Oranges are rich in sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose), vitamins, malic acid, citric acid, protein, fat, dietary fiber and various minerals. A recent study by Australian scientific and industrial research institutions shows that eating/kloc-0 oranges a day can protect people from certain cancers (such as oral cancer, laryngeal cancer and gastric cancer).
Although oranges have many benefits, they should be eaten more often than more. Chinese medicine believes that oranges are warm and easy to get angry when eaten too much, which will lead to symptoms such as aphtha, dry mouth, dry throat and constipation. Because orange pulp contains certain organic acids, it is best not to eat oranges on an empty stomach, so as not to stimulate the gastric mucosa and cause discomfort. In addition, oranges also contain a lot of carotene. If you eat too much at one time or eat too much continuously in the near future, the concentration of carotene in the blood is high, which will lead to yellowing of the skin. At this time, in addition to drinking more water, we should not eat orange fruits for the time being, and we should also limit the intake of foods rich in carotene. After about 1 month, the skin color will return to normal.
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/jkpd/2004-03/18/content _1806784.htm Tomatoes were once considered poisonous and called "wolf peaches" before they were found edible. Now, its value is being recognized by more and more people. In Italian, tomato means "golden apple". At present, it has become a popular healthy food in the world.
"Drink wine if you want, and eat red tomatoes if you want, so that you can live healthier." This is an Italian saying. Why do you suggest eating red tomatoes? Legend has it that the red pigment formed by the "golden apple" under sufficient sunlight makes the secretion of sex hormones more vigorous, making men more masculine and women more feminine. In fact, the core substance of "Golden Apple" is lycopene.
In the process of human metabolism, oxygen free radicals will inevitably be produced, which will damage the DNA of cells, cause aging, and induce prostate problems, coronary heart disease, heart disease and other diseases. Lycopene in tomato has more antioxidant substances, and its antioxidant capacity is 100 times that of vitamin E and 1000 times that of vitamin C, which can prevent aging and adult diseases.
Studies have shown that lycopene in human body is mainly distributed in fat tissues such as skin, blood, liver and kidney. Among them, the organ that stores the most lycopene is the prostate. Relevant data also confirmed that the concentration of lycopene in testis of infertile patients is probably less than half that of normal people.
We know that because the human body can't synthesize lycopene by itself, it can only be obtained through diet.
Therefore, health experts suggest that if you don't get into the habit of eating tomatoes every day before the age of 25; If your cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are not as good as before, the prostate will start to worry you; Those annoying spots, dullness and wrinkles all appear on women's skin. Then, you may need to supplement 10-20 mg of lycopene every day to help you change the status quo. This is equivalent to eating 5- 10 kg of tomatoes every day. But most people know that if you eat tomatoes raw, you can't get lycopene. This substance must be heated to break the cell wall and dissolve.
On May 12, 2005, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine officially promulgated and implemented the Requirements for Food Safety Management System, which is an important measure to strengthen food safety management in response to the promulgation and implementation of China's ISO22000 standard and marks new progress in the legalization and standardization of China's food safety management system.
Food safety in school canteens is a matter of great concern to schools and health administrative departments. Promoting the introduction and implementation of ISO22000 standards in school canteens, building a food safety management system that conforms to the characteristics of school canteens, and providing safe and high-quality catering services for teachers and students should become the equal responsibility and important means for schools and government health departments to manage food safety in school canteens.
I. Characteristics of ISO22000 standard
The O22000 standard is a food safety management system standard formulated by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which is suitable for auditing. This standard further establishes the role of HACCP in the food safety management system, integrates the standards and technical regulations on food quality, hygiene and safety adopted by all countries in the world, provides an international standard for the food safety management system, and embodies the new concept and model of food safety management from farmland to table.
(1) Extend and expand the scope of food safety management system. O22000 standard requires the organization to recognize the role and position of itself in the food chain first, and to recognize that food safety hazards can be introduced in any link of the food chain. Therefore, it is necessary to control the whole food chain to ensure effective communication within the food chain, and to provide safe food for the final consumers. This will help the school canteen to re-examine the scope of food safety management, and expand its control scope to include food acceptance, processing and sales, raw materials provided by suppliers, etc., especially paying attention to the food safety management of upstream organizations (suppliers).
(2) Meeting the requirements of laws and regulations is the premise of establishing a food safety management system.
O22000 takes meeting the requirements of laws and regulations as the premise of food safety management system, and requires organizations to integrate all relevant laws and regulations applicable to food safety into the food safety management system. On the one hand, it is required to be consistent with the laws and regulations on the safe use of food in providing safe final products, and the top management of the organization should ensure that the food safety policy meets the food safety requirements and the laws and regulations agreed with customers; On the other hand, when establishing a food safety management system, organizations are required to meet the requirements of laws and regulations in terms of internal and external communication, selection and design of premise schemes, description of product characteristics, hazard identification, establishment of traceability system, related clinical tests and measuring devices. This will help school canteens to establish a more perfect food safety management system, and change the situation that food safety management standards in some school canteens are arbitrary and conflict or inconsistent with national laws and regulations to some extent.
(c) Communication is the key principle of food safety management system.
In ISO22000 standard, it is pointed out that mutual communication is the key principle of food safety management system, and at the same time, the requirements of internal and external communication are clarified. The scope of communication includes not only communication within the organization, communication with customers, but also communication with its upstream and downstream organizations in the food chain, communication with food management authorities, and communication with other organizations that affect or will affect the effectiveness or update of the food safety management system. In addition, the organization is required to ensure that the personnel who affect food safety are aware of the necessity of effective internal and external communication, ensure that the food safety team obtains the changed information in time, and take the internal and external information communication as the input to update the food safety management system. This will help to improve the importance of internal and external communication in school canteens and expand the scope and content of internal and external communication.
(D) Risk control is an important embodiment of the food safety management system.
The ISO22000 standard stipulates "emergency preparedness and response", which requires top managers to consider potential emergencies and accidents that may affect the food safety umbrella of the organization and show how to manage them, and requires the organization to identify potential accidents (incidents) and emergencies, such as fire, flood, terrorist activities, man-made destruction (such as poisoning), energy failure (such as power failure), environmental pollution, food poisoning and food safety incidents, and new hazards.
The risk control of this standard is also reflected in the requirement for the recall of defective products, which requires to ensure that the final products of the affected batches that have been determined to be unsafe can be recalled in time and completely after delivery. This has changed the traditional food safety management in school canteens, paying more attention to pre-control and in-process control, but lacking understanding and control of food safety accidents and other emergencies and their emergency treatment.
(5) Hazard classification control is the key to the food safety management system.
IS022000 standard points out in its introduction that hazard analysis is the key to an effective food safety management system. The standard requires that raw materials and final products be described through the preparation of processing flow chart, and all possible potential hazards in the whole process from the acceptance of raw materials to the use of consumers are analyzed and determined, and then classified into major hazards and non-major hazards according to the severity, frequency and possibility of hazards. Major hazards that cannot be eliminated or reduced to an acceptable level through this process or subsequent processes are identified as critical control points, and the hazards can be eliminated or reduced to an acceptable level by making HACCP plans.
O22000 standard puts forward the concept of "advance plan" instead of the traditional concepts of GMP and SSOP. "Premise scheme" includes infrastructure, maintenance scheme and operation premise scheme, which is mainly used to standardize and control products and product processing environment, and control the possibility of harmful pollution or diffusion in products and product processing environment. Because school canteens are mostly operated by hand, many hazards will occur in the process of manual operation, which highlights the importance of premise scheme to control hazards.
(6) System management and process control are the principles of food safety management system.
Process control, system management and continuous improvement are the core contents of modern management theory. In ISO22000 standard, it is required to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the organization, including all activities carried out to improve the safety characteristics of products and improve the effectiveness and efficiency of processes. By measuring and analyzing the current situation, setting goals, finding solutions, implementing solutions, measuring the implementation results and directly incorporating them into documents, the continuous PDCA (planning, implementation, inspection and improvement) cycle is implemented. The methods of system management and process control in ISO22000 standard are mainly embodied in its food safety goal orientation, process identification and hazard analysis, and continuous improvement through system implementation and operation, system monitoring and measurement.
Second, the application of ISO22000 standard in the food safety management system of school canteens
Due to the characteristics of IS022000 standard, it plays a very important role in systematically improving the food safety management system of school canteens and helps schools and health administrative departments to strengthen food safety control. As schools and health administrative departments, we should actively guide school canteens to actively introduce and implement ISO22000 standards, and establish a food safety management system that conforms to the reality and characteristics of school canteens.
(A) fully understand the importance and necessity of strengthening food safety management in school canteens.
We believe that it is important and necessary to strengthen the food safety management in school canteens at present.
1. The school canteen is a high-risk place for food safety.
School canteen is an important part of school teaching, scientific research and life, and undertakes the important task of providing food security for teachers and students. School canteen is a labor-intensive service industry, and its processing service mode determines that school canteen is a high-risk place for food safety, and its processed catering food is a high-risk product. From the workflow of the school canteen, there are many potential safety hazards, such as unqualified raw materials provided by suppliers, "three noes" products purchased by purchasers, corruption and deterioration of raw materials accepted by inspectors, lax control of temperature and time during the processing of high-risk food, incomplete washing of tableware and so on. In particular, school canteens are located in the lower reaches of the food chain, and food contamination incidents of upstream products usually affect school canteens. A little carelessness may lead to food poisoning.
2. Food safety management in school canteens is very weak.
Undoubtedly, with the continuous adjustment and improvement of China's education system and the deepening of logistics socialization reform, schools have invested a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources in the transformation of school canteens from hardware facilities to software construction. However, the facilities and equipment of many school canteens are still very old and do not meet the requirements of food hygiene and safety; The awareness of food safety of employees in some schools and school canteens is still very weak, and the original food safety concept, food safety measures and methods can no longer meet the actual needs. Some school canteens regard profit as the only day of operation, ignoring the management of health and safety.
In addition, the current socialization reform of logistics in colleges and universities has also encountered difficulties in policy and system, which makes the socialization reform of logistics lack the pressure and motivation to promote the in-depth development of the reform, among which the unlimited responsibility of the school is its "bottleneck".
If we can avoid risks or reduce food safety accidents by establishing an effective food safety management system in the process of school canteen system reform, it will be an important means to reduce the responsibility of schools. This is also helpful to solve the bottleneck phenomenon in the socialization reform of university logistics to some extent, and promote the deepening and development of the socialization reform of university logistics.
(b) How to promote the introduction and implementation of ISO22000 standard in school canteens?
1. Take the introduction and implementation of ISO22000 standard as an important measure to implement the food safety responsibility system in school canteens.
In the process of China's reform and opening up to the world, many enterprises, especially manufacturing enterprises, have gradually been recognized by school canteen employees in management, service and product quality after introducing some international standards and obtaining international certification. Some sensitive staff in school canteens are also thinking about and trying to introduce ISO900 1, HACCP and other standard systems, so as to realize the urgent change of external pressure and internal driving force brought about by the socialization of logistics in colleges and universities.
However, as the management and control departments of university canteens, many of them know nothing about introducing the standard system. Even if the school knew about it, it just "stood by". What's more, it thinks that the introduction of these standard systems is "a waste of life and money", and it is useless to do it. On the contrary, it has taken some obstacles.
Therefore, school supervision departments should change their ideas and actively promote the introduction of ISO2200 standard system into school canteens. On the one hand, they should be familiar with and master the standards as soon as possible. On the other hand, they should fully realize the importance of introducing this standard to strengthen the health and safety management of canteens, avoid risks or reduce food safety accidents and ensure the safety of teachers and students. On the other hand, they should realize that once the canteen establishes a systematic and perfect food safety management system, it will help to reduce the supervision cost of canteen hygiene and safety and make the supervision institutions have more space.
2. Government departments should take incentive measures to strengthen the publicity and guidance of school canteens.
At present, some schools have entrusted their canteens to relevant institutions or individuals, who are responsible for their operation. This will certainly reduce the cost of the school's investment in the canteen or bring some benefits to the school, but it also contains great risks, mainly reflected in the fact that the institutions or individuals that operate have a clear purpose, that is, to pursue profits, so they may sacrifice food safety such as hygiene in the course of operation. In addition, some employees in the school canteen either think that the "international standard system" is "abstruse and difficult to understand" or "showy", so they hold a wait-and-see attitude towards the introduction of the international standard system.
This requires the relevant government departments (mainly health administrative departments) to take incentive measures to do a good job of publicity in the process of guiding the introduction of ISO22000 standard system in school canteens. On the one hand, we can actively publicize and explain the benefits that the introduction of this standard and the establishment of food safety management system can bring to canteens. On the one hand, whether to introduce ISO22000 standard system and establish food safety management system should be regarded as the qualification conditions for operating or hosting school canteens. On the other hand, we should introduce. According to ISO22000 standard, canteens that establish a food safety management system will receive certain material or spiritual rewards.
Eating food indiscriminately can lead to indigestion in the stomach and intestines.
Sugar can't be fried in a pot, otherwise it will cause cancer.