standard of classification

Agricultural machinery is generally classified by purpose. Most of these machines are specially designed and manufactured according to the characteristics of agriculture and the special requirements of various operations, such as soil tillage machinery, planting and fertilization machinery, plant protection machinery, crop harvesting machinery, animal husbandry machinery, agricultural products processing machinery and so on. Another part of agricultural machinery is common with other industries, and can be directly selected according to the characteristics and needs of agriculture, such as agricultural power machinery, water pumps in farmland irrigation and drainage machinery, etc. Or according to the characteristics and needs of agriculture, these machines are designed as agricultural varieties, such as agricultural vehicles, trailers, earth and stone machinery in farmland construction machinery, etc.

Agricultural machinery can also be classified according to the power used and its supporting methods. The power used by agricultural machinery can be divided into two parts: one part is used to walk or move agricultural machinery, which can be divided into human power (hand-held, backpack, chest-hung, push and pull), animal power traction, tractor traction and power self-propelled; The other part is used to drive the working parts of agricultural machinery, which can be divided into manpower (hands, feet, etc.). ) drive, animal power drive, electromechanical power drive (using internal combustion engines, wind turbines, motors, etc.). ) and tractor driving. These two parts can use the same or different power on the same agricultural machinery. According to the matching mode of agricultural machinery and tractor, it can be divided into traction type, suspension type and semi-suspension type.

According to the operation mode, agricultural machinery can be divided into walking operation and fixed operation. There are two kinds of walking agricultural machinery: continuous walking that works in the process of continuous walking and intermittent walking that alternates between walking and working. In the fixed operation of agricultural machinery, there are two types: movable and immovable, which can transfer the operation site in the non-operation state.

According to the operation location, agricultural machinery is divided into field operations (fields, pastures and orchards, etc.). ), yard work, indoor work (workshop, computer room, warehouse, shed, barn, etc. ), underwater or water operations (rivers, channels, reservoirs, wells, etc.). ), road work, aviation work.

Mechanical power

Machinery that provides power for various agricultural machinery and agricultural facilities. Agricultural power machinery mainly includes internal combustion engines and tractors equipped with internal combustion engines, as well as motors, wind turbines, water turbines and various small generator sets. Diesel engines have the advantages of high thermal efficiency, good fuel economy, reliable operation and good fire safety, and are widely used in agricultural internal combustion engines and tractors. Gasoline engines have the characteristics of portability, good low-temperature starting performance and smooth operation, and are mostly used in small agricultural machinery, such as rice transplanters, mobile plant protection machinery and tea pickers.

According to the regional fuel supply situation, gas engines of natural gas, petroleum associated gas, liquefied petroleum gas and producer gas can also be used according to local conditions. Diesel engines and gasoline engines can also burn gas fuels such as gas after modification, and can also be changed into dual-fuel internal combustion engines that burn gas and diesel as agricultural power machinery.

Motors are mostly used to drive all kinds of fixed or indoor agricultural machinery, such as agricultural products processing machinery, water pumps, and various working machinery such as greenhouses, warehouses and livestock houses. In areas with water or wind resources, using wind turbines and water turbines to drive various fixed working machines can save petroleum fuel, and wind turbines equipped with water lifting devices can provide water for people and animals in grassland pastoral areas. A small generator set consisting of internal combustion engine, wind turbine or water turbine and generator provides electricity for agricultural production and rural life in remote areas. Solar energy and biogas generated by rural waste can also provide electricity through solar power generation devices, biogas generator sets and biogas-diesel dual-fuel generator sets.

construction machinery

Farmland construction machinery is used to level the land, build terraces and terraces, dig ditches, lay pipelines and dig wells. Among them, bulldozers, graders, scrapers, excavators (see excavators), loaders (see single bucket loaders) and rock drills are basically the same as those used in roads and construction projects, but most of them (except rock drills) are used in conjunction with agricultural tractors, which is convenient for hooking and improves power utilization. Other farmland construction machinery mainly includes ditcher, rat track plough, shovel and throwing machine, water well drilling machine, etc.

Plough ditcher

Its working part is a ditching plow with plowshare-type soil cutting parts. Pulled by tractor, ditching operation can be completed in one trip. High productivity, but large traction resistance. Must be equipped with high-power tractors, suitable for digging smaller ditches.

Rotary ditcher

Rotary tillage and soil throwing disc can be used to cut and throw soil, and it can be used with a tractor with medium power, and the ditching operation can be completed in one or more trips. Its working speed is low, generally 50 ~ 400 m/h, so the supporting tractor needs to be equipped with or attached with ultra-low gear, and the energy consumption per unit earthwork is greater than that of plough. Suitable for excavation of large ditches.

Rat track plough

The working part is a cone-ended cylinder similar to a cannonball, with columns and traction devices, which are towed by tractors to dig drainage culverts in farmland.

Trenching and pipe burying machine

It can complete ditching, pipe burying, soil covering and compaction at one time.

Shovel scraper

The shovel scooped up the soil and sent it to the soil throwing part. The rotary table with a soil throwing board or the upward inclined annular belt-type soil throwing component throws the soil sideways to one side, and the soil throwing distance can reach 15 ~ 18m, which can be used for earth-moving operations such as terraced fields and trenching.

Water well drilling rig

There are three types: rotary, impact and composite. Rotary type is widely used, which consists of drilling device and circulating well washing device. The drilling device includes rotary table, drill pipe, drill bit and driving device, and different drill bits can be selected according to different rock formations. Circulating well washing device is used to discharge drilling cuttings out of the well while drilling, and different types can be selected according to needs. The impact drilling rig uses the reciprocating motion of the drill bit to impact the broken rock stratum, which can be used to drill hard rock stratum and pebble stratum. However, chip removal and drilling cannot be carried out at the same time, which is inefficient and is generally used to dig shallow wells within 250 meters. Composite drilling rig is a rotary drilling rig with impact mechanism, which is mainly rotary drilling. When encountering pebble layer, impact drilling is adopted for crossing, which has strong adaptability.

Shovel scraper

Farmland construction machinery capable of continuously shoveling and throwing soil sideways. Used for building terraces, digging ditches and other operations. According to the types of soil-throwing working parts, there are two types: disc type and belt type.

According to the position of the disk shovel on the tractor, there are two types: front type and rear type. The front shovel can clear the way by itself and has strong adaptability to complex terrain. However, the structure is complex, and the thrown soil flow affects the driver's vision and worsens the working conditions. It is mainly used to build steep terraces and tunnels around mountains. The rear scraper has simple structure and good working conditions, but it has poor adaptability to steep slopes and cannot clear the road by itself. Mostly used to build gentle slope terraces. Generally, it consists of a frame, a shovel, an arc-shaped soil collecting plate, a soil throwing plate and a transmission device (Figure 1). During operation, the shovel blade forms an angle of15 ~ 35 with the ground, and the earthwork is scooped up and collected on the arc-shaped soil collecting plate below the soil throwing tray. The pow output shaft of that tractor drives the soil-throwing disc to rotate through the universal shaft and the gearbox, and the soil on the soil-collecting disc is thrown tangentially unde the action of the throwing blades on the disc and the centrifugal force of the disc rotation. The linear speed of the blade tip is 8 ~ 14m/s, and the soil throwing distance is 5 ~ 15m. The rotation direction of the soil throwing disc can be changed, so that the soil throwing direction is the same in the round trip. This kind of machinery has compact structure and low cost, but the impact load is large when throwing soil. The electricity consumption per unit earthwork is 0.1~ 0.2 kw/m. ..

Belt scraper is hung at the rear of tractor, and consists of bucket, longitudinal lifting chain, transverse scraper belt, frame and transmission device. (Figure 2). The driving wheels of the lifting chain and the soil throwing belt are driven by the power output shaft of the tractor. During operation, the soil scooped up by the shovel is sent to the rear lateral soil throwing belt through the inclined upward chain plate longitudinal lifting chain, and the soil throwing belt moves laterally at an adjustable linear speed of 7 ~ 15m/s and throws it to one side at a soil throwing angle of 50. Maximum throw distance 10 ~ 18m. The machine has strong adaptability to all kinds of soil, small impact load of soil throwing parts, concentrated soil throwing and good comprehensive utilization performance; After partial modification, it can also be used as potato harvester and Yang Changji.

tillage machinery

Basic soil tillage machinery The machinery used to cultivate land, loosen soil or crush soil includes birch plough, disc plough, chisel plough and rotary tiller.

moldboard plow

The most commonly used tools for soil farming. Its main working part is a plow body consisting of a share and a plow wall. The working face of share and plow wall is continuous and smooth, and its shape and parameters are selected according to different soil and farming requirements, and are related to the moving speed of the unit. Different ploughing surfaces have different functions of turning soil, loosening soil, breaking soil and covering weed stubble. Figure 1 shows the suspended paddy field six-share plough in South China series of ploughshares. The amplitude-modulated plow appeared in the early 1980s, which was a major breakthrough to the traditional share structure. The amplitude modulation plough changes the amplitude modulation degree by changing the included angle between the main beam and the advancing direction of the machine, so as to adapt to the different resistance during farming under various soil conditions. Two-way plough is a special form of plough share, which has two groups of plough bodies, left-handed plough and right-handed plough (common plough share uses right-handed plough body), or a group of plough bodies that can change the direction, so that the plough can turn the soil to the same side during the back-and-forth farming trip, and no furrows are left on the surface after farming. This kind of plow is often used for farming on sloping land, irrigated land, small plots and irregular plots.

disc plough

The working part of the disc plow is a concave disc with an inclination angle of about 20 degrees from the vertical plane and 40 ~ 50 degrees from the forward direction. When working, the disc rotates forward under the action of soil reaction force, and the soil cut off at the edge of the disc rises and falls along the concave surface. Disc plough can chop up dry and hard clods and cut off grass roots and small roots. It is suitable for ploughing in stony, grassy, wet and sticky soil and high-yield green manure fields, but under general soil conditions, its ploughing, breaking and covering performance is not as good as that of plowshare plough.

Chisel plough

Its working part is 1 ~ 3 rows of chisel-shaped scarifier with rigid shovel. When plowing, it turns the soil loose without turning the soil layer. Covering the surface with stubble after ploughing can reduce soil erosion. Suitable for basic soil cultivation in arid, stony and serious soil erosion areas. The tillage depth is generally 30 cm, and the maximum tillage depth can reach 45 ~ 75 cm when it is used for soil improvement in arid areas.

rotary cultivator

Rotary tillage knife roller is a group of soil cutting blades evenly arranged on the horizontal shaft according to multi-head threads. It is driven by the power output shaft of the tractor through the transmission device, which cuts and breaks the soil in rotation, and can meet the requirements of seedbed preparation in one operation. Mainly used in paddy fields, vegetable fields and orchards. Topsoil tillage machinery Topsoil tillage machinery includes disc harrow, nail harrow, compactor and cultivator.

disc harrow

It consists of concave disks arranged in groups. The plane of the cutting edge of the disc is perpendicular to the ground, but it forms a certain angle with the forward direction (working state). It is used to level the broken soil after ploughing, clean up the stubble after harvest, loosen the soil and weed the orchard.

spike-tooth harrow

The working part is a number of nail rows arranged at equal intervals on the rake frame, which can be used for operations such as loosening the soil after the cultivated land breaks, forming hard shells on the ground after the rain breaks, weeding crops at seedling stage, etc.

paddy field harrow

It consists of disc harrow group, slotted disc harrow group, star harrow group, rolling and other working parts, and is used for crushing and leveling the soil after paddy field ploughing. According to different regions and soil conditions, these working parts can be combined into different forms of rice harrows.

compactor

It is used for crushing and compacting the topsoil after harrowing or sowing, and the working part is the compaction wheel. The pressure wheel is cylindrical, annular or V-shaped and is sleeved on the shaft when working.

Cultivator

Used for loosening soil, weeding, ditching and ridging during crop growth. Common working parts are weeding shovel, loosening shovel, universal shovel and ridger. Adding a fertilization device to the intertillage machine can fertilize while weeding in intertillage. Paddy fields can be cultivated by hand-driven toothed roller paddy field cultivator or by electric weeding wheel paddy field cultivator.

Combined machinery

Combined tillage mechanical energy can complete basic soil tillage and topsoil tillage at one time-cultivated land and harrow cultivated land. Its form can be a combination of two different machines and tools, such as plowshare harrow, plowshare rotary tiller, etc. It can also be a combination of two different working parts, such as a plow body and a vertical shaft rotary tillage part.

Orchard machinery

Ploughshares and cultivators are often equipped with devices that can automatically avoid tree trunks and automatically reset working parts. Except for a small area of soil around the trunk, the soil between rows can be cultivated at the same time.

Planting machinery

According to the different planting objects and technological processes, planting machinery can be divided into three categories: seeder, planter and seedling planter.

sower

The sowing object of the seeder is the seeds of crops or coated seeds made into granules. There are two kinds of sowing methods.

Seeder, drill and hole seeder. Various types of precision seeders, which were developed in 1950s, can accurately control the sowing amount, the distance between holes (plants) and the sowing depth. The pneumatic seed metering precision seeder developed in 1970s, its seed metering device (air suction type, air pressure type or air blowing type) discharges a row of seeds at a certain interval by using positive or negative pressure airflow, thus realizing single-seed precision hole sowing. Compared with the traditional mechanical seed metering device, it has the characteristics of accurate sowing amount and no damage to seeds. In addition, there are mechanical precision seed metering devices. It is a suspended six-row cultivator with fertilization device, which can be used for drilling and hole sowing of soybean, corn and sorghum.

colonist

The planting objects of the planter are potato, sweet potato, onion and sugarcane. Because the characteristics and planting requirements of different crops are quite different, growers are mostly special growers, such as potato growers and sugarcane growers.

Seedling raising machinery

Seedlings of rice, cotton, tobacco, vegetables, fruit trees, flowers and other crops, as well as seedlings filled with nutrient pots or soil, are planted by seedling transplanters. Transplanters are divided into three types: semi-mechanization, mechanization and automation. Semi-mechanized rice transplanter is a kind of machine that completes the processes of ditching, covering soil and suppressing, etc. The rice transplanter sitting on the machine completes the seedling taking and transplanting. The seedling planting action of the mechanized seedling planter is also completed by the machine, but the seedlings are still taken into the seedling planting mechanism by the seedling planter. The automatic seedling transplanter only manually puts trays of seedlings (usually seedlings with nutrition pots) on the tray frame of the machine, and the machine automatically completes all the planting procedures while moving.

Fertilization machinery is used to apply various chemical fertilizers (granular fertilizers, liquid fertilizers), manure, manure and compost in the field, mainly for applying base fertilizer before cultivated land, while seed fertilizer and topdressing are generally applied by fertilization devices attached to seeders and cultivators respectively. Commonly used fertilization machinery includes manure spreader, fertilizer spreader trailer, liquid fertilizer sprayer, fertilizer spreader and ammonia strip spreader.

Protective machinery

Plant protection machinery is used to protect crops and agricultural products from diseases, insects, birds, animals and weeds. Generally, it refers to all kinds of machinery that use chemical methods to spray pesticides to control pests and diseases, including machinery and equipment that use chemical or physical methods to weed, use physical methods to control pests and diseases, and drive away birds and animals. Plant protection machinery mainly includes sprayers, dusters and foggers.

Sprayer

It is used to spray the aqueous solution of liquid or powdery drugs on the prevention and control objects in the form of droplets, and it is mainly divided into three types: sprayer, atomizer and ultra-low volume sprayer. Commonly used are manual sprayers, stretcher-type motorized sprayers, backpack-type motorized sprayers, spray bar sprayers matched with tractors, pneumatic sprayers for orchards and hand-held motorized ultra-low-volume sprayers. The sprayer or sprayer pressurizes the liquid medicine with a liquid pump or air pump, and atomizes the liquid medicine into droplets with a diameter of150-400 microns through a spray rod, a spray nozzle or a spray gun. The atomizer uses the high-speed airflow generated by the fan to further crush the liquid medicine pressurized by the liquid pump into atomized droplets with a diameter of 50 ~ 150 micron, so as to obtain better adhesion and spray uniformity. Ultra-low-volume sprayer uses high-concentration liquid medicine, with no water or only a small amount of water. Under the centrifugal force of the atomizing disc rotating at a high speed (8000- 10000 rpm), the liquid medicine is subdivided into fine droplets with a diameter of 70-90 microns, which are scattered with the wind and evenly fall on the control target. It has the characteristics of low dosage and good control effect. The atomizing disk can be driven by zinc-air battery or dry battery (hand-held electric type). When it is installed on an agricultural aircraft, it can be driven by a special wind wheel at high speed during flight. On the ordinary power sprayer, the ultra-low capacity spray nozzle with atomizing disk can also be used instead of the spray nozzle for ultra-low capacity spray.

Powder spraying machine

Fan airflow is used to blow powdery chemicals to the prevention and control targets through nozzles and powder spraying heads. Manual backpack dust collector, chest-hanging dust collector, stretcher power dust collector and tractor hanging dust collector are usually used.

Smoke sprayer

Oil pesticides are volatilized and pyrolyzed into particles with a diameter of less than 50 microns by using the high-temperature airflow generated during the combustion of liquid fuel or the exhaust gas discharged by the internal combustion engine, and the smoke formed by the high-temperature airflow is suspended in the air and settled on the control object, which is suitable for pest control in orchards, warehouses and greenhouses.

Powder sprayer

An electrostatic spray nozzle is installed on a sprayer or duster, and the spray nozzle is electrified by a high-voltage DC power supply of hundreds to thousands of volts, so that the liquid medicine or powder particles are charged, while the control target generates charges with opposite polarity through electrostatic induction, so that the liquid medicine or powder particles rush to the control target under the action of electrostatic field. Using static electricity can significantly improve the hit rate, reduce the loss of chemicals and environmental pollution, and spray chemicals on the back of the target to enhance the prevention and control effect.

Multipurpose plant protection machinery

The same machine can use different parts for spraying, dusting, spraying, ultra-low capacity spraying and dusting.

Irrigation and drainage machinery and equipment

Farmland irrigation and drainage machinery is used for irrigation and drainage of farmland, orchard and pasture, including water pump, hydraulic pump, sprinkler irrigation equipment and drip irrigation equipment.

water pump

Driven by motors, internal combustion engines or wind turbines, there are centrifugal pumps, axial pumps, mixed-flow pumps, piston pumps, diaphragm pumps, deep-well pumps and submersible pumps. Multistage centrifugal pumps are often used for high-lift pumping irrigation in hilly areas. Large axial flow pumps with large flow and small lift are often used for large-scale irrigation and drainage in plain areas. Large mixed-flow pump should be used for large-lift and large-area irrigation. Long-axis deep well pump and deep well submersible pump are used to lift water in deep wells. Piston pump and diaphragm pump (see reciprocating pump) have small flow, and are still generally used to supply water to livestock and poultry in agriculture.

Call the rain wizard

Sprinkler irrigation equipment uses water pump to pressurize water (or water drops from high-level water sources) and spray it into the air through pipes and nozzles, and disperse it into uniform and fine water drops, which rain down on the ground and crops. Compared with ditch and ground pipeline irrigation, sprinkler irrigation equipment can make irrigation uniform, reduce water loss and easily realize automation of irrigation management. The equipment is especially suitable for gentle slopes, uneven land and areas with less water resources. There are many kinds of sprinkler irrigation equipment, among which circular sprinkler or central support shaft sprinkler irrigation equipment has a high degree of automation. Its branch pipes are installed on a series of brackets with walking wheels, and each bracket is driven by a motor or other power. Make a circular motion around the central support shaft at one end of the branch pipe, and the pressure water is ejected from the center along the branch pipe through the nozzle. Some branch pipes are more than 500 meters long, and the irrigation area can be controlled above 1500 mu. It takes several hours to several days for the branch pipe to turn around, which can be automatically controlled according to the field water demand. The movement of the branch pipe is similar to the hour hand of a clock, so it is also called the hour hand sprinkler irrigation equipment. In order to solve the problem of irrigation in the blank areas of square plots, some circular sprinklers are equipped with corner sprinklers, which automatically start spraying when they run to the corner.

Drip irrigation equipment

This kind of equipment can make low-pressure water drip to the parts where crops need water continuously and in small quantities from the dripper installed on the pipeline through underground or ground pipelines, with less water consumption than sprinkler irrigation equipment, and is often used for irrigation in orchards, nurseries and greenhouses.

Harvesting machinery

Crop harvesting machinery includes various machinery for collecting various crops or agricultural products. Different crops are harvested in different ways and by different machines.

Grain combine harvester

It consists of a header, a conveying device, a threshing device, a separating device, a cleaning device, a grain box and a transmission device. According to the feeding mode of crops, it can be divided into full feeding type and semi-feeding type. All countries in Europe and America use full-feed grain combine harvester (Figure 6), which is mainly used to harvest wheat crops, such as wheat. After partial modification and adjustment, it can also be used to harvest corn, beans, rice and sunflower. During operation, the reciprocating cutter at the front end of the harvesting table cuts the stalks with spikes on the harvesting table with the cooperation of the reel, and sends them to the threshing device through the conveying device and the intermediate conveying device of the harvesting table, and threshes through friction and impact when passing through the gap between the threshing drum and the concave plate. Most of the grain enters the cleaning device after passing through the sieve holes of the concave plate, and a small amount of grain is entrained by the extrusion on the concave plate and thrown to the separation device. Under the reciprocating vibration of the chain separation device, the separated grains enter the cleaning device, and impurities such as stalks and drafts are transported backward and thrown out of the machine. The grains entering the cleaning device are cleaned by fans and sieves, and the clean grains are sent to the granary. When the grain box is full, start the grain unloading conveyor belt to unload the grain into the grain truck. In the middle and late 1970s, various types of axial-flow drum-type full-feed grain combine harvesters appeared in North America, which combined the threshing device and the separating device into one, thus canceling the huge chain-type separating device and shortening the length of the whole machine. Semi-feed grain combine harvester, which mainly harvests rice, has been developed in southern China and Japan. When working, only the head of the cut straw enters the threshing device during clamping and conveying, and the threshed straw is relatively complete and convenient for comprehensive utilization. The amount of broken straw mixed in the grain is small, so there is generally no need to set up a separate separation device, so compared with the full-feeding type, the structure is simple and the power consumption is small.

cotton picker

It picks spindles with rotating teeth, grabs seed fibers from blooming cotton peaches, and sends them into cotton boxes through airflow. There are mainly two kinds of cotton pickers: the horizontal spindle picker used in the United States has high cotton picking rate, but its structure is complex, manufacturing accuracy and cost are high; The Soviet Union mostly adopts vertical spindle cotton picker, which has simple structure and low cost, but the cotton picking rate is low, and there are many cotton that fall to the ground, which is very harmful to cotton plants. The impurity content of machine-picked seed cotton is high, and its quality grade is obviously lower than that of hand-picked seed cotton. Machine-picked seed cotton needs a complete set of cotton cleaning equipment, and the picked cotton can be used as textile raw materials after repeated cleaning before and after ginning.

processing machinery

Agricultural products processing machinery includes the primary processing of harvested agricultural products or collected livestock and poultry products, as well as some machinery and equipment for deep processing with agricultural products as raw materials. The processed products are easy to store, transport and sell, and can be directly consumed or used as industrial raw materials. Different agricultural products have different processing requirements and characteristics, and the same agricultural product can get different finished products through different processing processes. Therefore, there are many kinds of agricultural products processing machinery, including grain drying equipment, grain processing machinery, oil processing machinery, cotton processing machinery, hemp peeling machinery, tea primary processing and refining machinery, fruit processing machinery, dairy products processing machinery, seed processing equipment, starch production equipment and so on. In order to realize continuous operation and automation between processes, many processing machines in the previous and subsequent processes are often combined into processing units, processing rooms or integrated processing plants.

Grain processing

According to the technological process, it is divided into two categories: one is used to shell and peel raw grains such as rice, sorghum, millet and millet and grind them into finished rice. For example, the raw rice grains go through various impurity removal and cleaning equipment to remove impurities, and then enter a husker to separate rice husks. The discharged coarse-grained mixture enters the coarse-grained separation screen. The separating screen uses the difference of grain size, density and surface characteristics between rice and brown rice to separate unshelled rice and send it back to the sheller. Brown rice is ground into white rice by a rice mill, and then the husk and broken rice are removed by a finished product grading screen to obtain the finished white rice. The other is used to remove the cortex and germ from wheat, corn, barley, buckwheat, naked oats and other raw grains and grind them into finished powder. For example, raw wheat grains are cleaned by various impurity removal and cleaning equipment, and then enter a mill to be ground into powder, and the finished powder is extracted by a set of flat screens. The intermediate material enters another mill for grinding, so that the flour is repeatedly extracted, and finally the bran is discharged by the bran brushing machine.

oil processing

Oil-making processes are mainly divided into pressing method and leaching method. Different oil-making processes use different mechanical equipment, but the oil-making raw materials are first removed by oil-cleaning machinery, and then the shell is peeled off by various types of oil shellers to separate the shell from the kernel, and then pressed into blanks by embryo rolling machines. When the leaching method is used, the embryo is soaked in a solvent (hexane or light gasoline) to leach oil, and the oil is separated from the solvent through filtration, evaporation and stripping, and the solvent can be reused after recovery; When the pressing method is used, the blank is fried in a steam frying pan and then sent to a screw oil press or a hydraulic oil press for oil extraction. The crude oil after leaching or pressing is refined into essential oil or refined oil by various refining equipment such as filtration, hydration, alkali refining, acid refining, decoloration and deodorization.

Animal husbandry machinery

Animal husbandry machinery refers to all kinds of mechanical equipment used in the production process of grazing and raising poultry and livestock.

Grassland maintenance and improvement machinery

Including grassland rodent bait seeder, scarifier for improving grassland and increasing forage yield, and grassland sprinkler irrigation equipment.

Ranch management equipment

Comprises an electric animal husbandry fence and its erection machinery, a mobile epidemic prevention vehicle and drug spraying equipment. ① Electric grazing: Feed the high-voltage pulse current generated by the electric pulse generator into the electric fence, so that the livestock will receive non-fatal electric shock when touching the electric fence, so as to move and feed in the electric fence surrounded by the electric fence. The installation of solar energy or wind turbine can provide convenient and cheap power for electric fence. (2) Mobile epidemic prevention vehicle: a special vehicle with good off-road performance, equipped with laboratory, disinfection equipment and internal combustion generator set for epidemic prevention and veterinary, which can carry several epidemic prevention or veterinary personnel to epidemic areas in time. ③ Drug-filling equipment: it is mainly used to control scabies and body surface parasites of grazing sheep.

Feed and feed harvesting machinery

The machinery for collecting grass in the field and forming loose grass, straw bales, haystacks and grass blocks mainly includes mowing or mowing modulation machines, lawn mowers, picking and bundling machines, grass-collecting stackers, grass loaders and green forage harvesters. There are two types of lawn mowers: reciprocating and rotary. Compared with the traditional reciprocating lawn mower, the rotary lawn mower developed in 1970s has the advantages of fast cutting speed, stable work, strong adaptability to pasture, etc. It is suitable for high-yield grassland, but the cutting is not neat enough, which requires more re-cutting and consumes more energy. Adding a press roller to the lawn mower makes it a lawn mower, which can crush and crack the cut fresh forage stalks and speed up the drying process. There are two kinds of rake machines, horizontal and side, which are used to rake the cut grass scattered on the ground into different forms of grass strips. Pick-up baler is used to pick up hay bales from the ground and compress them into compact bales with rectangular or circular cross sections for transportation and storage. There are two kinds of forage harvesters: throwing knife type and universal type. The former uses a high-speed rotary cutter to chop green fodder crops and throw them into a trailer, which is mainly used for harvesting low green fodder crops. The latter is equipped with three accessories: full-width cutting header, opposite header and pickup device, so it can harvest all kinds of green forage crops.

feed processing machinery

It mainly includes: feed pulverizer, weeding machine and green feed chopper, which are used to process feeds of various thicknesses; A feed mixer for preparing mixed feed; Feed granulator for granulating powdered feed; Straw preparation machine for processing straw feed; Washing machines, slicers, shredders, beaters, mud makers and feed digesters are used to process juicy feed, such as potatoes, melons and vegetables.

Feeding management machinery

It mainly includes: environmental control equipment such as ventilation, temperature control and lighting in the barn; Livestock feeding and drinking water equipment; Animal epidemic prevention equipment; Fecal removal and treatment equipment, as well as poultry egg collection and milking equipment. Modern henhouses include a complete set of mechanized and automatic equipment from hatching to egg loading, which can automatically control the indoor environment as required under the condition of being isolated from the outside world. According to the needs of different chicken ages and laying hens, feed full-price compound feed quantitatively, and install automatic water dispenser and regular manure cleaning equipment. Eggs are automatically collected, cleaned and graded by the egg collection system, and then packaged and transported.

Manufacturing requirements

Agricultural technical requirements

Agricultural machinery used in an operation should first meet the agricultural technical requirements of the operation, and it is possible to adjust it within a certain range, or adopt variant methods to adapt to different agricultural technical requirements.

Operation and use requirements

The use of agricultural machinery is scattered, the environmental conditions are harsh, complex and changeable, and the farming operation is very seasonal. Therefore, the requirements for agricultural machinery are simple and easy, such as installation, adjustment, maintenance, hitching with tractors, lifting of working parts, replacement of wearing parts and elimination of general faults, etc., and various safety protection measures are taken to ensure the normal operation of the machine and the safety of operators. For example, automatic obstacle crossing devices, shields or baffles of various exposed moving parts, cold-proof, heat-insulation, dust-proof, sound-proof and vibration-reducing facilities are installed on soil farming machinery.

Universality and comprehensive utilization

In order to improve the utilization rate of agricultural machinery and reduce operating costs, agricultural machinery should be widely used and highly comprehensively utilized on the premise of ensuring agricultural technical requirements. For example, a general frame can be replaced with various components such as sowing, intertillage, ditching, soil cultivation, fertilization, plant protection, potato digging, etc. for different operations in different seasons. A grain combine can harvest rice, wheat, beans, corn, sorghum, sunflower and other crops as long as several parts are changed and adjusted.

Serialized machinery

Standardization, generalization and serialization of agricultural machinery and its components are important measures to ensure product quality, reduce production costs and facilitate the supply and maintenance of components. China has formulated and implemented national standards and ministerial standards on the types, basic parameters, technical conditions, test methods and sizes of main parts of various agricultural machinery, and has also formulated product series such as plowshare, rotary cultivator, disc harrow, rice harrow, seeder, transplanter, submersible pump, sprinkler pump, rocker nozzle and feed grinder, and some parts of these series have reached 80-80.

Other technical and economic indicators

Including the productivity, service life, price and operating cost of agricultural machinery, as well as the consumption of labor, energy and steel. , usually measured by machine weight, metal consumption, machine price and power required for unit width or unit hour productivity, or by cost, labor and energy consumption to complete unit operation. These indexes can be compared with the original products or manual work when determining the economic effect and the possibility of popularization and use of new products or varieties of agricultural machinery.