Provisions on charges.
A major business scope of private employment agencies is to introduce artists, photographers, nannies, etc. Before March 27th, private employment agencies can only get employment introduction success fees from employers, not from the unemployed and not from other job seekers. However, after March 27, the federal government stipulated that a certain handling fee, or success fee, could be charged to job seekers, because one-way charging fees to employers restricted competition, and only employers were considered, regardless of job seekers, and fair competition was required. Private employment agencies can protect the interests of workers after charging job seekers' fees, but charging job seekers' fees should be charged after job introduction is successful. You can't collect it until you succeed. The concept of success is to sign a labor contract with unlimited time. The success fee paid depends on the job. In fact, a very small number of unemployed people go to private employment agencies to find jobs, and the vast majority still go to employment agencies in the labor department to find jobs, because the labor department is free for job seekers, whether unemployed or other job seekers. There are four regulations on the management of private employment agencies: (1) Do not exceed the highest charging standard; (2) unreasonable agreements are not allowed, and job seekers can receive services in any private employment agency; (3) Information management should be kept confidential, and the information of the unemployed should not be passed on to others, such as returning the files of the unemployed to the unemployed themselves; (4) Private employment agencies that violate the regulations should be fined.
(2) Implementing coupons to encourage private employment agencies to find jobs for the unemployed.
In order to encourage private employment agencies to help the unemployed find jobs, the State Administration of Labor has implemented the coupon policy since March 27th this year. Private employment agencies can help the unemployed find jobs, and the state can give them a one-time subsidy. The subsidy standard is: unemployment time is 6 months, subsidy 1500 euros, unemployment time is 6-9 months, subsidy standard is 2,000 euros, unemployment time is over 9 months, and subsidy standard is 2,500 euros. The procedure for the state to pay subsidies is very complicated. After the success of the employment agency, the private employment agency can get a subsidy of 65,438+0,000 euros from the State Administration of Labor. The rest depends on whether the unemployed can continue to work for six months. If he insists on working for six months, he will give the rest to the private employment agency. Unemployed people must meet four conditions for successful employment through private employment agencies: (1) paying social insurance; (2) sign a labor contract for at least 3 months; (3) The working hours per week shall not be less than 15 hours; (4) Working in the same company for no more than 3 months.
From April to July, the German General Administration of Labor * * * distributed government subsidies to 3,000 unemployed people, but the publicity of this policy was not enough. Only 2% of the 3.6 million unemployed people know the coupon policy of the General Administration of Labor. Whether these policies and measures are effective before 2004 depends on whether the unemployment problem can be really solved.
The General Administration of Labor reported that it was unable to verify the integrity of private employment agencies after its license was revoked. At present, we are negotiating with the Association of Private Employment Agencies to formulate new testing standards or issue certificates to improve the service quality of private employment agencies.
Second, supporting the development of enterprises and creating jobs is an important way for the German government to promote employment.
Bavaria is the largest state in Germany, with 6.5438+0.7 million square kilometers, a population of 6.5438+0.2 million and an employed population of 6 million. Bazhou was an agricultural state more than 654.38+0 years ago, but in 2006.5438+0, its GDP reached 357 billion euros, and its per capita GNP was 290 million euros, far higher than other 654.38+ in Germany. The secondary industry accounts for 32%, and the remaining 1% is the primary industry (agriculture). All this is mainly attributed to the large and medium-sized enterprises with strong market competitiveness in Bazhou.
1. Support enterprise development and create jobs.
The Ministry of Communications and the Ministry of Science and Technology of Bavaria have five major departments, 52 small departments and 400 employees. They are mainly responsible for transportation economy and technology, formulating economic policies, structural adjustment policies, promotion policies, economic objectives and frameworks, developing projects, and formulating laws and regulations in Bazhou. And provide good services for small and medium-sized enterprises, handicrafts, bank exchange, tourism and other industrial sectors.
Practice 1: Combine traditional industries with emerging industries and use R&D achievements in production.
Last year, Bavaria invested 95 billion euros in R&D industry, and the developed products were used for production, which made Bavaria's economy develop continuously, breaking the record for eight consecutive years, constantly better than the previous year. This year, the government's investment in R&D products has exceeded 654.38+00 billion euros, and the tax revenue of Bazhou in 2000 was 65 billion euros. R&D expenditure accounts for 24% of GDP every year. In principle, enterprises invest in R&D products, and R&D basic products are funded by the state, focusing on the development of information and communication, environmental protection, medical care, mechatronics, biological sciences, biological genes and other industries. Because the state cannot create jobs. Enterprises can create more employment opportunities, have vitality, and the work of Bazhou Communication Science and Technology Department can be effective. Bazhou is the state with the lowest unemployment rate in Germany, with the unemployment rate of 200 1 being 5.3% and the federal unemployment rate being 7.4%.
Practice 2: Provide help for enterprise structural adjustment.
Structural adjustment is not subjective, but an irreversible process. How does the state provide help for enterprise structural adjustment? For example, the textile industry on the border between Bavaria and the Czech Republic was developed, and the textile products produced later were not competitive internationally, so enterprises found the crisis. At this time, the enterprise uses the developed new products to produce non-combustible carpets for aircraft, and the products are sold, which makes the enterprise competitive. What government departments do is to create employment opportunities. The state cannot create jobs for a long time. Without employers, there are no employees. There are both government-funded enterprises and enterprises.
2, through privatization, the introduction of competition mechanism, enhance the vitality of enterprise development.
There are 500,000 enterprises in Bazhou * * *, of which 99% are private enterprises and less than 1% are state-owned enterprises. At present, it is mainly distributed in public transportation, subway and transportation departments. State-owned enterprises do not mean that state management is formed within enterprises, and state departments have positions in the board of supervisors to supervise and manage enterprises. Most of these 500,000 enterprises are small and medium-sized enterprises (the annual sales of small and medium-sized enterprises are less than 50 million euros and the number of employees is less than 500). German economic department thinks privatization is very necessary, and the more successful example is Deutsche Telekom. It turns out that Germany's telecommunications are all state-owned, and the German Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications is responsible for telecommunications. Deutsche Post is responsible for installing every phone, which is the most expensive phone in Europe. Later, Germany marketized and privatized telecommunications. Let foreign telecom enter the market and participate in the competition. A large number of foreign enterprises entered the German Telecom Service Department to compete in price, which greatly reduced the telephone price and improved the service. However, Deutsche Post reached a deadlock, Deutsche Telekom laid off 80,000 employees, while the new enterprise hired 1.3 million employees, which means that the number of employees has increased, and the prices related to telecom services are better than before. Now, people can choose any telecom company.
Bazhou has four principles in economic development: (1) Bazhou, Germany has a high wage investment rate, which reduces costs without increasing costs; (2) Privatize enterprises as much as possible, reduce state participation, promote the development of small and medium-sized enterprises and enhance their vitality; (3) Pay attention to the expansion and modernization of infrastructure; (4) Help enterprises to carry out economic transformation as much as possible. In a word, the German government thinks that the market economy is not a free economy and an anarchic economy, emphasizes social welfare, and the state supports enterprises to create employment opportunities.
Third, paying attention to the improvement of workers' skills and promoting re-employment are the main characteristics of German vocational training.
We visited the Bavarian Vocational Training Center in Nuremberg, an enterprise-oriented training institution jointly supported by Bavarian entrepreneurs and two subsidiaries of Munich Management Training International Co., Ltd., together with Munich Management Training Institute. Established in the early 1980s, the center has 27 training bases in Bavaria, 180 training points and 1800 employees, excluding employees.
Germany has achieved two combinations in training: one is the combination of training and employment; Second, training should be combined with improving the quality and skills of workers, so that training can build a bridge and link between unemployed people and companies (employers) and return to employment through training. For example, in order to solve the employment problem of young people, the Center and the Nuremberg Labor Department formulated a youth employment plan to provide skills training for young people who have no learning skills at school and vocational training for young people who cannot find jobs without going to college, so as to solve the employment problem as soon as possible. On the one hand, it provides theoretical training, on the other hand, it teaches them how to find a job. The plan is implemented as follows: young people stay in the training center for one year, take classes first, and then go to a small factory for practical training (such as kitchen). Another training measure is to provide the company's training base, some of which can be directly employed and some of which can be internship in the training base, so as to consolidate the knowledge they have learned and improve the success rate of participating in market employment.
In addition, training is provided for adults, including engineers, technicians, software developers and, of course, the unemployed. In short, these training measures are taken to improve their quality and let them return to the job market. Of course, various cultivation measures are different in content and time, ranging from 12 weeks to 2 years. Getting them back to work is not smooth sailing, and efforts are needed, mainly in cooperation with the labor department. Unemployed people do not receive training fees, but receive training subsidies from the Federal Ministry of Labor. The ultimate criterion for the labor department to judge the training effect is that the unemployed return to the job market to find a job. The living expenses of the unemployed in the training center are paid by the Federal Ministry of Labor to the vocational training practice base. If the training lasts 1 1 month, 80% can solve the employment problem. Before 1 1 month, the unemployed can get their wages in the training center, and after being hired, the employer is responsible for paying them.
It can be seen that Bavarian Vocational Training Center has a large training investment, many personnel, many bases and many training points. It is precisely because of this training system that the quality and skills of workers have been improved and the positive role of training in promoting employment has been fully exerted.
Fourth, the position and role of the Federation of Industry and Commerce in establishing companies and encouraging entrepreneurship.
During my study, Mr Zpaileng from Munich Chamber of Commerce and Industry introduced the work of Bavarian Chamber of Commerce and Industry to us. The scope of work of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry is mainly to set up companies to provide services for entrepreneurs.
There are 82 industrial and commercial associations in Germany, divided by region. There are 240,000 enterprises in Munich, of which about 3,000 are members of major associations. Munich Chamber of Commerce and Industry has a huge team and is the largest chamber of commerce and industry in Germany. The association has three responsibilities:
1, take tasks from the country, serve the country, vocational services, vocational training, etc. In vocational training, the Federation of Industry and Commerce mainly stipulates the examination content and issues examination questions; Secondly, test the company (that is, the employer) to see if the company has the ability to train apprentices. On the other hand, it provides tax exemption and guarantee for the company. If some companies want to hold exhibitions and ship their machines to China, they can apply for tax exemption and guarantee.
2. Representatives of interests of all associations;
3. Provide advice and information for members of the association, such as starting a company.
The Federation of Industry and Commerce is a relatively independent entity, and each company is responsible for a region. Eighty-two industrial and commercial associations funded the establishment of the headquarters of German industrial and commercial associations. The Federation of Industry and Commerce does not receive financial support from the state, but the source of funds is the enterprises and companies of the Federation of Industry and Commerce. Business associations need financial support from companies, and each company can choose which association to join. The Federation of Industry and Commerce gets money from this company, and the association fee paid is paid according to the percentage of the company's profit. The Chamber of Commerce and Industry is elected every two years. At present, there are 90 enterprises in the Federation of Industry and Commerce, and there is also a government agency above, which is composed of 10 enterprises. These 65,438+00 enterprises are engaged in formulating industrial and commercial policies and promoting industrial development within the industrial and commercial scope. The Munich Chamber of Commerce and Industry currently has 440 employees, with three specific responsibilities: first, training, second, retraining, and third, foreign economy, such as tax exemption. The 440 staff members are divided into four departments. ① Training Department: mainly training newly graduated students; (2) the retraining department; ③ Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations; (4) Ministry of Industry (Ministry of Trade, Ministry of Communications and Ministry of Tertiary Industry, including all economic sectors in China).
Not including handicrafts. Handicraft industry has handicraft association, and Munich Handicraft Association manages 25,000 enterprises.
The Ministry of Industry is divided into 24,000 industrial categories, 80,000 trade categories, 65,438+0.4 million transportation categories, 65,438+0./kloc-0.5 million service categories and 65,438+0.5 million catering industries. Responsible for establishing companies and establishing services for each category of companies. Founding companies can be divided into two categories. One is freelancers, including doctors and engineers. Before starting a business, they must have received complete vocational training, education and majors in this field. About 90% of others can start a business without training. The other category is craftsmen, who are in charge of handicraft associations.
Germany 15% of the unemployed have embarked on the road of self-employment. The state hopes that the unemployed will embark on the road of self-employment, and the two most important factors for setting up a company are human resources and funds. Train the human resources of entrepreneurs and the knowledge they should have in starting a business. For self-creators, the Federation of Industry and Commerce formulates examination plans and issues examination questions, and training institutions implement training plans. In terms of funds, to provide venture loans, self-founders must apply for loans from local banks or national banks. When submitting an application, they must be clear about three points: first, how human resources are, second, the business plan, and third, how difficult and risky it is. Banks must be evaluated by local industrial and commercial associations before lending. The evaluation of the Federation of Industry and Commerce looks at two aspects:
(1) How to judge human resources? Have business knowledge and other knowledge (accounting) of startup companies. If not, you can't get a loan.
(2) For the scheme of operating the company, whether the self-created person has gone through market research to understand the competitors, whether there is a specific scheme, how much turnover, and if he can't come up with the scheme, sales volume, net profit, etc. He can't borrow money.
Self-established companies with state loans have the highest survival rate after five years. According to the survey, the survival rate of self-funded companies is 6 1%, the survival rate of private bank loan companies is 70.6%, and the survival rate of state bank loan companies is 96.6%. The incentive mechanism of state loans is that the state helps self-employed people to solve the employment of unemployed people, but not everyone who starts their own businesses can get loans. It is understood that the proportion of self-created people with state loans is 7%.
The services provided by the Federation of Industry and Commerce to creators are free. First of all, give each entrepreneur a booklet "The Road to Entrepreneurship Success", which will tell you how to go through the formalities, what services to provide and how to register. Secondly, lecture: how do I embark on the road of self-creation, how do women embark on the road of self-creation, etc. There are three responsibilities of the Federation of Industry and Commerce to the creators: one is to spread the knowledge; Second, consulting and guiding, making suggestions on the company's plan; The third is coach training, commenting on proud projects and analyzing market demand. Coach training, the state subsidizes 200 euros per person every year. Coach training is very important, which can help self-created personnel do market analysis. The fee is relatively high, but the self-created person only needs to bear 20%, and the rest is subsidized by the Federation of Industry and Commerce 80%. This measure is very effective.
5. The experience of establishing an entrepreneurial center and providing a workplace for entrepreneurs is worth learning in China.
We visited the Entrepreneurship Management Center in Munich, where there are three entrepreneurship centers, 1 Technology Center. * * * There are 30 employees, including managers 15 and auxiliary workers such as water and electricity 15. This is a workplace dedicated to providing services for entrepreneurs. The original site of the business center is a rubber tire factory built in 1868. 1984, the factory was moved, and the Munich government bought it and transformed it to become today's business management center. The commercial management center implements joint-stock management, in which the Munich government contributes 99.2% and the Bavarian Chamber of Commerce and Industry shares 0.4%. Entrepreneurship management center is a gathering place where many small and medium-sized enterprises make a living. In 2000, there were 233 enterprises with a leased area of 54597 M2 and employees 1.800, especially technology centers (or science parks), which gave entrepreneurs a very low rent to start their businesses in a place of about 20-40 m2. After starting a business, they left the technology center and played the role of incubation. Among the 233 enterprises in Munich Entrepreneurship Management Center, 40 are independent entrepreneurs. The biggest advantages of entering these enterprises are: first, the rent is cheap, and entrepreneurs can rent it for a long time. Second, entrepreneurs can work here 24 hours a day, and they can also work on Saturdays and Sundays. Third: supporting infrastructure, such as elevators, is convenient for suppliers and the height of the factory building is suitable for production. The reason why the government wants to invest is not for profit, but to support the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, such as printing houses. Due to the particularity of the industry, it is very popular because of its loud noise and large factory buildings. Another example is the booth company, which has a large amount of logistics and large capacity; There are also enterprises such as measuring instrument manufacturing, which need 24-hour supply. These enterprises can all settle down here. Fourth, the Entrepreneurship Center also provides an Internet service platform for leased companies and enterprises.
The manager of the entrepreneurial management center is the property manager, who is responsible for the rental and maintenance of the house, the government investment in the early stage, and the self-financing in the future. If the management is profitable, the government investment.
Entrepreneurship center is very popular with entrepreneurs, and 100% rental is the selection standard for leasing enterprises; Mainly depends on whether small and medium-sized enterprises are in crisis, whether they have a sense of crisis and whether they have the priority to choose their development prospects. The purpose is to let enterprises exist, ensure employment and ensure tax revenue.
Sixth, some suggestions:
1. Strengthen the construction of employment service system. Germany's employment service system is relatively sound. First, there are many employees in employment service institutions, accounting for 0.5 ‰ of the total number of employees; Second, as a public welfare undertaking of the government, employment service agencies provide vocational guidance and employment services for the unemployed free of charge, and the wage income of employees of employment service agencies is paid by the government; Third, the booming private employment agencies are a powerful supplement to public employment agencies. China has basically formed a market-oriented employment service system. Especially in economically developed areas, an integrated employment service system for urban and rural employment has been initially established with the labor market as the main line, the four-level network of cities, districts, streets and communities as the carrier, diversified employment agencies such as private enterprises as the supplement, and the rural labor market as the platform. It is suggested that the organization and working funds of employment service personnel in cities, districts and streets should be implemented as soon as possible, and suggestions on standardizing management measures of private and private employment agencies and strengthening the construction of rural labor market should be issued.
2, strengthen the training of skilled personnel, make the training closer to the market. Germany attaches great importance to the combination of training and employment. Training institutions have their own training practice bases, and at the same time pay attention to the improvement of young people's skills. At present, the contradiction of employment in China is structural, especially the shortage of skilled personnel. It is suggested that we should learn from the practices of Shanghai and other places in China, implement the subsidy plan for training and internship of unemployed youth, establish a youth skill practice base, speed up the training of young blue-collar talents, change the abnormal development of talents and alleviate structural contradictions.
3. The position and role of the Federation of Industry and Commerce in encouraging self-employment should not be ignored, so as to build a "pioneer park" for self-employment and create a social atmosphere for self-employment. Private associations in Germany have played an important role in encouraging self-employment. The work of the Federation of Industry and Commerce is very important to form a concerted effort of the whole society to pay attention to employment, which is worth learning from China. The entrepreneurial center in Germany is also very good. In the reform of state-owned enterprises, there are many idle factories and equipment, and a "pioneer park" can be established to attract independent entrepreneurs with low rents, train more private owners and small bosses, and drive more laid-off and unemployed people to find jobs.