The number of beer plastic crate turnover: usually can not be safely transported to preserve the beer as a limit.

"Beer bottle" standard and some other standards of the preparation and revision of the situation.

I, "beer bottle" standard revision

Early nineties, beer consumption is clearly a seller's market, beer sells fast, the brewery of packaging materials inspection is not strict, the explosion of bottled beer injuries occur from time to time, becoming the focus of consumer complaints. The relevant state departments decided to revise the standard of "Beer Bottle" in order to control the occurrence of exploding bottles, so the revision of the standard of "Beer Bottle" has received attention from all sides. So far, the "beer bottle" standard revision work has gone through three stages:

1, 1995 standard revision stage

1995, "beer bottle" standard GB4544-91 was revised, due to the beer industry and the glass bottle manufacturing industry in the standard revision of the content of the major differences in opinion, and ultimately, the main content of the standard Unchanged, only added the original state departments on strengthening the quality of beer bottles management documents related to the content, namely, beer bottles to play a special mark "B"; suggested that the beer bottle recycling period of two years; single out light single-use beer bottles and so on. The revised standard GB4544-1996 was released on June 25, 1996, and implemented on January 1, 1997. 1998, the AQSIQ issued Document No. 40, specifying that from April 1, 1999 onwards, all beer enterprises must use beer bottles complying with GB4544-1996, i.e. phasing out non-"B" beer bottles, which are not "B" beer bottles, and using "B" beer bottles for recycling for two years. That is, out of non-"B" bottles, all the use of "B" marked bottles.

However, in the implementation of GB4544-1996 process, the following problems, beer companies reacted greatly.

① Enterprises focusing on the replacement of non-"B" bottles, the need to invest a lot of money, the replacement process, the production line is difficult to distinguish between "B" bottles and non-"B" bottles;

② on the deadline for the elimination of non-"B" bottles, varying law enforcement efforts, some enterprises to expand the acquisition of other brands of "B" word recycling bottles, some enterprises are still using non-"B" bottles, resulting in market confusion "bottles, resulting in market confusion;

③ new standards after the implementation of the consumer market has not yet solved the problem of bottle bursting.

1998, for a comprehensive understanding of the beer industry, "beer bottle" standard implementation, the beer branch organized a survey of the use of beer bottles, on the use of beer production, the proportion of new bottles, the proportion of the use of "B" bottles, the number of days of turnover of beer bottles and testing of beer bottles and other circumstances of the survey, the recovery of the questionnaire More than 100 copies of the survey results will be collated, the beer branch to the relevant state departments to reflect the situation, put forward the problems in the implementation of standards.

2, "Beer Bottle" standard twice into the standard plan

Because of the strong reaction of enterprises, public opinion on the new standard failed to curb the bottle bursting incident questioned in 2002, the state and "Beer Bottle" standard for the second time into the revision plan. June 22 China Light Industry Federation held a glass bottle manufacturing industry, beer industry representatives to participate in the standard revision seminar to discuss the main modifications are: beer bottles, beer bottles, beer, beer, beer, beer and other products. The main modifications are: beer bottles are no longer graded by quality, divided into new bottle standards and minimum use standards, below the target beer bottles are prohibited; appropriate increase in physical and chemical indicators of new bottles; can be recycled bottles to increase the heavy volume ratio indicators; delete the "recommended recycling of beer bottles for a period of two years,"; beer bottles, capacity, size only set the tolerance, not a specific value, to guide the beer bottle to small bottles, not a specific value. Specific values to guide the development of beer bottles to small capacity; guide the use of lightweight non-recycled bottles, and the international development trend of the bottle industry in line.

In order to fully collect the opinions of beer enterprises on the revision of the "beer bottle" standard, the Beer Branch sent a letter to solicit opinions on the revision of the standard, and the feedback is very messy, put forward a lot of questions, fewer specific comments; more general comments, fewer specific data. Summarized, the main comments are as follows:

① support the deletion of the proposal of the use of beer bottles;

② improve the physical and chemical indicators of beer bottles, such as resistance to internal pressure, impact resistance, and require an increase in the thickness of beer bottles, while individual factories require a reduction in the indicators of beer bottles;

3 support an increase in the indicator of the weight-capacity ratio;

④ disposable bottles must be marked with a distinctive mark to avoid confusion with recycled bottles. The disposable beer bottles must be clearly marked to avoid confusion with recycled bottles;

⑤ There are two opinions on the capacity and tolerance size of beer bottles: one suggests diversification and the development of special bottles; the other calls for the standardization of beer bottle specifications across the country, so that the bottles can be used for general use;

⑥ Concerns are expressed over the formulation of minimum standards for the use of beer bottles.

The Beer Sub-committee collated the above opinions in detail and forwarded them to the standard revision unit without publishing them in the industry. Due to the beer industry and the beer bottle manufacturing industry in the standard revision of the content of the standard is still divergent views, so that the standard revision work progress is slow.

September 2002, the State Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine held in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, "2002 National Beer Bottle Quality Analysis Conference", informed the 2002 beer bottle quality sampling (not published), the beer business representatives to participate in the little. In 1999-2002, the State sampled and tested the quality of beer bottles in the second quarter of each year: the passing rate was 79.5% in 1999, 76.8% in 2000, 83.6% in 2001, and 87.3% in 2002 (excluding recycled bottles); in 2002, the first sampling of recycled bottles from 39 breweries in 18 provinces and cities was conducted, and the passing rate was only 33.3%, of which 70% were from large enterprises and 70% were from medium-sized enterprises. Large enterprises 70%, 33.3% of medium-sized enterprises, small enterprises 7.1%, the main unqualified items are impact resistance, internal pressure resistance and shaft deviation. From the above test results, it can be seen that: the qualification rate of new beer bottles is improving year by year, but the qualification rate of recycled bottles is still low; the qualification rate of large enterprises within the beer industry is higher than that of small and medium-sized enterprises. In this meeting, Wuhan Budweiser introduced the experience of beer bottle quality control.

3, "beer bottles" standard (draft) discussion stage

July 12, 2004, the beer branch received the standard drafting unit sent by the "beer bottles" standard revision (draft), this revision (draft) and GB4544-1996 standard text, compared with the main changes are as follows:

1) Determine the physical and chemical properties of beer bottles are no longer divided into superior, first-class, qualified products, physical and chemical indicators according to the disposable new bottles, recyclable bottles, the use of old bottles of three types of regulations. In principle: recyclable bottles using GB4544-1996 standards in the first-class indicators; the use of old bottles using qualified indicators; disposable bottle indicators between the two;

② no longer alone on the effective capacity of 640mL beer bottles to put forward specific specifications for the size of the beer bottles according to the different full nominal capacity of the corresponding capacity Relative and absolute tolerances, which is conducive to guiding the development of beer capacity to miniaturization;

3 established a heavy volume ratio indicators, but did not set the specific indicator value;

4 proposed the acceptance of beer bottles at the time of acceptance of the receiving quality limit (indicator of passing %), but did not set the specific value;

5 no provisions for the life of the beer bottles;

6 beer bottles to play a dedicated Marking "B", single-use beer bottles should also be marked "NR" in a prominent position on the shoulder.

In the past two years, breweries have strengthened the quality management of beer bottles, many factories will enter the new bottle testing and online use of recycled bottles sampling included in the routine inspection system, the market of bottled beer explosion injury incidents have also been reduced. In order to understand the current use of beer bottles in the industry and the opinions of enterprises on the "Beer Bottle" standard (draft draft), the Beer Branch once again conducted a survey on the use of beer bottles.

The content of this survey is mainly: the current specifications of beer bottles and the proportion of new bottles; the use of brand-specific bottles; the main physical and chemical indexes of the special bottles: internal pressure resistance, impact resistance, and weight/capacity ratio; and the specific opinions on the revision of the standard (draft). The Beer Sub-Committee sent a survey notice to 315 breweries, but only 67 questionnaires were returned, with a feedback rate of 22%.

① Statistical results of the survey on the use of beer bottles in the beer industry

A. In the beer production of the surveyed enterprises, bottled beer accounted for 91.9%, which is close to the national statistics; among the bottled beer, 640mL bottles accounted for 79.8%, of which the new bottles accounted for 34.3% of the 640mL bottles (calculation: new bottles accounted for 25% of the total beer packaging, which is higher than the national production calculation ratio);

B. 80.6% of the surveyed enterprises used branded special bottles in their factories (higher than the national ratio). 54 breweries had 26 specifications of special bottles, which were produced in 53 glass factories all over the country. Specialized bottles of beer in the total output accounted for a small proportion, but the brand, the number of specifications that the brewery in order to highlight the characteristics of the brand, highlighting the brand's individuality, can be said to use all their efforts;

C, special bottles of physical and chemical indicators through the processing contract is limited to a large gap between the various plants

Resistant to the internal pressure: 1.2 ~ 4.0Mpa

Anti-impact: 0.3 ~ 1.6J

Resistant to the impact: 0.3 ~ 1.6J< /p>

Weight-capacity ratio (beer bottle weight ÷ full-mouth capacity): 640mL bottles 0.75 to 0.85 average 0.77

300mL (or so) bottles 0.80 to 0.85 average 0.82

Color: brown, green, white, emerald green, light green, light blue are all available;

D, price: ordinary use of the new 640mL beer bottle The average price of 0.53 yuan / only, the average price of 0.62 yuan / only special bottles.

② on the "beer bottle" standard (draft) comments

A, emphasizing that recycled bottles should not specify the use of years, a few manufacturers proposed that the use of years can be specified according to the test results, individual manufacturers proposed that can not be time alone to specify the use of years, it should be combined with other indicators, but did not put forward a specific opinion;

B, basically agree with the revised physical and chemical indicators of beer bottles, but There are positive and negative views, most believe that the physical and chemical indicators should be improved, but also that the (draft) indicators are too high;

C, in favor of increasing the weight-volume ratio indicators, 640mL bottles to 0.8 (536g) or more is appropriate;

D, worried about the recyclable bottles and disposable bottles are confused with the circulation of the process of poor maneuverability;

E, it is recommended that the provision of a number of beer bottle capacity indicators, the current brand-specific bottle indicators are messy, but no specific comments. At present, the brand-specific bottle indicators are cluttered, not conducive to management;

F, there are still a few impractical requirements, such as the abolition of the "B" mark, the abolition of recycling the use of old bottles, quality indicators and so on.

③ Recent "beer bottles" standard revision progress

After receiving the standard revision (draft draft), the two industry associations are organized in their respective industries to discuss, and widely solicit opinions, the results are still divergent. Glass bottle manufacturing industry on the beer bottle regulations heavy volume ratio index reacted strongly, that the international trend is bottle lightweight, improve bottle weight need to change the process; and that the bottle weight is not necessarily good quality, bottle weight wall thickness, poor uniformity; but also hope that the appropriate reduction in the impact resistance index; on the common use of special bottles in breweries have some views on the use of disposable lightweight bottles, I hope that more use of bottles; hope that the use of beer bottles with a certain limit on the age of the beer bottle. At present, both sides are looking forward to communication and consultation.

4, the attitude of the beer business

The above has been on the "beer bottle" standard revision of the situation has been described in detail, the slow progress of the standard revision, what attitude of the beer business, we put forward a number of views and discussion.

① Beer companies should have two kinds of understanding: First, the brewery to strengthen the use of beer bottle management is due diligence, it is necessary to establish a comprehensive beer bottle inspection system, in addition to the batch inspection of new bottles into the factory, but also in the production line should be sampling the use of recycled bottles, a full understanding of the use of the quality of beer bottles, beer bottle inspection can not be relied upon in the glass factory, the brewery should be equipped with quality testing of the beer bottle Equipment and means; Second, the beer bottle is an important packaging material for beer, is part of the product, the beer factory should be fully responsible for its quality, bear the responsibility for the use of unqualified bottles, a put off the poor quality of beer bottles, emphasizing the use of consumers is to avoid legal responsibility.

② standard revision (draft) has been divided into three categories (recyclable new bottles, the use of old bottles, disposable bottles) on the physical and chemical indexes of beer bottles made provisions, that is, the use of old bottles of beer bottles in the use of old bottles has been provided for the minimum quality requirements, lower than the threshold of the bottles of beer should not be used, this is a mandatory provision, emphasizing that recycling of old bottles of individual quality variations, sampling samples are unrepresentative, and require the deletion of old bottles used to monitor quality is not possible. The quality supervision of the use of old bottles is impossible.

③ Beer industry to adhere to the beer bottle weight and volume ratio and other quality indicators of the limit, in order to ensure the use of recycled bottles in the process of quality conformity. Proven through experiments, excluding the recycling process of other factors (collision, friction, exposure, etc.) impact, the rate of decline in the quality indicators of beer bottles and bottle wall thickness (i.e., bottle weight) is inversely proportional. Light weight beer bottles with thin walls, although the factory indicators of new bottles qualified, but the use of quality indicators decline rapidly. Tests found: 450g about 640mL bottle (weight to volume ratio of 0.67) used twice, that is, to become unqualified bottles, and 600g of 640mL beer bottle (weight to volume ratio of 0.9) used for two years, the quality indicators are still qualified. Foreign (Germany, Japan) of the recycling bottle weight capacity ratio are above 0.9. From the current use of brand-specific bottles, beer bottles should be more than 0.8 weight to volume ratio. (Draft) of the bottle wall, bottle bottom thickness has not been changed, is still set at not more than 2:1, bottle bottom thickness is greater than 3mm, such as can be modified to 1.5:1 is better. In insisting on the beer bottle weight capacity ratio at the same time, the brewery should also be prepared to raise prices.

④ Breweries are best to spot the recovery of old bottles, not indiscriminate collection of miscellaneous bottles, the use of miscellaneous bottles can not guarantee the quality, but also damage the brand and corporate image.

⑤ Revised standards, no longer stipulate the use of the age, but the brewery should be based on the quality of the recycled bottles, the appropriate elimination of old bottles, the qualification rate is very low recycled bottles should not be used.

Second, other relevant standards for the development and revision of the situation

In recent years, the development and revision of other standards can be divided into four categories, here will only be the main content of these standards and beer companies are concerned about briefly as follows:

1, beer products and raw materials standards

"Beer" GB4927-2001 and "Beer Analysis Methods" GB/T427-2001 and "Beer Analysis Methods" GB/T427-2001 and "Beer Analysis Methods" GB/T427-2001 and "Beer Analysis Methods". Beer Analysis Methods" GB/T4928-2001 was implemented on January 1, 2003, has been familiar with and accepted by the majority of beer companies. Here to draw attention to: the alcohol content of the unit of measurement by the quality of percentage content [% (m / m)] to volume percentage content [% (v / v)], the allowable transition period is three years, the three-year transition period from the date of release (December 4, 2001) counting, that is, since December 4, 2004, beer trademarks on the alcohol content should be used to indicate the volume of percentage content [% (v / v)], should no longer be used [% (v / v)], should not be used. No more [%(m/m)] should be used. Although the market has not yet been checked by law enforcement agencies, the method of labeling alcohol should be corrected as soon as possible.

On the issue of green beer standards, the Ministry of Agriculture on December 30, 2002 released the agricultural industry standard "green food - beer" NY/T273-2002, which is the revision of NY/T273-1995. Physical and chemical indicators and GB4927-2001 the same, increased content in addition to raw material origin environmental requirements must comply with NY/T391-2000 "green food - origin environmental technical conditions", but also increased the beer in lead, arsenic, aflatoxin B1, nitrate, free sulfur dioxide, Formaldehyde limit indicators, it should be noted that the formaldehyde content of ≤ 200 μg / L.

"Fermented Wine Health Standards" GB2758-81 in 2000 into the revision plan, in April 2001, the industry has been consulted, and the subsequent discussion is mainly in the health sector, there has been a draft, has not yet been formally released. Formaldehyde in beer limited indicator ≤ 2mg / L (≤ 2000μg / L). There is some confusion in the society after the appearance of the two formaldehyde limit indicators, but it is inconvenient to clarify because the Hygienic Standard for Fermented Wine has not yet been released. Beer industry must be clear: the implementation of health standards for ordinary beer, formaldehyde limit ≤ 2mg / L (not published), to apply for "green beer" title, formaldehyde content should be below 200μg / L.

"Hops and their products" standard in 2004 had organized the beer industry pre-trial, has been reported for approval, the main contents are: increased the hop storage index (HSI), to reflect the hop freshness, harvesting, processing, storage; improve the β-acid content indicators; will be divided into granular hops, "90" and "45" type. and "Type 45"; added hop extract; and recommended the UV method as the first method for the determination of α-acid and β-acid in the analytical method.

Syrup for Beer is a new fermentation industry standard, which was organized in 2004 and is now submitted for approval. Standard syrup for beer is divided into three categories, can replace the malt, there are certain nitrogen-containing substances in the special syrups; alternative to the common syrup of auxiliary materials and special-purpose syrups (such as low-fermentation isomaltose syrup).

2, water utilization and environmental protection related standards

GB/T18916.6-2004 "water quota Part 6: Beer Manufacturing" is put forward by the National Development and Reform Commission Division of Environment and Comprehensive Utilization of Resources, commissioned by the China Brewing Industry Association drafted the recommended standards, but the local can be transformed into a water quota indicators to collect Water charges based on mandatory indicators. The water quota per unit of product is divided into A-level and B-level, A-level for the new breweries built and expanded after January 1, 2001, the water quota is 9.0M3/KL; B-level for the breweries built and put into operation before 2001, the water quota is 9.5M3/KL. The basis for the formulation of this standard is the beer industry's water consumption statistics from 2001 to 2003, and from the 2004 statistics, most of the beer enterprises have implemented this standard, and the majority of the beer enterprises have not implemented it. The results show that most of the beer companies will not have any problem to implement this standard.

"Cleaner Production Standard - Beer Manufacturing Industry" is a recommended standard formulated according to the industry situation from 2000 to 2002 and submitted for approval in 2003, which is applicable to the cleaner production audit and cleaner production performance assessment of beer production enterprises. It puts forward specific requirements for cleaner production in beer enterprises from three aspects: production process equipment, resource and energy utilization and products. For other reasons, the state has not yet approved the release.

"Beer Industry Water Pollutant Emission Standards" in 2000 into the standard-making program, its scope of application and indicators have been revised several times, the original main indicators are the unit of product (KL wine) wastewater emissions and wastewater concentration (COD, BOD, SS), but also the indicators are divided into the existing enterprises and the new expansion of the enterprise in two grades, and in January this year to accept the State Environmental Protection Administration experts to validate the two grades of Indicators merged into one file, are to implement the more stringent indicators of new and expanded enterprises, the amount of wastewater and concentration of the two indicators are combined into a unit of product (KL) pollutant emissions. This is a mandatory emission standard, and to achieve COD emissions of 0.56Kg/KL, some enterprises still need to make efforts. The Beer Branch is doing its best to reflect the situation of the industry in this regard.

3, the general requirements of packaged goods:

There are three standards regarding the labeling requirements of prepackaged food, all of which are mandatory national standards, and beer related to GB7718-2004 "General Rules for the Labeling of Prepackaged Foods" and GB10344-2005 "Labeling of Prepackaged Beverage Alcohol", the former replaces the "General Rules for the Labeling of Prepackaged Beverage Alcohol". General Rules", the former instead of the "General Standard for Food Labeling", has been released on May 9, 2004, implemented on October 1, 2005, the latter instead of the "Beverage Alcohol Labeling Standards", is being submitted for approval, the latter is the former content of the materialization.

Now the two standards and beer products related to the main content of a brief introduction,

① Beer labeling of the basic requirements:

▲ labeling all the content should be consistent with the laws, regulations and the "Beer" standard provisions; the content of a clear, eye-catching; easy to understand, accurate, scientific, shall not be false content to mislead the consumer;

▲ labeling content should use Standardized Chinese characters (excluding registered trademarks), can also use Pinyin or minority characters, can use foreign languages, but there should be a corresponding relationship with the Chinese characters, and shall not be larger than the corresponding Chinese characters (except for foreign registered trademarks);

▲ Packaging containers with a surface area of more than 20cm2, the mandatory labeling of the content of the text, symbols, numbers, the height of which shall not be less than 1.8mm;

▲ All labeling content should not be additionally added to the label. All labeling content should not be additionally affixed, supplemental printing or tampering.

② mandatory labeling of beer labeling content:

▲ Reflect the authenticity of the special name of the food - "beer".

▲ list of ingredients: should be "raw materials" or "raw materials and accessories" as the title; a variety of ingredients in accordance with the production process to add the amount listed in descending order; add the water should also be labeled, that is, the beer labeling: water, malt, auxiliary ingredients, hops; such as special Beer food additives (should be in line with the provisions of GB3760) or coloring agents (caramel pigment), etc., should be marked with the specific name. Processing aids do not have to be labeled.

▲ Alcohol content: "Alcohol content" should be used as the title; expressed as a volume percentage symbol (V/V).

▲ Raw wort concentration: labeled with the "Platonic degree" symbol "°P" [Before the revision of GB/T17204-1998 "Classification of Beverage Alcohol", the symbol "°" can be used. Before the revision of GB/T17204-1998 "Classification of Beverage Alcohol", the symbol "°" could be used, i.e. "Original wort concentration: 11°P (11°)"].

▲ Net content: consists of net content, numbers and legal units of measurement; the net content of beer is expressed in volume, with units of measurement of milliliters (ML, ml), liters (L, l); the minimum height of the characters is 4mm (when the net content of 200ml ~ 1L) or 6mm (when the net content of > 1L); the net content should be lined up with the name of the wine in the same display layout of the packaging or container (i.e., bottles) The net content of wine shall not be marked on the back label); if the same prepackage contains several pieces of the same small packages independently of each other (such as cans of beer), the net content of the package should be marked at the same time, the number of pieces should also be indicated or the number of pieces.

▲ Product standard number: Beer products to implement the national standard, the standard, the enterprise standard (for the record) of the code and sequence number.

▲ Quality level: product standards specify the quality level (national standard has superior, first, second class) should be labeled quality level.

▲ Manufacturer, distributor's name and address: should be marked by the lawfully registered manufacturing, packaging or distribution unit's name and address; according to the law independently assume legal responsibility for the group companies, subsidiaries, should be marked with their respective names and addresses; according to the law can not be independently assumed legal responsibility for the subsidiaries (production bases), you can indicate the name and address of the group and subsidiaries can be marked, you can only indicate the name and address of the group companies; subject to the name and address of the group companies. Group company's name and address; commissioned by the processing of beer such as external sales, should be labeled with the name and address of the commissioning unit.

▲ date labeling and storage instructions: should be marked prepackaged beer packaging (filling) date and shelf life; date labeling by year, month, day order; shelf life can be marked as: "shelf life to the year, month, day," or "shelf life × months (or × days) "; if the date labeling is used to see a part of the package, the specific part of the package should be marked; in addition, it should also be marked "suitable for transportation and storage at 5 ℃ ~ 25 ℃".

▲ Warnings: in the label, labeling or packaging printed on the warning: "Do not hit, to prevent the bottle from bursting.

▲ Production License: the liquor industry has implemented the industrial product license management system, its products should be marked with the production license mark and number (in 2005, the State Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the implementation of the industrial production license system for 13 types of products, including beer).

In addition to the food labeling requirements, there are also the "Provisions on the Supervision of the Measurement of Quantitatively Packaged Commodities" and the "Rules on the Measurement and Inspection of the Net Content of Quantitatively Packaged Commodities". The former is a revision of the 1995 AQSIQ Decree No. 43, the latter is a revision of the national standard JJF1070-2000, the revision of these two standards have adopted the relevant provisions of the international measurement regulations. The issue of beer capacity, which had caused some furor in the market, has largely calmed down since many breweries have lowered their capacity labels. Beer Science and Technology, No. 6, 2004, has written an article on the issues related to quantitative packaging of beer, and will not be repeated here. The general trend is that after the revision of the relevant measurement regulations, the principle of determination has been appropriately relaxed compared with the original provisions, but the number of samples taken has increased.

4, the beginning of the development of basic technology management standards for beer enterprises

In 2004, the State Science and Technology Commission and the relevant departments issued a series of tasks related to the strengthening of the basic technology management of enterprises to make the standard, including the "Tenth Five-Year" research project, "the research and development of GMP in the beer business" and standard-setting projects. Among them are the "Tenth Five-Year" research project "Research and Development of GMP for Beer Enterprises" and the standard-setting project "HACCP Implementation Guidelines for Beer Enterprises". GMP is a national standard issued by the state, which is the requirements and regulations on food production, packaging, storage and transportation, personnel hygiene and health, building facilities and equipments, production control management and other hardware and software; HACCP is a systematic management standard for hazard analysis and critical control points in the production process of an enterprise. System management standards. The development of these two standards can promote and help beer companies to improve and standardize the production process management, to ensure food safety.