Commercial complex structural design points
Commercial complex building functions are complex, and there are a lot of modes of business, which brings a lot of difficulties for structural design. In addition to considering structural safety and economy, structural designers need to pay serious attention to the functional requirements of each industry to ensure the quality of the building. So what are the key points of commercial complex structural design? Take a look!
1. Facade load
In the design of the construction drawings, should be reserved for the facade (curtain wall, light roof, canopy, light box, LED screen, LOGO logo) load, pay special attention to the glass curtain wall and stone curtain wall load should be taken according to the drawings.
2. Hanging load
The main atrium light roof should be reserved for hanging load. Hanging load value to promote the department's recommendations shall prevail, such as hanging LED screen should be according to the manufacturer's funding to reserve sufficient load. Should be considered hanging in the basement roof of the large diameter water pipe load impact.
3. Fire truck load
Fire truck load should be considered the most unfavorable arrangement of the load and the wheels under the matting of the stress diffusion, converted to an equivalent uniform load. For the foundation, crack control only consider the usual use of loads, beams, columns, floor strength design to consider the combination of fire truck loads.
4. Supermarket load
Sales, warehouses, cold storage, freezer room live load 10kN/m2, unloading area 15-20kN/m2.
5. Shop load
According to the load specification of the ordinary store live load 3.5kN/m2, catering live load 4.0kN/m2. It should be noted that the location of the food store may not be determined at the design stage, and there may be a possibility of later change, so it is necessary to fully reserve the scope of the load arrangement.
6. Other loads
The main atrium area can appropriately increase the live load, so as to reserve the possibility of water features and large sculptures that may be added later.
Structural joints
Structural joints should be set up in such a way that they do not affect the function of the building and do not reduce the quality of the building. Taking into account the structural design of the economy, can take corresponding 'structural measures, appropriate to reduce the set of structural joints.
The basement should not be set up permanent joints. Structural joints should not pass through the theater, atrium, lobby and other areas sensitive to the joints and other large-span areas.
The spacing of structural joints should be about 150m. When the structure length of 200m or so, according to the specific circumstances of the consideration of no seam; when the structure length of 300m~350m, in principle, in the middle of the appropriate location to set a structural seam.
Commercial complex with tower, when the tower form center offset more than 20%, it is appropriate to set up seismic joints around the tower, but according to the seismic intensity and other specific conditions are different.
Long structure treatment
Commercial complexes are subject to the limitations of the seam, it is inevitable that the long structure. The long structure should be analyzed for temperature stress and strengthened in the key parts, and many cases have proved that the general strengthening method of flooding is uneconomical and unnecessary.
The treatment of super-long structure can be started from the following aspects:
1)Reasonably set up the construction of the watering zone, strict control of the watering zone closure time and temperature;
2)The non-slab structure of the floor can be considered along the longer direction of the slab reinforcement pull-through;
3)The slab structure should be considered as part of the slab reinforcement pull-through resistance to the shrinkage and deformation of the concrete;
4)Strengthening the pedestrian street at the bridge and other weak connection plate thickness and both sides of the edge beam reinforcement;
5)Considering the cost, time, construction quality control factors, do not recommend the use of adding fibers to the concrete, expansion agent and applying pre-stressing and other measures.
Indoor main line, atrium, bridge structure
These areas are often large-span, long cantilevered members, in the structural safety and the impact on the clear height of the building need to pay attention to.
1. Escalator large overhangs and bridges
Structural arrangement can take the following measures:
1) strengthen the perimeter of the beam cross-section to achieve the second overhang;
2) picking up the beams in the form of a variable cross-section;
3) escalator overhanging beams to control the long-term deflection.
2. Atrium
Atrium cantilevering arrangement takes the following measures:
1) large-span location of diagonal beams;
2) the rest of the location of the primary and secondary beams cantilevering;
3) strengthen the perimeter column cross-section, the top of the columns to arrange the column cap.
IMAX hall design
IMAX hall span is large, the roof should use the primary and secondary beams or tic-tac-toe beam arrangement. Connecting columns of the frame beams should be made tic-tac-toe beams; secondary beams supported by the frame beams, made into small beams to reduce the weight of the more economical.
Theatre bleachers should be folded plate form. Folding position should be designed according to the beam, the horizontal floor slab thickness of the seat position is recommended 80mm. the frame columns under the grandstand should rise to the floor of the grandstand, and arranged perpendicular to the secondary beams of the frame beams of the grandstand.
The IMAX theater has a high floor height, usually two floors high, the frame beams set at the floor will block the projection opening, the design should pay attention to avoid.
The concept of commercial illustration. Characteristics. Application. Use. Commercial illustrator should have the quality.Concept of Commercial Illustration:
Commercial Illustration as the name suggests is the commercial value of the illustration, it does not belong to the pure art category. Commercial illustration can be defined as a digital work drawn for a company or a product, to get the remuneration associated with it, the author to give up ownership of the work, only to retain the right of authorship of the commercial buying and selling behavior. Illustration is one of the forms of commercial illustration, and there are other forms such as advertising illustration, cartoon mascot design, publication illustration, and animation film and television game scenes.
Characteristics of commercial illustration:
Illustration is the use of pattern expression of the image, in line with the principle of unity of aesthetics and practicality, as far as possible to make the lines, form clear and bright, easy to produce. Illustration is the world can be common language, its design in the commercial application is usually divided into characters, animals, commodity images.
Commercial illustration applications:
1. Diagrams and charts
Product structure decomposition chart
Biological structure chart
Architectural rendering
Other
2. Layout design
Text and illustration
Picture and illustration
3. Application in Packaging Design
Realistic Expression
Cartoon Expression
The Role of Decorative Colors
The Role of Traditional Cultural Elements
5.Application in Book Design
Fictional Story Illustrations
Children's Book Illustrations
6. Application in computer games
7. Application in network media
Web page design
Software interface design
Mobile phone interface design
Commercial Illustration:
In the field of modern design, commercial illustration can be said to be the most expressive, and it has a close relationship with the art of painting. Many expression techniques of commercial illustration are borrowed from the expression techniques of painting art. The marriage of commercial illustration and digital technology makes the former make great progress whether in exploring the diversity of expression techniques or in designing the depth and breadth of theme expression, showing more unique artistic charm and thus more expressive power. Commercial illustration is a very promising industry, it is widely used in advertising, commodity packaging, newspapers, bookbinding, environmental space, computer networks and other fields, the demand for illustration of the media is great.
However, the service life of commercial illustration is short, when a commodity or an enterprise is renewed and replaced, this piece of work will be declared to be extinct or terminated to publicize. From the scientific definition, it seems that the end of commercial illustration is a bit sad, but on the other hand, commercial illustration in a short period of time burst of light is art painting can not be compared. Because commercial illustration is disseminated through advertising channels, it covers a wide range of areas, and the rate of social attention is many times higher than that of artistic paintings. For example, this digital illustration of yogurt packaging (pictured), in two years of marketing, because of the beautiful picture, attracting consumers to buy the number of more than a hundred million, imagine the following, in the time before the next product to replace it, this number will increase. How many artistic paintings can be seen by hundreds of millions of people in two years? Such splendor is unparalleled!
Commercial Illustrator Qualities:
Illustrators often illustrate for graphic designers or directly for magazines, newspapers and other media. They are generally professional illustrators or freelance artists, like photographers, with their own subjects and painting style. Their professional sensitivity and desire for new forms and tools have led many of them to adopt computer graphic design tools to create illustrations. Computer graphics software features make their creative talent has been given greater play, whether simple or complex and dense, whether the traditional media effects, such as oil painting, watercolor, printmaking style or digital graphics endless new changes, new interesting, can be more convenient and faster to complete. Digital photography is the latest development in photography. Photographers use digital cameras to shoot objects or scanners to scan the traditional positive film into the computer, and then on the computer screen to adjust, combine, create a new visual image, and finally through the film recorder output positive or negative. This new photographic technology has completely changed the creative concept of optical imaging of photography, and digital graphics processing as the core, also known as \'photography without darkroom\'. It has blurred the boundaries between photographers, illustrators and graphic designers, and it is now possible to do all three on the same computer if you have the talent.
How to make photos commercialIntroduction:
For those who aspire to take commercial photographs, there are many techniques for making them sell well. The interior of a building is usually the most commercially viable, and the following is a discussion of some of the main techniques used to capture it.
Dramatic staircases
You don't have to go to great lengths to get a dramatic staircase shot, just stand tall and shoot down with a camera with a moderately wide-angle lens. The photo below was taken with a Yashica T4 side-by-side camera with a 35-millimeter lens, and the camera was held steady against the railing.
Don't forget to look up
Taking the time to pay attention to the ceiling makes for some interesting photos, and the ones below can be taken with any camera, even without a tripod. Set your camera to forced no-flash and self-timer modes, place the camera on the floor in the middle of the house with the lens pointing upward and press the shutter, and 10 seconds later you've got the roof you want
The Importance of People
While the most profitable photographs of commercial buildings are of no one in particular, the media is happy to put readers in those dreamy rooms in photographs, and the illusion becomes a real one if the room is filled with strangers. The media is happy to put the reader in the dreamy rooms of the photographs, an illusion that becomes impossible if the room is filled with strangers. But many of the most successful photographs still incorporate people into the interior, as in Figure 1, which reflects the auditorium of the Ellis Island Museum of Immigration, a place where immigrants waited endlessly for results, and which would not have been characterized without the two young men waiting in the photo.
The two photos below reflect the Museo de Arte Moderna de San Francisco, a beautiful building that houses almost all of the works of art, with the empty one giving the impression that the museum was not open when the photo was taken, and the other conveying the impression that there is a great deal of interest in the art in the museum.
Care about the light
Most photographic films and lenses are designed to be used outdoors only, and once you've used them for indoor photos, you'll find that they're dimly lit. It is recommended that you set your lens to f/11 to ensure sufficient depth of field, and set the shutter to 1/2 second to allow enough light to be thrown on the negative to create an image. Since hand-held cameras tend to be shaky at this point, you can either place the camera on a tripod, or use a flash. Although it's much easier to use a flash than a tripod, the flash sometimes doesn't capture all of the building.
If there's a window on only one wall, the light in the room will be intense. If the camera is fixed on a tripod for a long exposure, as shown below, we don't mind the contrasting light and the fact that we can't see the details of the furniture, because the photo gives us the impression that the table was used hundreds of years ago. But that wouldn't be right for a merchant who was about to sell the table and needed to use a flash or white burner to minimize the contrast and bring out the detail in the window.
Generally rooms are designed with some kind of light, and architects know that light from both sides of the room will make people feel comfortable. Commercial architectural photographers often use a good lighting system to balance the natural light, but what if the sunlight from the window is brighter than the white burn of the room? Photographers will replace indoor light bulbs with more efficient tungsten lighting, which, in addition to being more intense, has a similar color temperature to the sunlight from the window.
If you're not sure about the color temperature of your light, use a Minolta color-temperature tester, a step that's even more critical when fluorescent lighting is on in the room. Few people or things look good under fluorescent light. The solution is to add a warming filter to your lens or, if you're using a digital camera, to press the "fluorescent white balance" button and get as close as you can to a normal light source, carefully considering the effect of mixing different light sources together. The importance of spaciousness
Merchants won't be happy for you to make their rooms small, but few will knock down a wall so that you can take in everything in the room with a regular 50mm lens. That's why it's recommended that you use some big wide-angle lenses.
To capture as much of the room as possible from the doorway you need to use a 17mm lens or wider, for example the photo below was taken with a Mamiya 6X7 large format camera with a 43mm lens, which is equivalent to using a Nikon or Canon DSLR with a 21mm lens, and we can see that most of the dining room is captured and all the details are very clear.