of Wenzhou, Wuhu, Yichang and Beihai. As a result, Wenzhou took a historic turn and really entered the modern society.

Wenzhou is a port city in early modern China. The so-called port-opening city refers to a city that opens to the outside world, conducts commercial exchanges and becomes a trading port. In the modern history of China, it refers to a city in which capitalist countries forced China to open up, conducted duty-free trade with China, and allowed it to set up consular zones and enjoy consular jurisdiction or railway construction rights by signing unequal treaties.

Then, why did the Sino-British Yantai Treaty choose Wenzhou as the port in 1876?

Wenzhou Port is a good port for thousands of years. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the prototype of the original port appeared in Wenzhou.

In the third year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (BC 138), Fujian soldiers besieged Dongou, and Han Ting sent troops from Huiji to save Dongou.

During the Three Kingdoms period, Yuheng Shipyard, one of Sun Quan's three major shipbuilding bases, was located in Wudong. According to Qiu Chi, the magistrate of Liang Yongjia in the Southern Dynasties, Wenzhou is a fertile land in the southeast, a meeting of one county, which controls mountains and seas and benefits land and water.

In the Tang Dynasty, Wenzhou arrived in the domestic port city and had an air route connecting Japan and Silla. Between China and Japan, monks and businessmen often use Wenzhou as a transit point. According to documents, in the second year of Tang Huichang (842), Li _, the owner of a merchant ship, spent three months in Japan to build a big ship, S- Island (now S-Five Island), and arrived in Wenzhou within six days with the help of the monsoon. Yuan Zhen, a famous Japanese monk, has been to Tiantai Mountain and other places by merchant ship via Wenzhou. During his stay in Wenzhou, he obtained three road cards, which became an important material evidence of Wenzhou's contacts with Japan in the Tang Dynasty. Meng Haoran, a famous poet, also came to Wenwen from the sea to let him lie on the horizon at high tide and watch the river and the moon tilt. Ask fellow passengers when they will arrive in Yongjia.

In the fourth year of Jianyan in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 130), facing the nomads from the south, Song Gaozong Zhao Gou set off from Ningbo by boat and came to Wenzhou along the coastal highway. The poetess Li Qingzhao also comes from the royal yacht and the warmth of the sea.

In the first year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 13 1) or earlier, Wenzhou was one of the ten port cities in China that established their own shipping services to manage overseas traffic and trade. Wenzhou also has Rongcheng Post Office, Laiyuan Post Office and Daixian Post Office, which are responsible for receiving foreign businessmen and guests.

Wenzhou established the Trade Department in the Yuan Dynasty, which is one of the seven largest trading companies in China and a group of people. Port facilities are becoming more and more perfect. Along the Yangtze River at the north gate of the urban area, there are several large stone dikes stretching for several thousands of feet, and there are docks for official ships and China merchant ships to berth. In the second year of Zhenguan (1296), Zhou Daguan, a native of Wenzhou, set out from Wenzhou Port and arrived in Angkor, the capital of Zhenla. After living for nearly a year, I returned to China and wrote the book "Records of Real La".

Despite the implementation of the maritime ban and Wenzhou policy in the Ming Dynasty, domestic trade in the United States is still very active. Wenzhou is in the south of the city, Guangzhou, Fujian, Japan in the east and Huaiyang in the north. At that time, Wenzhou was the only place for Siam (Thailand) to travel to China, and the route from Fuzhou to Naha, Ryukyu Kingdom also passed.

In addition, before Wenzhou opened its port, many merchant ships from other countries had visited Wenzhou Port. According to the report of Ouhaiguan, from the ninth year of Xianfeng (1859) to the first year of Tongzhi (1862), many foreign merchant ships colluded with businessmen from Ningbo and Fuzhou, and sailed into the area of the champion field, smuggling things such as white sugar and ships such as alum and tea. 1859, and as many as 17 foreign merchant ships docked at Zhuangyuan Bridge at the same time. The following year, British gunboats seized four smuggled merchant ships from Germany, Denmark and other countries in Wenzhou and escorted them to Fuzhou for several months before being released. Some sailors or others on board went ashore for sightseeing and scribbled western inscriptions and notices on monasteries and public buildings.

A captain of a foreign merchant ship who visited Wenzhou nine times from 1860 to 1878 said: Wenzhou is one of the best coastal ports to buy goods, all kinds of alum, bamboo, charcoal, paper, wooden poles and rice; On one occasion, he loaded and unloaded goods day and night for three consecutive days.

Davis is one of the pioneers of China studies in Britain, and served as British Minister to China from 1844 to 1848. In his book China after War and Peace, he disclosed the behind-the-scenes news of choosing Wenzhou as a port.

1842, Sino-British treaty of nanking established five trading ports, and opened Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports.

However, according to the trade data of five trading ports 1844- 1847, the import and export trade between Ningbo and Fuzhou is not good. Davis has to admit that Fuzhou Port has completely failed, and Ningbo Port has almost completely failed. Therefore, he advocated reducing the number of consulates in Ningbo and opposed spending huge sums of money to set up consulates in Fuzhou. He wants to find one or two coastal ports from China to replace Fuzhou and Ningbo through negotiations.

Wenzhou is roughly located at the midpoint between Ningbo and Fuzhou, and it is also the port of two relatively successful Shanghai and Xiamen. In addition, the advantage of Wenzhou Port is that it is convenient for merchant ships to get close to the trading place, unlike Fuzhou Port, which can only berth for 8 miles. Therefore, Davis believes that it is realistic and feasible to replace Fuzhou with Wenzhou. If the port can be opened, it will realize that the British have at least one good port in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong.

Therefore, Wenzhou has become an important target coveted by the British government. Since then, the opening of Wenzhou has been officially included in the British diplomatic agenda.

Before the signing of Yantai Treaty in, Britain, the United States, Prussia and other countries proposed to the Qing government to open Wenzhou as a trading port.

1854, British Ambassador to China Ling Bao and American Ambassador to China McClane proposed to amend the old treaty and expand the acquired rights of the two countries. They arrogantly proposed to open the whole territory of China, at least Wenzhou and other ports, and open the Yangtze River to free navigation. However, this amendment failed for lack of legal basis.

186 1 year, prussian ambassador to China Alimbo proposed to open Wenzhou and Keelung as foreign trade ports. The Qing government thought that there was no such clause in the treaties with Britain, France and other countries, and disagreed.

During the period of Tongzhi seven years (1868) to 79000 10, it was revised according to regulations. With the cooperation of Lawrence, the American ambassador to China, Airy, the British ambassador to China, proposed amendments, including opening coastal Wenzhou, Wuhu in the Yangtze River and other 10 commercial ports. After negotiation, the following June 10, Article 16 of Sino-British Tianjin Treaty and Article 10 of Sino-British New Treaty were signed. Wenzhou is listed as the main content, as a reciprocal condition for communication with Qiongzhou (Qiongzhou became a commercial port in the year of the promulgation of the Aftermath Regulations, and its trade performance was poor). Although the Qing government had agreed, the British authorities were criticized for failing to satisfy the greed of local businessmen because of the rights and interests gained from the amendment (such as opening too few business ports and refusing to give up Qiongzhou). ).1in July, 870, they announced that they would not approve it.

It was not until 1876 that the Sino-British Treaty of Tianjin agreed that Wenzhou was a trading port. 1877 In April, the British Consulate in Wenzhou was established and Wenzhou Customs (renamed Ouhai Customs six months later) was opened.

1877 April 10, Concord Passenger Transport Company. The cargo ship of Jardine Matheson Limited entered Wenzhou Port from Shanghai to transport foreign goods such as cotton cloth, and opened the Wenzhou-Shanghai route for the first time. It is also the first foreign merchant ship to enter the port after Wenzhou opened its port. Later, Wenzhou Port successively opened routes from Wenzhou to Ningbo, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Shantou, Hong Kong and other coastal ports, Nantong, Zhenjiang and other countries and regions. With the increase of foreign trade routes, the import and export volume of Wenzhou Port has increased rapidly. At the same time, foreign goods from all over the world are pouring into Wenzhou. Foreign companies (or agents) are all over Wenzhou. By 1900, there were as many as 22 foreign companies in Britain, the United States, Germany and Japan, forming Europe as a maritime country with semi-foreign cities.

2. The official website of Wenzhou Overseas Travel Company

In 20 19, Wenzhou received tourists from home and abroad137.28 million, an increase of 15.2% over the previous year. The total tourism revenue reached 654.38+055.07 billion yuan, an increase of 654.38+06.2% over the previous year. Among them, the number of domestic tourists received was13,669,600, and the income was152.87 billion yuan, up by 15.2% and16.2% respectively over the previous year; It received 584,000 overseas tourists and earned 320 million US dollars through export, up 5. 1% and 9.3% respectively over the previous year.

3. Wenzhou Overseas Travel Company Tianhai Cruise Competition Award

Yuan Lu

Yuan Lu, an Anhui girl, won the title of the 65th Miss World in China on 20/0/5.

Yuan Lu, an Anhui native, graduated from Zhejiang Media College.

Yuan Lu studied in Hefei No.6 Middle School, graduated from 20 13 High School, and is currently studying in Zhejiang Media College. Yuan Lu is a student majoring in broadcasting and hosting in Zhejiang Communication University.

On the evening of 2015165438+10/2, the winner of the 65th Miss World China Finals was decided on Tianhai Cruise. Yuan Lucheng from Anhui became Miss China.

4. Wenzhou Overseas Travel Company Relo

Good quality, not a famous brand, but a brand.

Renault watch is an upper-middle grade watch brand. This watch is not a Swiss watch manufacturer, but a China watch manufacturer. Domestic watches are third class, second only to seagulls and Rossini. In recent years, it has gradually become famous in China and belongs to the type of business table. Renault watches have been undergoing brand reform since 2020. At present, it is mainly young and trendy. In the past two years, a series of trendy watches such as Gemini and Astro Boy have been launched.

5. Membership card of Wenzhou Overseas Travel Company

This joint college is the most comprehensive college project of China medical colleges in Sino-foreign cooperation, including undergraduate, master and doctoral programs in the United States. It is also the first Chinese-foreign cooperative school in China, which focuses on clinical medicine. Alberta College of Wenzhou Medical University is a Chinese-foreign cooperatively-run school founded by Wenzhou Medical University and university of alberta, a world-class university. The United College aims to integrate the advantages of the two universities, innovate the school-running mechanism and talent training mode, build a strong international faculty, and train high-level, compound and excellent medical talents with international vision.

University of alberta (UA), founded in 1908, is the world's top century-old university in Edmonton. Times Higher Education ranked 3 1 in the world, and the latest QS World University ranked 100. The school's clinical and health discipline ranked 7 1 in the global discipline of Yantai Treaty in 20 19, and the passing rate of graduated medical practitioners ranked first in Canada. At the same time, the school is in a leading position in the research of psychiatry, virology, diabetes, cancer, heart and other fields, and has trained many elite talents, including the discoverer of T cell receptor, the discoverer of hepatitis C virus, the co-founder of the Canadian Psychological Society, the founding member and chairman of the International Society of Theoretical Psychology, the dean of Harvard Medical School, and the president of the International Lung Cancer Association (IASLC).

Wenzhou Medical University is a university jointly established by Zhejiang provincial government, National Health Commission and Ministry of Education, a key university in Zhejiang province, and the first batch of pilot universities of excellent doctoral education and training program of Ministry of Education. The school has successfully entered academic ranking of world universities, American News World University Ranking, Times Higher Education World University Ranking and other three world authoritative universities. Seven disciplines entered the top of ESI global ranking 1%, among which clinical medicine specialty entered the top 0.2% of ESI global ranking. The passing rate of clinical medicine graduates taking the qualification examination for practicing doctors has been ranked among the top 10% in China, and the employment rate and postgraduate entrance examination rate of graduates in recent five years have ranked first in key construction universities in the province.

In April, 2020, Alberta College of Wenzhou Medical University was formally established, becoming the first cooperative educational institution focusing on clinical medicine in China. The first batch of students enrolled to offer undergraduate programs in clinical medicine, master programs in stomatology and doctoral programs in psychiatry, with a total scale of 395 students, including 60 undergraduates, 25 postgraduates and 5 doctoral students each year.

The establishment of United College is a beneficial exploration for China's medical education to be in line with international standards. Relying on the United College, the two universities will carry out all-round cooperation in personnel training, scientific research, industrial construction and social services. Promote the construction and development of first-class disciplines, meet the needs of society and parents for high-level medical education, and help the construction and international development strategy of high-level universities in Zhejiang Province.